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Most collegiate athletes in the United States monetize their name, image, and likeness (NIL) through social media influencer marketing. This provides an opportunity to examine the factors that impact their social media NIL value. Therefore, we investigate the effects of personal branding factors (quality of Instagram biography, posting frequency, and account verification status) and institutional factors (competition level, university brand, and sport gender) on the social media NIL value of men's and women's college basketball athletes (N = 907) in California while controlling for local market characteristics. A linear regression analysis shows significant relationships between social media NIL value and competition level, university brand, sport gender, posting frequency, and account verification. Our results offer new theoretical and practical understandings of the relationships between brands in the sport brand ecosystem and the NIL value of sport influencer's social media posts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article brings together scholarship on communication theory, influencer marketing, and personal branding to examine a new type of social media influencer—the college athlete influencer. Previous research in the field of sports has not specifically explored the distinct characteristics of college athletes that contribute to their effectiveness as marketing influencers. By adopting a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the source of college athletes' influence via social media. Quantitative results indicate that projecting an athletic identity on social media enhances the influencer's credibility and increases the likelihood of consumers purchasing the products they endorse. Furthermore, qualitative findings indicated that the shared school identity acts as the ultimate impetus for the bond between the influencer and the consumer, which subsequently impacts the consumer's purchasing decisions. This study provides actionable implications for schools, colleges, and brands seeking to build compelling sponsorships in the name, image, and likeness era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The passage of name, image, and likeness (NIL) laws in individual states within the United States has provided intercollegiate athletes opportunities to potentially profit from their personal NIL in a free marketplace. Concurrently, the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) also allowed college athletes to utilize their NIL rights. Thus far, most college athletes' NIL deals for payments are for posts on the athletes' own social media channels for products, including their own self-promotion in relation to brands, or promotion of brands such as fast food and auto dealerships. Notably, published scholarly work on NIL itself is sparse since it was not until 2021 that the NCAA enacted NIL rules for college athletes. Published scholarship on NIL and social media is even rarer. Therefore, this commentary provides recommendations for potential future scholarship related to NIL and social media, focusing on three potential frameworks: (a) agenda setting, (b) relationship marketing, and (c) personal branding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two rule changes have brought seismic shifts to collegiate sports in the United States - the right for college athletes to monetize their Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL), and the Transfer Portal for athletes looking to switch schools. Qualitative interviews with 16 college athletes explored the mental health byproducts of these new athlete opportunities. The interviews suggest that many athletes are hesitant to participate in NIL due to a lack of guidance. The study also found that college athletes believe entering the Transfer Portal to be a highly stressful experience, comparing the process to being recruited out of high school. However, the accessibility of the Transfer Portal also helps students leave situations that negatively impact their mental health faster and easier than before. Since college athletes are a highly at-risk demographic for mental health issues, their first-hand perspective can help on-campus staff and administrators have a better understanding of what is needed to give collegiate athletes the best possible experience to learn and develop as students and citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon the Mahdiyya era having been closed in 1899, a new period in Sudan called Condominium, designating the joint administration of England and Egypt, was entered in Sudan. This period, witnessing the struggle of both parties for influence evolved to a political state where British authorities were effectual. However, this ceaseless struggle for influence between the two countries carried