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Electric vehicles with independently controlled drivetrains allow torque-vectoring, which enhances active safety and handling qualities. This paper proposes an approach for the concurrent control of yaw rate and sideslip angle based on a single input single output (SISO) yaw rate controller. With the SISO formulation, the reference yaw rate is firstly defined according to the vehicle handling requirements, and is then corrected based on the actual sideslip angle. The sideslip angle contribution guarantees a prompt corrective action in critical situations such as incipient vehicle oversteer during limit cornering in low tire-road friction conditions. A design methodology in the frequency domain is discussed, including stability analysis based on the theory of switched linear systems. The performance of the control structure is assessed via: i) phase-plane plots obtained with a non-linear vehicle model; ii) simulations with an experimentally validated model, including multiple feedback control structures; and iii) experimental tests on an electric vehicle demonstrator along step steer maneuvers with purposely induced and controlled vehicle drift. Results show that the SISO controller allows constraining the sideslip angle within the predetermined thresholds and yields tire-road friction adaptation with all the considered feedback controllers.

This report presents a comparison of 8 scenarios achieving more than 50% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990, and 16 scenarios aiming at climate neutrality by 2050, similar with the ambitions of the “European Green Deal”. This report summarises insights into similar and diverging elements of the scenarios on how the EU energy system may change by 2030 and by 2050, compared to today. The wealth of information, stemming from how different organisations see the EU energy system to evolve within their own scenario context, can provide useful input to EU climate and energy strategies., JRC.C.7-Knowledge for the Energy Union

The objective of this report is to provide recommendations for long-term R&D priorities for crosscutting EC funded projects in the energy domain. Nineteen JRC experts analysed synergies and issues of the future energy system in following areas: * objectives of Horizon 2020 projects were compared with national and international projects; * key energy technologies for a cost-effective energy transition using the energy system model JRC-EU-TIMES; * development trends of LCEO technologies with regard to their potential to provide grid support services; and * R&D synergies between LCEO technologies to accelerate development and use research budgets efficiently., JRC.C.7-Knowledge for the Energy Union

This report provides an outlook for a set of Low Carbon Energy Technologies as well as background on how JRC-EU-TIMES baseline and decarbonisation scenarios are derived. The results help inform decision makers on the technology choices through which the EU can meet its climate and energy goals under different global energy scenarios. The report also provides background for the technology specific results in the technology and market reports produced under the same AA., JRC.C.7-Knowledge for the Energy Union

The European coal sector currently employs nearly half million people in direct and indirect activities. By 2030, it is estimated that around 160 000 direct jobs may be lost. Regional development based on a carefully planned restructuring process, to which renewable energy plays central role, will create new employment opportunities., JRC.C.7-Knowledge for the Energy Union

Data on the potential generation of electricity from wind is crucial information for analysing the future role of this renewable energy source. In this report, a description is presented of the methodologies used for the derivation of a dataset. The dataset consists of an estimation of (1) wind speeds accounting for high-resolution effects, (2) power production accounting for a wide range of turbine types, (3) suitable areas and (4) associated cost estimates. Wind speed information is systematically derived from years of meteorological data based on the MERRA reanalysis dataset, and from the high resolution geo-spatial data based on the Global Wind Atlas. Within this project, the wind potentials and techno-economic parameters are gathered and processed into input datasets for the JRC-EU-TIMES model. This allows improved modelling of the competition and the complementarity of wind with other technologies, the key functionality of the JRC-EU-TIMES model. Moreover the datasets can also be used for the analysis of policy questions relating to the availability of wind energy., JRC.C.7-Knowledge for the Energy Union

The present report describes two main upgrades that have been made to the JRC-EU-TIMES model during the year 2017: • An improvement of the description of residential and non-residential buildings • An update of data and a new representation for heating &cooling and heat distribution technologies The model updates have been validated through tests with the JRC-EU-TIMES model and with stylised models allowing isolating the observed effect of the changed model input. The updates performed greatly improve the ability of the JRC-EU-TIMES model to perform studies options for the decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sector., JRC.C.7-Knowledge for the Energy Union

The present report summarises the discussions and conclusions of the international workshop on "Addressing flexibility in energy system models" held on December 4 and 5 2014 at the premises of the JRC Institute for Energy and Transport in Petten. Around 40 energy modelling experts and researchers from universities, research centres, the power industry, international organisations, and the European Commission (DGs ENER and JRC) met to present and discuss their views on the modelling of flexibility issues, the linkage of energy system models and sector-detailed energy models, the integration of high shares of variable renewable energy sources, and the representation of flexibility needs in power system models. The discussions took into account modelling and data-related methodological aspects, with their limitations and uncertainties, as well as possible alternatives to be implemented within energy system models., JRC.F.6-Energy Technology Policy Outlook

