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Semakin meningkatnya pengguna smartphone serta lengkapnya fitur-fitur yang tersedia di beragam merek smartphone, memungkinkan pengguna dengan mudah dalam bertransaksi hanya dengan sekali sentuhan layar. Mobile commerce adalah model layanan yang sedang berkembang sehingga, memungkinkan orang untuk memesan dan membayar barang dengan mudah menggunakan perangkat seluler. Pemesanan menu di Kantin disebuah institusi saat ini masih banyak menggunakan metode tradisional, yang mengakibatkan beberapa masalah: antrean pembayaran yang lama karena proses pengembalian dana, kasus pelanggan yang melarikan diri tanpa membayar, kekeliruan pesanan antara meja, pesanan yang terlupakan, utang siswa saat memesan, dan tidak adanya menu serta daftar harga di beberapa kantin. Penelitian ini mengembangkan sistem E-Kantin berbasis Android dengan teknologi NFC. Penelitian ini dikategorikan sebagai penelitian kualitatif yang dilakukan dengan metodologi Penelitian dan Pengembangan (R&D). Penggunaan Teknologi NFC sangat sesuai dalam objek riset ini karena setiap tag NFC memiliki identitas unik, sehingga duplikasi menjadi tidak mungkin. Selain itu, NFC beroperasi dalam jarak dekat, meningkatkan keamanan dengan membuat penyadapan menjadi sulit. Aplikasi ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk melakukan pemesanan, melakukan pembayaran untuk barang, dan mengisi saldo melalui metode tunai atau transfer. Secara bersamaan, admin dapat memverifikasi saldo, mengonfirmasi pesanan, menambah atau mengubah menu, dan menerima notifikasi terkait permintaan validasi saldo saat masuk sebagai admin. Aplikasi diujikan dengan metode blackbox. Hasil pengujian dan implementasi menunjukkan semua fungsionalitas sistem beroperasi dengan baik. Pengujian yang dilakukan dengan menempatkan pesanan simultan dari beberapa akun berhasil dieksekusi, dengan semua hasil pesanan tercatat dalam daftar pesanan bersama nomor pesanan masing-masing. Performa waktu rata-rata dalam mengakses setiap fitur adalah 2 Menit.

The Consumer-Oriented Trusted Service Manager (CO-TSM) model has been recognised as a significant advancement in managing applications on Near Field Communication (NFC)-enabled mobile devices and multi-application smart cards. Traditional Trusted Service Manager (TSM) models, while useful, often result in market fragmentation and limit widespread adoption due to their centralised control mechanisms. The CO-TSM model addresses these issues by decentralising management and offering greater flexibility and scalability, making it more adaptable to the evolving needs of embedded systems, particularly in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the CO-TSM model, highlighting its application in various technological domains such as smart cards, HCE-based NFC mobile phones, TEE-enabled smart home IoT devices, and RFID-based smart supply chains. By evaluating the CO-TSM model’s architecture, implementation challenges, and practical deployment scenarios, this paper demonstrates how CO-TSM can overcome the limitations of traditional TSM approaches. The case studies presented offer practical insights into the model’s adaptability and effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Through this examination, the paper aims to underscore the CO-TSM model’s role in enhancing scalability, flexibility, and user autonomy in secure embedded device management, while also identifying areas for future research and development.