on until the self-determination process of Sudan. Moreover, the contribution made by this contest to the self-determination process of Sudan is well-credited. The Anglo-Egyptian tussle could not avert the submission of the new generation in Sudan to independence in the years to follow. Just like in the whole World, the demand for independence in Sudan has been called out since 1940s. As a response to the irrepressible demand for independence, England gradually initiated the process which would lead to Sudan’s autonomy, and ultimately its independence. Sudan gaining an autonomous status in 1953 caused political parties to increase their efficacy. This process also facilitated an electoral system in Sudan based on self-governance for the first time. As a result of the general elections held towards the end of 1953, Ismail al-Azhari became the first Prime Minister of Sudan having won the elections. A short while later, the British and Egyptian bureaucrats serving in Sudan began to be replaced by the Sudanese. Upon constitutional regulations, total independence of Sudan was enacted by the Sudanese Parliament on 1 January 1956. Thus, the Sudanese owned an independent country the future of which they would determine like the countries in the rest of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holographic display enabled by performing both amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM) in a single Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS)‐based Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) is introduced. Light propagation is manipulated in two different directions to perform both AM and PM via liquid crystals alignment layer which can be based on technologies by using photoalignment, nano‐imprint lithography (NIL), or unique over‐driving across Liquid Crystal (LC) layer of Vam‐Vpm method which are described and proved to be effective to tune incident light, control the polarization and propagation of the light entering the liquid crystals of a single LCoS‐based SLM (LCoS‐SLM) device. These methods enable holographic display and to alleviate the issues in using two separated SLMs trying to achieve the same. Further, the design techniques and methods to suppress adjacent pixels' crosstalk due to fringe field effect (FFE) [1] in 2D array are amenable to ensure higher resolution with pixel pitch down to 1¼m for compact size and higher pixel numbers beyond 8K×4K. It mitigates to reduce chores of pixel‐to‐pixel alignment, and to enhance image clarity and quality within a single LCoS‐SLM. It will be applicable to enable holographic display with such unique LCoS‐SLM particularly for AR/VR/MR smart glasses applications [18] [19] [20] once being fabricated in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain size and grain weight contribute greatly to the final grain yield in rice. In order to identify QTLs conferring grain size and grain weight, an F2 population derived from a cross between two indica rice accessions, Guangzhan 63-4S (GZ63-4S) and Dodda, and its derived F2:3 population were developed, and were exploited for QTL analysis of the five related traits, namely grain length (GL), grain width (GW), length-to-width ratio (LWR), grain thickness (GT) and thousand-grain weight (TGW). A total of 36 QTLs were detected, and the number of beneficial alleles was contributed roughly equally by the two parents. Among those, 7 QTL regions were repeatedly detected in the two populations. In order to further validate effects of QTLs detected, a BC1F2 population derived from a backcross of a mixture of F2 plants with GZ63-4S was developed and was exploited for QTL selection. Heterozygous regions of 3 QTLs, qGS3, qTGW6.2 and qGT7 were identified respectively, and corresponding near-isogenic lines (NILs) of each QTL were constructed with three rounds of self-crosses. In the background of NILs, qGS3 was responsible for GL, LWR, GT and TGW, qTGW6.2 was for GL and TGW, and qGT7 was for GT and TGW. These results have laid the foundation of further fine mapping work, and could be of great use in breeding and improvement of rice lines with desirable size and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine experiences female collegiate athletes encountered with Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) legislation. Ten collegiate female athletes across multiple divisions and geographic regions were interviewed for this study. Participants discussed various facets of their experiences with NIL, such as team dynamics and personal branding. The results of this study suggest differences in (1) their institutional educational processes for NIL, (2) their attitudes toward NIL, (3) shifts (or lack thereof) in their team's group cohesion and leadership, and (4) their experience with forming and managing their personal brand. This study adds to the current body of literature illuminating the ways in which NIL legislation has impacted team dynamics and athlete branding, an area of research previously unexplored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Fructosamine correlates well with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Caucasians. This study investigates this correlation and whether fructosamine can reliably estimate glycated haemoglobin in Southeast Asians. Methodology. We recruited 193 participants based on 4 HbA1c bands (