The JRC-EU-TIMES is a partial equilibrium energy system model maintained by the Institute for Energy and Transport (IET) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) to analyse the role of energy technologies development and their potential contribution to decarbonisation pathways of the energy system. The technical potentials for renewable energies are a key input in models of this kind. In this context, it is important to ensure transparency in the assumptions: making available the underlying data to the public is thus an important step that can also further contribute to a scientific and transparent debate. This report is the first in a series, and addresses the quantification of current and future biomass potentials for energy. As already identified in the 2011 European Commission’s Communication Energy roadmap 2050, biomass is expected to play a key role in strengthening the Energy Union pillars by diversifying the energy supply, increasing the energy internal market, decarbonising the economy and boosting competitiveness. Estimating the technical potentials available in EU countries using state of the art methodologies and updated data is important to fully understand the implications of an increased used of biomass for energy. Acknowledging this relevance, much work has been carried to characterise and quantify biomass resources. Building on the initial effort from the European Environment Agency, followed by key projects like BEE and Biomass Futures, this report presents the results of extending and improving current methodologies and estimation to respond to energy system modelling needs, while extending the projections to 2050., JRC.F.6-Energy Technology Policy Outlook

This report aims at supporting the identification of technological options that could facilitate an efficient and effective transition to a low-carbon energy technology portfolio in the EU for the medium term (2030). It also aims at improving the reader's understanding on how uncertainty of cost and efficiency parameters impact technologies' competiveness as well as affordability, security and sustainability of the entire energy system., JRC.F.6-Energy Technology Policy Outlook

In an energy system model based study we analyse the potential impact of the current and an alternative stricter EU CO2 car legislation beyond 2020 on transport related CO2 emissions, on the uptake of electrified vehicles, on the reduction of fossil oil based fuel use, and on total energy system costs. We find that the legislation of EU car CO2 emissions is crucial to curb CO2 transport emissions in the region. Our model results for 2030 show that a stricter target of 70g CO2/km for cars by 2030 could reduce total transport CO2 emissions by more than 7% and oil dependence by more than 3% already in 2030 versus the current legislation. In our model runs, the stricter CO2 target is met by a deployment of more efficient internal combustion engine vehicles and higher shares of electrified vehicles. The impact on total system costs is less than 1%. We performed a sensitivity analysis, varying the learning rate for the costs of electrified vehicles between 5% and 15%. Our study indicates that when learning rates above 12.5% are achieved the deployment of electrified vehicles would drastically increase between 2020 and 2030, reaching shares above 40% by 2030., JRC.F.6-Energy Technology Policy Outlook

Renewable-based electricity generation technologies are recognized to be a major-prerequisite to reach a sustainable and secure energy system by 2050 [1]. From an energy-systems analysis perspective, a significant increase in the relevance of renewable electricity generation technologies is foreseen [2] both in current policies scenarios and in those targeting over 80% CO2 emission reductions in 2050. Usually the impact of current and future technology cost on their competitiveness is analysed [2], while less attention has been given to investigate the total amount of renewable resources available. Work has been already conducted to evaluate these renewable potentials [3], but still substantial uncertainties remain due to methodological challenges or due to coarse measuring resolution [4]. Moreover, technological improvements may shift the boundaries of exploitable renewable sources. It is therefore critical to understand, within an energy system perspective, how uncertainties and future changes in resource availability could influence the transition to a low-carbon system in Europe. In this paper we will assess the sensitivity of the electricity mix evolution to the available renewable energy sources potentials by analysing the response of the partial equilibrium energy model JRC-EU-TIMES [5] in the 2020-2050 time frame. Results unveil the relation between the renewable potential available for a given technology and its window of opportunity amongst its competing technologies. For instance, wind onshore shows to be more responsive to potential variations in the midterm than wind offshore. This research will help to prioritize which resource potentials may require more precise quantification, or to quantify the economic impact in the future energy system that persisting uncertainties in such potentials may have. Understanding how changes in the potential impact the energy will also help inform R&D priority setting, with a focus on those technological improvements that, other things being equal, will allow a higher share of the renewable source to be harnessed., JRC.F.6-Energy Technology Policy Outlook

The JRC-EU-TIMES model is one of the models currently pursued in the JRC under the auspices of the JRC Modelling Taskforce. The model has been developed over the last years in a combined effort of two of the JRC Institutes, IPTS and IET. The JRC-EU-TIMES model is designed for analysing the role of energy technologies and their innovation for meeting Europe's energy and climate change related policy objectives. It models technologies uptake and deployment and their interaction with the energy infrastructure including storage options in an energy systems perspective. It is a relevant tool to support impact assessment studies in the energy policy field that require quantitative modelling at an energy system level with a high technology detail. This report aims at providing an overview on the JRC-EU-TIMES model main data inputs and major assumptions. Furthermore, it describes a number of model outputs from exemplary runs in order to display how the model reacts to different scenarios. The scenarios described in this report do not represent a quantified view of the European Commission on the future EU energy mix., JRC.F.6-Energy systems evaluation