Consumers use increasingly Near Field Communication mobile payment to buy products and services. However, the adoption of NFC mobile payment varies by individual attributes of consumers. This paper aims to study the generational differences in mobile payment acceptance based on the theory of generational cohorts and technology acceptance. Therefore, a research concept and hypotheses were developed. The research methodology included an online survey among Generation Z (digital natives) and X (digital immigrants). A sample of 580 respondents had been analyzed with multi-group Structural Equation Modeling. The comparative analysis revealed that digital immigrants were more influenced by the perceived ease of use, subjective norms, and financial risk of NFC mobile payment. In turn, digital natives intended to use NFC mobile payment to a greater extent if they perceived mobile payment as compatible with their lifestyle. Our research contributes to the understanding of generational patterns of mobile payment acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NFC and MIFARE systems (referred to as HF-band RFID) are a special case of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology using a radio frequency of 13.56 MHz for communication. The declared range of such communication is usually several cm and is characterized by the need to bring the data carrier close to the system reader. Due to the possibility of transmitting sensitive data in this type of system, an important problem seems to be the electromagnetic security of the transmitted data between the cards (tags) and the reader and within the system. In most of the available research studies, the security of RFID systems comes down to the analysis of the effectiveness of encryption of transmitted data or testing the range of communication between the reader and the identifier. In this research, however, special attention is paid to the so-called electromagnetic information security without the analysis of cryptographic protection. In some cases (e.g., data retransmission), encryption may not be an effective method of securing data (because, e.g., encrypted data might be used to open and start a car with a keyless system). In addition, the research draws attention to the fact that the data from the identifier can be accessed not only from the identifier, but also from the control system (reader, wiring, controller, etc.) from which the data can be radiated (unintentionally) at a much greater distance than the communication range between the identifier and the reader. In order to determine the security of the transmitted data in the HF-band RFID systems, a number of tests were carried out with the use of specialized equipment. During the measurements, both the data carriers themselves (cards, key fobs, stickers, tags) and exemplary systems for reading data from the media (a writable card reader, a mobile phone with NFC function, and an extensive access control system) were tested. The experiments carried out made it possible to determine the safety of NFC and MIFARE systems during their use and only storage (e.g., the ability to read data from an identification card stored in a pocket). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to test the utility of ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidised nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) as an additive for chitosan- and alginate-based biopolymer films that could eventually be used as paper coatings for food packaging applications. Sodium alginate and chitosan were used as the base for the films. Various concentrations of APS oxidised NFC ranging from 0% to 10% were used as a reinforcing agent, resulting in six combinations of either alginate-NFC or chitosan-NFC composite films. Biofilms were tested for their mechanical properties (tensile strength and strain), grease barrier properties, air permeability, water vapour permeability, and degradation in the soil. Overall, when using the ammonium persulfate oxidation pretreatment method, the best performance of the films was estimated with the addition of 2.5% NFC.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ensuring the correct identification of the patient is key to matching the correct patients with the proper care (e.g. correct administration of medications and treatments), but it is also applied, for example, to monitoring the patient's movement in the hospital environment. This scoping review aims to find out what technologies based on unique patient identifiers are used to identify patients in healthcare facilities to increase patient safety and to identify future research trends. PRISMAScR guidelines were used, and the search focused on Web of Science and Scopus citation databases from 2000 to February 2024. Thirty-two papers dealing with patient identification methods from the point of view of person identification were found. The solutions found were built on the technologies (linear or 2D) of barcodes, RFID and NFC tags. None of the patient identification solutions found offer complete accuracy due to the human factor, and each solution targets a different problem context associated with a particular type of health facility. Future research can focus on the combination of multiple technologies, including biometric methods, to improve identification and tools to support decisions about the use of technology in a particular context and health facility (e.g. hospitals, medical nursing homes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: 1. Novel synthetic biopolymer hydrogels were successfully prepared from pristine poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) using the photopolymerization method. 2. PEGDMA-NFC biocomposite hydrogel can be developed as an affordable biomaterial for herniated nucleus pulposus substitute, with the potential to meet clinical application standards. Abstract Herniated nucleus pulposus develops when the intervertebral disc portudes through the annulus fibrosus due to the rupture of the annulus fibrosus or a decrease in proteoglycans. Hydrogel implant material can be injected into the disc space to restore disc thickness caused by disc degeneration with minimal invasiveness. This study aimed to characterize poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate-nanofibrillated cellulose (PEGDMA-NFC) in vitro as a potential biomaterial for herniated nucleus pulposus substitute. This study utilized PEGDMA-NFC to treat first-degree herniated nucleus pulposus using the photopolymerization method. PEGDMA was selected because of its hydrophilic ability to produce hydrogel. The addition of NFC to the PEGDMA precursor was expected to show mechanical properties as a hydrogel bio composite candidate. The characterization of PEGDMA-NFC was conducted using three tests: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity assessment, and an in vitro injection testing model. The normal distribution of the data was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, while the homogeneity was assessed using Levene's test. Homogenous and normally distributed data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a p-value of