In a remarkable transformation, the landscape of medical science, including Orthopaedic and Spine care, is rapidly evolving. Even in regions like Pakistan, characterized as third-world countries, healthcare is swiftly adopting the latest techniques, technologies, and research predominantly originating from the Western world. The origins of Orthopaedic Surgery in Pakistan trace back to the era when General Surgeons initially handled these responsibilities. However, the true development of Orthopaedic specialization began in the 1970s when the necessity for dedicated Orthopaedic treatment became evident. This marked the inception of the Orthopaedic era in the country. By the early 2000s, many medical professionals opted for this specialization, leading to a saturation point that paved the way for sub-specializations within Orthopaedics. These sub-specialities include Periotic, Trauma, Hand, Oncology, Arthroplasty, Sports, and Spine.1 Between 2000 and 2015, these sub-specialties also progressed to a saturation point, prompting a demand for even more specialized expertise. Over the past 5 to 8 years, each sub-speciality has further fragmented, with individuals or teams dedicated to refining systems that provide superior management of pathologies, thus enhancing prognoses and patient outcomes.2 This evolution has seen the emergence of both sub-specialties and super-specialties, reflecting the contemporary medical practice needs. The trajectory is clear: as exposure and practical experience accumulate, a cadre of experts will naturally emerge within these specialized domains. The domain of Spine specialization, once regarded with apprehension due to its challenging nature and variable outcomes, has been revolutionized by integrating cutting-edge technology, advanced surgical techniques, and in-depth research. Distinct categories within the Spine speciality have emerged, spanning Trauma, Oncology, Deformity Correction, Degenerative Spine, and Infection.3 These intricate surgeries are now performed using minimally invasive techniques, informed by meticulous research prioritizing anatomical precision. These advancements involve smaller incisions, real-time X-ray guidance, and even endoscopic approaches for enhanced operative field visualization. This curtails inflammatory responses and expedites patient recovery, facilitating earlier discharge from medical facilities. A noteworthy addition to Pakistan’s Spine surgery landscape is the introduction of Endoscopic Spine Surgery. Over the past half-decade, many Neuro and Orthopaedic Spine Surgeons have sought training in this cutting-edge super-specialty. The procedure offers substantial advantages such as same-day patient discharge and quicker return to normal routines. Presently, only a handful of centres in the country provide this innovative treatment modality, marking a significant stride in Spine care.

Myopia is induced when a growing eye wears a diffuser that deprives it of detailed spatial vision (form deprivation, FD). In chickens with optic nerve section (ONS), FD myopia still occurs, suggesting that the signals underlying myopia reside within the eye. As avian eyes differ from mammals, we asked whether local mechanisms also underlie FD myopia in a mammalian model. Young guinea pigs underwent either sham surgery followed by FD (SHAM + FD, n = 7); or ONS followed by FD (ONS + FD, n = 7); or ONS without FD (ONS, n = 9). FD was initiated 3 days after surgery with a diffuser that was worn on the surgically treated eye for 14 days. Animals with ONS + FD developed -8.9 D of relative myopia and elongated by 135 μm more than in their untreated eyes after 2 weeks of FD. These changes were significantly greater than those in SHAM + FD animals (-5.5 D and 40 μm of elongation after 14 days of FD), and reflected exaggerated elongation of the posterior vitreous chamber. The myopia reversed when FD was discontinued, despite ONS, but eyes did not recover back to normal (30 days after surgery, ONS + FD eyes still retained -3 D of relative myopia when SHAM+FD animals had returned to normal). No long-term residual myopia was present after ONS alone, ruling out a surgical artifact. Although the gross mechanism signaling myopic ocular growth and its recovery in the young mammalian eye does not require an intact optic nerve, its fine-tuning is disrupted by ONS.