This report examines possible post-Kyoto options for Belgium. Climate change is coming up again at the top of the policy agenda with the decision of the European Commission to reduce its GHG emissions by 20% by 2020. The analysis is done with the MARKAL/TIMES model, a partial equilibrium model for the energy system. It is a technico-economic model, which assembles in a simple but economic consistent way technological information (conversion-efficiency, investment- and variable costs, emissions, etc.) for the entire energy system. Two CO2 reduction scenarios for Belgium are analysed up to the horizon 2050, with and without the possibility of nuclear and carbon capture technologies. The scenarios analysed show that it is possible to attain very stringent CO2 reductions in Belgium. The welfare cost remains limited in the case of a -22.5% reduction in 2050 compared to 1990. The cost is 0.7% of GDP on an annual base but it can become more expensive and reaches up to 1.3% of GDP on an annual base, when the reduction is -52%. These costs are the costs within the energy system without considering any potential side benefits (reduction of other air pollutants and energy security) and assuming a CO2 tax or a permit system as policy instrument for achieving the CO2 reduction target, i.e. an efficient instrument.

ispartof: ETE working paper series 2007-06 pages:1-27 status: published

This paper addresses how a global climate target may influence iron and steel production technology deployment and scrap use. A global energy system model, ETSAP-TIAM, was used and a Scrap Availability Assessment Model (SAAM) was developed to analyse the relation between steel demand, recycling and the availability of scrap and their implications for steel production technology choices. Steel production using recycled materials has a continuous growth and is likely to be a major route for steel production in the long run. However, as the global average of in-use steel stock increases up to the current average stock of the industrialised economies, global steel demand keeps growing and stagnates only after 2050. Due to high steel demand levels and scarcity of scrap, more than 50% of the steel production in 2050 will still have to come from virgin materials. Hydrogen-based steel production could become a major technology option for production from virgin materials, particularly in a scenario where Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is not available. Imposing a binding climate target will shift the crude steel price to approximately 500 USD per tonne in the year 2050, provided that CCS is available. However, the increased prices are induced by CO2 prices rather than inflated production costs. It is concluded that a global climate target is not likely to influence the use of scrap, whereas it shall have an impact on the price of scrap. Finally, the results indicate that energy efficiency improvements of current processes will only be sufficient to meet the climate target in combination with CCS. New innovative techniques with lower climate impact will be vital for mitigating climate change.

Power-to-Methane (PtM) can provide flexibility to the electricity grid while aiding decarbonization of other sectors. This study focuses specifically on the methanation component of PtM in 2050. Scenarios with 80–95% CO2 reduction by 2050 (vs. 1990) are analyzed and barriers and drivers for methanation are identified. PtM arises for scenarios with 95% CO2 reduction, no CO2 underground storage and low CAPEX (75 €/kW only for methanation). Capacity deployed across EU is 40 GW (8% of gas demand) for these conditions, which increases to 122 GW when liquefied methane gas (LMG) is used for marine transport. The simultaneous occurrence of all positive drivers for PtM, which include limited biomass potential, low Power-to-Liquid performance, use of PtM waste heat, among others, can increase this capacity to 546 GW (75% of gas demand). Gas demand is reduced to between 3.8 and 14 EJ (compared to ∼20 EJ for 2015) with lower values corresponding to scenarios that are more restricted. Annual costs for PtM are between 2.5 and 10 bln€/year with EU28’s GDP being 15.3 trillion €/year (2017). Results indicate that direct subsidy of the technology is more effective and specific than taxing the fossil alternative (natural gas) if the objective is to promote the technology. Studies with higher spatial resolution should be done to identify specific local conditions that could make PtM more attractive compared to an EU scale.

As the EU energy system transitions to low carbon, the technology choices should consider a broader set of criteria. The use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) prevents burden shift across life cycle stages or impact categories, while the use of Energy System Models (ESM) allows evaluating alternative policies, capacity evolution and covering all the sectors. This study does an ex-post LCA analysis of results from JRC-EU-TIMES and estimates the environmental impact indicators across 18 categories in scenarios that achieve 80-95% CO2 emission reduction by 2050. Results indicate that indirect CO2 emissions can be as large as direct ones for an 80% CO2 reduction target and up to three times as large for 95% CO2 reduction. Impact across most categories decreases by 20-40% as the CO2 emission target becomes stricter. However, toxicity related impacts can become 35-100% higher. The integrated framework was also used to evaluate the Power-to-Methane (PtM) system to relate the electricity mix and various CO2 sources to the PtM environmental impact. To be more attractive than natural gas, the climate change impact of the electricity used for PtM should be 123-181 gCO(2eq)/kWh when the CO2 comes from air or biogenic sources and 4-62 gCO(2eq)/kWh if the CO2 is from fossil fuels. PtM can have an impact up to 10 times larger for impact categories other than climate change. A system without PtM results in similar to 4% higher climate change impact and 9% higher fossil depletion, while having 5-15% lower impact for most of the other categories. This is based on a scenario where 9 parameters favor PtM deployment and establishes the upper bound of the environmental impact PtM can have. Further studies should work towards integrating LCA feedback into ESM and standardizing the methodology.