In the modern times, the heavy footprint of Information and Communication Technologies in the everyday life brings multiple challenges to the ordinary citizen, like having a digital profile on numerous services and institutions. The spread of authentication services that need to be verified to perform simple tasks is thus overwhelming. Many countries hence developed elaborated solutions to unify some of the authentication services around a single e-ID card to help performing different everyday tasks. The burden associated with carrying a smartcard reader to authenticate, or the time spent and complexity of the authentication using Mobile Digital Tokens represent an adversity for citizens who are not so digitally educated. NFC is a technology that is growing in usage every year and is widely adopted now. It is easy and fast to use. This paper proposes a safe, easy, and fast way to implement NFC-based authentication in an e-ID card and discusses its benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their high porosity and tunability, porous solids such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, or activated carbons (ACs) are of great interest in the fields of air purification, gas separation, and catalysis, among others. Nonetheless, these materials are usually synthetized as powders and need to be shaped in a more practical way that does not modify their intrinsic property (i.e., porosity). Elaborating porous, freestanding and flexible sheets is a relevant shaping strategy. However, when high loadings (>70 wt.%) are achieved the mechanical properties are challenged. A new straightforward and green method involving the combination softwood bleached kraft pulp fibers (S) and nano‐fibrillated cellulose (NFC) is reported, where S provides flexibility while NFC acts as a micro‐structuring and mechanical reinforcement agent to form high loadings porous solids paper sheets (>70 wt.%). The composite has unobstructed porosity and good mechanical strength. The sheets prepared with various fillers (MOFs, ACs, and zeolites) can be rolled, handled, and adapted to different uses, such as air purification. As an example of potential application, a MOF paper composite has been considered for the capture of polar volatile organic compounds exhibiting better performance than beads and granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study is to present the impact of enterprise markups by sections on changes in the CPI in Poland in the years 2008-2023. The VAR model was developed to reveal the interdependencies between changes in markups in nine major sections of non-financial corporations and changes in the CPI. The results of the model, the impulse response function and the variance decomposition confirmed the differentiated impact of markups on inflation changes. To the greatest extent, changes in the CPI, as much as 30%, were explained by the markups of enterprises in real estate services (L), and mining and quarrying (B) sections. The least pro-inflationary contribution to the CPI explanation was shown by markups from information and communication (J), water supply, sewage and waste management, reclamation (E), trade and repair of motor vehicles (G) and the generation and supply of electricity, gas, steam, and hot water D (less than 1%). The degree of explanation of the CPI by markups projected in the variance decomposition increased in the short term (to 26% in the 1st year), stabilizing at a higher level (35% in the years 3-5) in the medium and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we conduct a comparative examination of offline (cold) wallets that are designed for storing cryptocurrency. Our analysis focuses on security, usability, and accessibility, with specific attention given to popular solutions like Ledger and Trezor. We evaluate these wallets based on how practical they are to use without compromising security and efficiency. Furthermore, we explore the integration of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology into offline wallets. This approach aims to make cryptocurrency transactions more secure, convenient, and user-friendly, especially in Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations. By envisioning a future where transportation infrastructure and cryptocurrency security intersect, our research seeks to advance technologies that balance security with the demands of modern payment systems. Through this effort, we aim to provide valuable insights to stakeholders in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, informing strategic decisions and driving the development of secure, user-centric financial technologies. By shortening the gap between theoretical security concepts and real-world operational needs, our work aims to help other researchers and stakeholders create a future where blockchain-based currencies can be just as practical as efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, developments in such Near field Communication Technology (NFC) and associated integrated devices have pace out an acceleration the demand of transactions in electronic devices system such wearable readers which have short-power consumption and proficiency in high transferring data. NFC has showed the alternative active key solution to existing smart electronic devices that depend on huge batteries to supply the energy in paying bills though such devices. NFC widely utilized via wireless power transfer, where devices share and connect with each other, to increase the efficiency of transferring data, with high superb properties such as permeability. NFC has emerged as a powerful technology and its apparatus devices. The ongoing of NFC growth could be related to its extensibility and more sustainable. NFC can deliver different shapes at providing software application capabilities to connect with each other. NFCs demonstrates an adaptable method to enhance and offer current elements accessible to applications across the Internet. NFCs are a new fad and modern technology that shares embedded and ubiquitous devices with others, various corporations are finding the advantage by the NFC. This research will propose a formulation technique to explore and adapt an approach of developing and validating the NFC which permits to exchange data via technology wireless (NFC) between the parties. This technique will facilitate the feasibility of having e.g., a system to reduce of losing duration time and cost for users, as well as, an agile technique for validating the suggested approach via Attributed Graph Grammar (AGG) tools.