Recent state-level legislation and NCAA rule changes have created new opportunities for college athletes to be compensated (typically by private sector firms) for the use of their names, images and likenesses (NIL). In light of this recent development, this study uses qualitative content analysis to assess how elite women athletes competing in swimming and track and field construct and communicate their personal brands. Using a modified version of the Model of Athlete Brand Image (MABI), athlete branding elements were identified in social media content produced by champion athletes in these sports. The results indicate that most of the sampled athletes across both sports are comfortable with and capable of promoting their athletic identities, but relatively few have leveraged their status to develop more holistic personal brands that would be attractive to NIL sponsors. The study also identifies interesting between-sport disparities in athletes' approach to personal branding. The findings suggest that while some athletes have proven adept at navigating the changing NIL landscape, more education and institutional support is needed to enable athletes in these and similar sports to adequately develop their brand identities and market themselves to potential NIL partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case tasks students with navigating the endorsement process for brands seeking to partner with student-athletes as a result of their ability to now legally accept payment for their name, image, and likeness. Students will help a marketing consulting firm as they make recommendations about which athlete to select; identify how a brand (Brave Hydration) can work with the athlete to activate this partnership; and how much each partnership might cost compared with other current student-athlete Name, Image, and Likeness partnerships. The case pulls from principles of endorsement marketing, brand management, and social media management and can be transformed with extended case questions depending on the needs of the instructor and course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Pakistan, child abuse has risen alarmingly, i.e., 30% of cases from 2020-2021 statistics.1 WHO comprehensively drafts the definition as, "Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship or responsibilities, trust or power." There is an urgent need to address these issues in the prevention, psychotherapeutic treatment and rehabilitation of such victims and suffering. On the contrary, there will be a scary consequence. According to WHO, about 1 billion old children (2-17 years) across the globe are subjected to physical, sexual, or emotional harm by their caregivers or strangers Violence or abuse does not have boundaries of country, religion, class, or gender.2 At the same time, the related stigma keeps it underreported. Every year, around 500 million children suffer from abuse. In the USA, more than 3 million cases are reported, causing 2000 deaths and 18000 permanent disabilities, the victim results every year. The count for sexually molested girls is 1 in 4, and for boys, it is 1 in 7.3 In New Delhi, Child abuse is 8 in 10 kids, whereas boys (7 in 10 kids) are more vulnerable than girls (6.5 in 10 kids).4 The percentage of sexual abuse in India is 52% only admitted patients annually, whereas statistics for unreported and other molestation are unknown.5 In Sri Lanka, more than 40000 children were involved in prostitution, where children are used by paedophile sex tourists.6 In an unofficial report, every year, somewhat 15-20% of children are sexually abused in Pakistan. According to an NGO, there is a rise of 2 to 10 reported cases of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) per day in the upcoming year, whereas the actual numbers would be much higher because CSA is culturally veiled. They documented that both genders were equally victimized, although 0-5 years of CSA victims were mostly boys. The perpetrators included close family ties and acquaintances, marking an increase in per year cases reported. Out of a total 3852 number of CSA cases, 2211 (51%) were from Punjab. A total number of 92 cases were reported murder after the assault.7 According to the latest study, the amygdala in the brain shrinks with repeated trauma, resulting in delayed learning abilities and deficient memory.8 Depression, isolation, and delinquency are a few more to enumerate. There are physical, behavioural and emotional indicators of abuse that a physician must be able to identify, address and refer to a psychologist for professional treatment. The prevention measures of awareness, training for parenting, character building of parents and psychological treatment can prevent and decrease a victim’s suffering. The only way to prevent CSA is to educate and spread awareness against this act on two levels. One is educating parents and teachers, and the other is making the child aware of the good and bad touch. In this regard, the PAAC group has worked. They have prepared useful brochures to protect the child from encountering the issue. The whole structure of society needs renovation, and the best renovation is building attributes based on the psychological training present in the seerah of the Prophet (SAW) and his companions.

Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most devastating pest of rice in Asia, causing substantial yield losses and has become a challenging task to be controlled under field conditions. Although extensive measures have been taken over the past decades, which resulted in the evolution of new resistant BPH strains. Therefore, besides other possible approaches, equipping host plants with resistant genes is the most effective and environment-friendly technique for BPH control. Here, we systematically analyzed transcriptome changes in the susceptible rice variety Kangwenqingzhan (KW) and the resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) KW-Bph36-NIL, through RNA-seq, depicting the differential expression profiles of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in rice before and after BPH feeding. We observed a proportion of genes (1.48%) and (2.74%) were altered in KW and NIL, respectively, indicating different responses of rice strains against BPH feeding. Nevertheless, we characterized 384 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DELs) that can be impacted by the two strains by alternatively changing the expression patterns of the respective coding genes, suggesting their certain involvement in response to BPH feeding. In BPH invasion, KW and NIL responded differently by modifying the synthesis, storage, and transformation of intracellular substances, adjusting the nutrient accumulation and utilization inside and outside the cells. In addition, NIL expressed stronger resistance by acutely up-regulating genes and other transcription factors related to stress resistance and plant immunity. Altogether, our study elaborates valuable insights into the genome-wide DEGs and DELs expression profiles of rice under BPH invasion by high throughput sequencing and further suggests that NILs can be utilized in BPH resistance breeding programs in developing high-resistance rice lines.

The dual notion of a nil module and the square submodule of a module over a commutative ring are defined. Moreover, besides other results, some properties of these new concepts are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imams (experts in Ahadith) and (critical) scholars of hadith sciences made great efforts in preserving the hadith. They collected the texts and chains (asnaad) and explained the conditions of the narrators in detail. They recorded for posterity not only the exact wording of the hadith but also took pains to elaborate on the differences of the narrators in the chains. They revealed the difference between narrators in the “Isnads” and the wording of the hadith. They collected the hadiths that were reasoned “Ahadees e Ma’alola” in private books and distinguished the correct from the defective, but they did not state the reasons for the Caused “Illat”. Most of the time, they did not show the presumptions of Weighting clues. Some of them accepted it (Siqa) sometimes for/as evidence, and returned/rejected on other occasions. This is the approach of the advanced scholars in the field; they neither accept nor reject it fully. However, a theoretical account of clues by which a scholar of hadith is to accept or reject the increase is not explicitly mentioned by forerunners in the tradition of hadith scholarship. Rather, these clues are implicit in their rulings on the hadiths and can be explained in detail by exploring the conditions o the narrators. Among these critics and imams of illal, Sheikh Al-Dari Qutni is well-known for his experience and understanding of the science (of illal). The researchers aim to highlight the reasons behind the acceptance or rejection, total or partial, of the increase. For this, the methodology of these rulings on the hadiths with increase confidence is analyzed in detail. This, in turn, will highlight the clues by which Al-Dari Qutni accepts siqa or rejects it.

Nil

Âmir Bihîrî; Nil, Güneş ve Tarih adlı şiirini kalbinin ve vicdanının diliyle konuşan bir tablo haline getirmiştir. Amacı ise Nil’i selamlamak ve etrafındakiler üzerindeki büyük etkisi için ona teşekkür etmektir. Bu nedenle şiir, geçmişi ikinci baharmış gibi yeniden yaşayan ve gelecekteki yaşamlarını birlikte sürdürmeyi öngören iki sevgili arasındaki lirik opera gibi tarihi bir destan olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada şair Âmir Bihîrî, hayatı ve oldukça geniş bir yekün oluşturan çeşitli edebi eserleri ve çocukluğundan itibaren başlamak üzere onun Sudan yolculuğundaki Nil ile olan ilişkisi ele alınmaktadır. Nil’in önce babasının çalıştığı yer olması, daha sonra Kahire’ye dönmesi ve gece gündüz daimi surette Nil kıyılarında yaşaması edebiyatındaki Nil varlığına en büyük etkenlerdi. Şair, edebi kariyerinde Apollon Şiir Ekolüne mensuptur. Söz konusu ekolün metodunu benimsemiştir. Bu ekolün etkisi, eserlerinde hem teori hem de uygulama bakımından açıkça görülmektedir. Âmir’in edebi yolculuğunda eski Arap şiirinin etkileri, vakarı, ölçü ve kafiyeye bağlı şiir kurgusu göze çarpmaktadır. Bunun yanında özelde şiirin