The emergence of global health crises has emphasised the need for efficient and secure methods to verify the individuals’ vaccination and testing status. The research paper proposes an innovative application of the Radio Frequency Identification technology to develop a comprehensive system that ensures the controlled entry of vaccinated and tested individuals into buildings and extends its use to transportation networks. By combining tags, readers and a centralised database, with the extension of using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, this solution aims to enhance public health safety, restore confidence in public spaces and optimise transportation operations.

The NFC and MIFARE systems (referred to as HF-band RFID) are a special case of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology using a radio frequency of 13.56 MHz for communication. The declared range of such communication is usually several cm and is characterized by the need to bring the data carrier close to the system reader. Due to the possibility of transmitting sensitive data in this type of system, an important problem seems to be the electromagnetic security of the transmitted data between the cards (tags) and the reader and within the system. In most of the available research studies, the security of RFID systems comes down to the analysis of the effectiveness of encryption of transmitted data or testing the range of communication between the reader and the identifier. In this research, however, special attention is paid to the so-called electromagnetic information security without the analysis of cryptographic protection. In some cases (e.g., data retransmission), encryption may not be an effective method of securing data (because, e.g., encrypted data might be used to open and start a car with a keyless system). In addition, the research draws attention to the fact that the data from the identifier can be accessed not only from the identifier, but also from the control system (reader, wiring, controller, etc.) from which the data can be radiated (unintentionally) at a much greater distance than the communication range between the identifier and the reader. In order to determine the security of the transmitted data in the HF-band RFID systems, a number of tests were carried out with the use of specialized equipment. During the measurements, both the data carriers themselves (cards, key fobs, stickers, tags) and exemplary systems for reading data from the media (a writable card reader, a mobile phone with NFC function, and an extensive access control system) were tested. The experiments carried out made it possible to determine the safety of NFC and MIFARE systems during their use and only storage (e.g., the ability to read data from an identification card stored in a pocket).

Abstract Background In SLE patients, cytokines are linked to endothelial cell damage. Nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) is a simple method for evaluating micro-vascular abnormalities in different connective tissue diseases (CTDs). The study aimed to detect the levels of interleukin 17A (IL 17A), type I interferons (IFNs I) in the serum, and NFC changes in Egyptian SLE patients compared to a control group and to correlate NFC findings with patients’ demographic features and serum levels of IL 17A and IFNs I. Results Serum levels of IL 17A, IFN α, and IFN β were significantly higher in SLE patients than in control group (P

Guided by the persuasion knowledge model, this study investigated how the fit between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and a sin company that makes negative societal contributions influences consumers' responses. Specifically, using a sample of 234 Koreans, it examined whether individual differences in need for cognition (NFC) moderate CSR-company fit and how such NFC-moderated fit affects consumers' responses through two distinct perceived motives (i.e. public-serving motive, self-serving motive). The analysis showed that NFC moderated the fit's influence on perceived public-serving motives, perceived self-serving motives, and attitudes toward CSR. It also indicated that the NFC-moderated fit indirectly impacted attitudes toward CSR and positive word-of-mouth intentions via perceived public-serving motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle theft is a widespread and costly problem with thousands of cars stolen annually, impacting privacy, the economy, and security. Conventional database systems have proven unreliable, enabling a thriving market for stolen vehicles. In response, our study presents an innovative solution, leveraging the security of blockchain technology. By utilizing the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and Smart Contracts, our system is designed to thwart attacks, including Distributed Denial of Services (DDoS) attacks. Notably, Near Field Communication (NFC) enables the secure transmission of sensitive data for verification. Our research aims to evaluate the realworld impact of this technology, considering factors such as improvements in data security and the efficiency of the reporting process. One of the most notable outcomes of our proposal is the substantial reduction in reporting time for car theft. While conventional reporting typically takes several hours, our system streamlines the process to less than 1 minute. This innovation offers significant benefits to vehicle owners, law enforcement agencies, and the broader community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensive development of information and telecommunications technology has a very large impact on society. On the one hand, it greatly facilitates many activities in everyday life, such as searching for information, establishing contacts with other people, or controlling household appliances at a distance. On the other hand, it poses serious threats to our personal data, the information we process, or our property. One of the examples of such threats may be radio identification systems, enabling the registration of working time, entry into restricted zones in workplaces and offices, or warehouse data. Copying data from an identification card may allow unauthorized persons access to premises and data that they should not have. The article presents the principles of operation, the results of the conducted research, and their analysis in the aspect of security of the short-range radio frequency identification systems used in relation to the RFID 125 kHz system, broadly used in access control systems or time and attendance systems. Particular attention has been paid to the possibility of unauthorized acquisition of information contained in the identification card in order to, for example, copy it and gain access to specific protected zones. An analysis of the security of such systems was carried out not only in relation to the data carriers themselves but also to complete access control systems installed in buildings. The research focused especially on the ability to determine the range of information penetration, i.e., the distance of remote information acquisition using electromagnetic radiated emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily digital payments in Financial Technology (FinTech) are growing exponentially. A huge demand is for developing secure, lightweight cryptography protocols for wearable IoT-based devices. The devices hold the consumer information and transit functions in a secure environment to provide authentication and confidentiality using contactless Near-Field Communication (NFC) or Bluetooth technologies. On the other hand, Security breaches have been observed in various dimensions, especially in wearable payment technologies. In this paper, we developed a threat model in the proposed framework and how to mitigate these attacks. This study accepts the three-authentication factor, as biometrics is one of the user’s most vital authentication mechanisms. The scheme uses an “Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES)”, “Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)” and “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)” to encrypt the messages between the entities to ensure higher security. The security analysis of the proposed scheme is demonstrated through the Real-or-Random oracle model (RoR) and Scyther’s widely accepted model-checking tools. Finally, we present a comparative summary based on security features, communication cost, and computation overhead of existing methods, specifying that the proposed framework is secure and efficient for all kinds of remote and proximity payments, such as mini, macro, and micro-payments, using wearable devices.