kurgulanmasında ve genel olarak edebiyatı göz önüne alındığında modernite ve yenilenme yöntemlerinden elde ettiği kazanımlar da kendini göstermektedir. Âmir’in moderniteye bağlı olmasının izleri, şiirin bütünlüğüne çağdaş zevke ayak uydurmaya çalışmasına ve kafiyeyi çeşitlendirmeye olanak tanıdığı edebiyat anlayışında ayan beyan gözükmektedir. Tüm bunlar onun İngiliz edebiyatındaki şiir kültürüyle ve Shakespeare’a olan hayranlığı ile de ilintilidir. Sonuç olarak Bihîrî’nin birçok eserinin Nil nehri ve önemi hakkında olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Ayrıca şairin eserleri hem şiirlerinde hem tiyatro senaryolarında tarih boyunca Nil kıyılarında meydana gelen olaylara da iltimas etmektedir. Âmir buna ilaveten Shakespeare’a ait bazı eserleri de tercüme ederek kütüphanesine eklemiştir. Nil, Güneş ve Tarih şiirinde Âmir, Nil’in önünde saygıyla ve kadirşinaslıkla durmakta, onunla sohbet etmekte ve nice tesirlerini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Zira şaire göre Nil, tarih boyunca etrafında yaşayanlara Allah’ın armağanıdır. Şair, şiirde birçok farklı üslup kullanmaktadır. Bunlardan bazıları; diyalog kurma, şart, atıf, meçhul yapı kullanımı ve mantıksal akıl yürütmedir. Âmir, şiirdeki tüm anlamlandırma düzeylerinde sese, harfe ve manaları ve imgeleri yeterli geldiği ölçüde kelimeye ihtimam göstermiştir. Böylece şair bitmez tükenmez bir hazineden onu edebi başarının zirvesine çıkaran malzemeyi amacına uygun bir şekilde elde etmiştir. Ve tüm bunları birbiriyle uyumlu doğal bir birim çerçevesine yerleştirmiştir. Şiirde dikkatimizi çeken noktalardan biri ise şiirden çok nesir temalarına yakın olmasına rağ men şiirin temasıyla uyumlu gelen ve ihtişamını artıran hikâye anlatım tarzıdır. Şair ayrıca Nil’i gördüğünü vurgulamak için de şart üslubunu da etkin bir biçimde kullanmıştır. Bu makale, Âmir Bihîrî’nin Nil’i yalnızca akan bir su olmaktan çıkarıp eylemleriyle ve etrafındakilere olan ilgisi nedeniyle gerçek bir prestije sahip bir padişahın huzurunda gayet normal bir şekilde sohbet eden bir insana nasıl dönüştürdüğünü konu edinmektedir. Bunun yanında şairin Nil kıyılarındaki tarihi olayların bir belgesel filmini sunan bu diyalogla uyumlu renklerle, hareketlerle ve duygularla bezenmiş bir şiir tablosunu nasıl resmettiği de ele alınmaktadır. Yapılan derinlemesine analizde Bihîrî’nin eski Arap şiirinden ne denli etkilendiği açıkça ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bihîrî şiirinde yalnızca şiirini sunup bitiren bir şair olmakla yetinmemiştir. Bunun yerine bize Nil ile olan bağlantısının ne denli güçlü olduğunu açıklamıştır. Dolayısıyla sahnede hem bir avukat hem de bir müdafi rolünü üstlenmiştir. Hatta hatalı olsa bile Nil’i kötü gösterecek her şeyi savunmuştur. Öyle ki Nil çocuklarına karşı sevgi dolu bir babadır ve küçük yavrusu gelir, onun yanı başında oyunlar oynar. İşte bir baba gibi olan Nil, çocuklarının önünde önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Nil’i daima savunarak arkasına alan oğul şair (Âmir Bihîrî) şiir boyunca Nil’in baba yönü üzerinde durmuştur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One would assume that the virtual attributes of themselves, including their name, image, and likeness ("NIL") are their own private property, free from governmental or private exploitation. Unfortunately, while states provide for protection against invasion of privacy rights, such as the right of publicity and from private encroachment, it is not clear that a person is protected against governmental exploitation. Therefore, there is much to learn from the case of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) past and current regulations of its players' right to control and capitalize on their NIL. Recently, the Supreme Court in NCAA v. Alston took judicial notice of gross inequities in student-athletes' compensation. Consequently, several states have enacted laws that grant NCAA players the ability to capitalize on their NIL, with some restrictions, and not lose their amateurism status. However, neither the Court nor the states have addressed three quintessential, jurisprudential questions: (1) Is there an inherent right to the attributes of oneself? (2) Is that right a property interest of the person? (3) Is that property interest beyond the reach of the eminent domain powers of the government, as recognized in the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? This article posits that libertarian principles should apply to (1) recognize an inherent right that everyone in the United States has to own and control the attributes of themselves, (2) deem that right to be a special form of natural property, and (3) hold that that right is not subject to the government's power of eminent domain. It applies these principles to the case of the NCAA and its members' regulations that place restrictions on its players from fully benefitting from their NIL to argue that the NCAA and particularly its state-owned member schools are carrying out an unconstitutional exploitation of fundamental rights. Furthermore, it calls upon the general public to boycott NCAA sports until the organization and its members compensate student-athletes as professionals, not amateurs, and allow them to capitalize on their NIL without restrictions, as a matter of fundamental right and not as a mere privilege that is granted by some states. Most importantly, the NCAA players' battle over their NIL rights is a critical precedent relating to the government's control over people's virtual assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nil

The purpose of this study was to examine the name, image, and likeness (NIL) value of community college athletes, thereby extending the NIL conversation in college athletics to this population of student-athletes. The NIL value of these athletes was examined by treating them as potential social media marketing influencers with standard influencer marketing rates applied to estimate earnings potential. Follower and engagement data were systematically scraped from Instagram profiles for a sample of California community college athletes (n = 1,168) and used to calculate NIL value estimates. Results suggested approximately five percent of athletes possessed a monetizable Instagram profile. Male athletes had a higher ceiling for NIL earnings potential, but female athletes displayed a higher average earnings potential ($51 per post) compared to male athletes ($47 per post). These findings demonstrate the value in promoting NIL opportunities for community college athletes. Thus, community college athletes should receive a more prominent voice in the nationwide NIL conversation and receive access to similar NIL educational opportunities as provided to athletes at four-year institutions. Additionally, community colleges should recognize the NIL value of their female athletes and promote them in an equitable manner to foster NIL opportunities for female athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal health coverage means every person has access to quality health care without suffering financial hardships. The basis of universal health coverage lies in the primary health care concept, which was envisioned way back in 1978, as mentioned in Alma Ata Declaration1. The "World Health Report" published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008 structures primary health care reforms in four groups. One of the crucial reforms was universal coverage reform to improve health equity2. WHO and UNICEF in 2018 documented how primary health care will be in the 21st century? The approach was towards universal health coverage and sustainable development goals. Sustainable development goals were to be achieved by 2030, and they were a continuation of millennium development goals 2000–20153. The resolution on Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted the target of universal health coverage by 2030, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential healthcare services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all4. Currently, many developing nations do not have access to health services. About 100 million people are pushed into extreme poverty each year because of out-of-pocket spending on health. To make health for all, we need individuals and communities to have high-quality health services to take care of their families health. Skilled health workers providing quality, people-centred care and policy-makers should be committed to investing in universal health coverage. Universal health coverage should be based on intense, people-centred primary health care. Good health systems are rooted in the communities they serve. They focus not only on preventing and treating disease and illness but also on helping to improve well-being and quality of life5. Pakistan, the developing country, is struggling to provide good quality health services, mostly availed from the out-of-pocket expenditure. Both private and public sector hospitals were trying to deliver health services, but poor people failed to have access to many services due to poverty. To overcome this obstacle and address indicator 3.8 of SDGs, the current government developed a five-year program to improve the targeted population's health by increasing their access to quality health services. The initiative will also reduce poverty, as the government will cover most of their health budget through the "Sehat Sahulat Program". The program was part of the National vision to ensure Universal Health Coverage (UHC) for all Pakistani families. No one is denied quality healthcare services only because of financial constraints. Initially, it was piloted in selected four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which was later extended to all over the province. Currently, 7.2 million families are getting free in-patient health care services, and the program's annual cost is 18 billion. It was a bold initiative of the current government, which helped improve access to UHC, thus addressing one of the sustainable development goals6,7.