Background: In SLE patients, cytokines are linked to endothelial cell damage. Nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) is a simple method for evaluating micro-vascular abnormalities in different connective tissue diseases (CTDs). The study aimed to detect the levels of interleukin 17A (IL 17A), type I interferons (IFNs I) in the serum, and NFC changes in Egyptian SLE patients compared to a control group and to correlate NFC findings with patients' demographic features and serum levels of IL 17A and IFNs I. Results: Serum levels of IL 17A, IFN α, and IFN β were significantly higher in SLE patients than in control group (P < 0.0001). About thirty nine patients (73.6%) of the 53 SLE patients showed abnormal NFC changes. Egyptian SLE patients had a high prevalence of the NFC non-specific pattern, with 32 (60.4%) patients showing non-specific changes and 7 (13.2%) patients showing scleroderma pattern, including 3 (5.6%) patients with active scleroderma pattern and 4 (7.55%) patients with late scleroderma pattern. Furthermore, Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) was observed in 8 (15.1%) SLE patients, with 3 (5.6%) having normal NFC pattern and 5 (9.4%) having scleroderma pattern. All controls (n = 20) showed normal hairpin shape capillaries. Except for SLEDAI (P = 0.03) and the presence of RP (P < 0.0001), there were no significant differences in demographic and laboratory parameters between the three NFC patterns (normal, non-specific, and scleroderma); additionally, NFC score correlated significantly with SLEDAI (P = 0.021). Conclusion: As a result of the high disease activity, Egyptian SLE patients had elevated serum levels of IL 17A and IFNs I. The most common NFC pattern in Egyptian SLE patients was a non-specific pattern. NFC abnormalities in Egyptian SLE patients were correlated with disease activity but not with patients' ages, disease duration, or serum levels of IL 17A and IFNs I. SLE patients with scleroderma NFC pattern and RP should be closely followed for the possibility of appearance of anti-U1 RNP antibodies and MCTDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) has become an indispensable material in orthopedic surgery in recent decades, owing to the possibility of drugs delivery to the surgical site. It is applied for both infection prophylaxis (e.g., in primary joint arthroplasty) and infection treatment (e.g., in periprosthetic infection). However, the introduction of antibiotic to the polymer matrix diminishes the mechanical strength of the latter. Moreover, the majority of the loaded antibiotic remains embedded in polymer and does not participate in drug elution. Incorporation of the various additives to ALBC can help to overcome these issues. In this paper, four different natural micro/nanoscale materials (halloysite, nanocrystalline cellulose, micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose) were tested as additives to commercial Simplex P bone cement preloaded with vancomycin. The influence of all four materials on the polymerization process was comprehensively studied, including the investigation of the maximum temperature of polymerization, setting time, and monomer leaching. The introduction of the natural additives led to a considerable enhancement of drug elution and microhardness in the composite bone cements compared to ALBC. The best combination of the polymerization rate, monomer leaching, antibiotic release, and microhardness was observed for the sample containing nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the multitude of mobile payments solutions, the US still remains reluctant to adopting this payment technology. The connection between types of mobile payments and usage needs investigation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the difference in usage intentions for three types of mobile payment solutions as moderated by age and gender. The theoretical model, UTAUT2, was tested in a quantitative study using structural equation modeling, conducted in the US with a sample recruited through Qualtrics. The findings show intention to use mobile payments differ for each mobile payment type with performance expectancy and habit as strong predictors of intention and use behavior. Social influence and effort expectancy were poor predictors of intention. Additionally, facilitating conditions did not impact use behavior. The results help apparel retailers determine which mobile payment solution fits the needs and wants of their target market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eighteenth Amendment to Pak istan's Constitution has made the Prime Minister of Pakistan, and hence the parliament, stronger instead of the President by abolishing Article 58(2) (b) just as the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688-1689 in England made the parliament stronger by abolishing 'Divine Rights' of the k ings and paving the way towards the constitutional monarchy by passing the 'Bill of Rights' in 1689. Just as the 'Bill of Rights' constituted a new era of democracy in England, the 18th constitutional amendment has promised the same. Furthermore, this constitutional software has removed the Concurrent List from the Constitution of 1973, thereby assigning more administrative, legislative and fiscal responsibilities to the federating units. The paper finds that by the passage of the 18th amendment, concrete constitutional measures were taken to transform a 'centralized federation' into a 'participatory federation' and now it is the constitutionally-driven responsibility of the provinces to chalk out development projects, addressing the people's demands through enhanced fiscal discipline and well-coordinated public policies at their levels. In addition, consensus over the 7th NFC award was an historically important event in the politicoconstitutional annals of the federation of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Investigación e Innovación en Ingenierías is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)