Panicle architecture is an important agronomic trait in rice that affects rice yields and quality. The GRAIN SIZE 3 (GS3) locus has been identified as a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting grain length and weight. The current understanding of the function of the GS3 gene, especially concerning the regulatory mechanism of panicle development, is still in its infancy. In this study, we generated GS3 near-isogenic lines (NILs) by successive crossing and backcrossing of TD70 (large grain) with Kasalath (small grain), using Kasalath as the recurrent parent. To identify potential transcription dynamic changes in rice panicle formation and grain shape, we deeply analyzed transcriptional profiles for the NILs (NIL - GS3 and NIL - gs3) at three different panicle developmental stages (S, M, and L). A total of 887, 1,768, and 1,478 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at stages S, M, and L, respectively. We also found 542 differential expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Co-expression analysis further revealed significant clusters associated with different development periods in NIL - gs3 lines. Gene Ontology and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed G-protein signaling and hormones pathway were successively activated at the M and L stages of NIL-gs3 , which indicated activation of the G-protein signaling pathway might trigger the down-streaming hormone signaling transduction. we found that other hormones such ABA, Auxin, CK were significantly enriched in the L stage in the NIL-gs3. We highlighted the synergistic interplay of G-protein and multiple hormones signaling pathways and their essential roles in regulating rice panicle formation and the grain shape. Our study provides an invaluable resource for further molecular mechanistic studies that affect rice grain size and provide new insight for directed selection by marker-assisted backcross breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, which is based upon long-term fieldwork observations of a big-time women’s college basketball team, proposes reforms that would more sufficiently compensate the professional role big-time college athletes perform, all without sacrificing the educational connection that is vital to the core of college sports for men and women. It argues that colleges involved in big-time college sports should expect college athletes to be students first, allow them to earn pay for their names, images, and likenesses (NILs), and strike a better balance between providing education to athletes and entertainment to the public.

Panicle architecture is an important agronomic trait in rice that affects rice yields and quality. The GRAIN SIZE 3 (GS3) locus has been identified as a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting grain length and weight. The current understanding of the function of the GS3 gene, especially concerning the regulatory mechanism of panicle development, is still in its infancy. In this study, we generated GS3 near-isogenic lines (NILs) by successive crossing and backcrossing of TD70 (large grain) with Kasalath (small grain), using Kasalath as the recurrent parent. To identify potential transcription dynamic changes in rice panicle formation and grain shape, we deeply analyzed transcriptional profiles for the NILs (NIL-GS3 and NIL-gs3) at three different panicle developmental stages (S, M, and L). A total of 887, 1,768, and 1,478 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at stages S, M, and L, respectively. We also found 542 differential expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Co-expression analysis further revealed significant clusters associated with different development periods in NIL-gs3 lines. Gene Ontology and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed G-protein signaling and hormones pathway were successively activated at the M and L stages of NIL-gs3, which indicated activation of the G-protein signaling pathway might trigger the down-streaming hormone signaling transduction. we found that other hormones such ABA, Auxin, CK were significantly enriched in the L stage in the NIL-gs3. We highlighted the synergistic interplay of G-protein and multiple hormones signaling pathways and their essential roles in regulating rice panicle formation and the grain shape. Our study provides an invaluable resource for further molecular mechanistic studies that affect rice grain size and provide new insight for directed selection by marker-assisted backcross breeding.