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Abstract In this article, the potential Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (pKP) type coupled system with variable coefficients is studied, which have many applications in wave phenomena and soliton interactions in a two-dimensional space with time. In this framework, Hirota bilinear form is applied to acquire diverse types of interaction lump solutions from the foresaid equation. Abundant lump, lump-periodic, lump-soliton and multi soliton solutions to the pKP system are presented by the Hirota bilinear form and a mixture of exponentials and trigonometric functions. Lump, lump-periodic, lump-soliton and multi soliton solutions are studied with the usage of symbolic computation. In addition, the symbolic computation and the applied methods for governing model are investigated. The movement role of the waves is investigated, and the theoretical analysis of the acquired solutions is discussed using the bilinear technique of all produced solutions with 2D and 3D plots with respective parameters. The computational difficulties and outcomes highlight the clarity, effectiveness, and simplicity of the approaches, suggesting that these schemes can be applied to a variety of dynamic and static nonlinear equations governing evolutionary phenomena in computational physics as well as to other real-world situations and a wide range of academic fields. We used software Maple 2024 “( http://www.maplesoft.com/ )”.

In this paper, the generalized (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear wave equation in fluid with gas bubbles is studied in soliton theory and produced by taking the Hirota bilinear operators. The first- to third rogue wave solutions through numerous rogue wave strategy by Maple typical estimations are recovered. The made conditions for the analyticity and positively of the gotten arrangements can be effectively accomplished by utilizing the specific determinations of the included values. The most merits of this plot are to recoup the Hirota bilinear models and their generalized equivalences. Also, the rational tan(Π(ξ)) technique on the generalized nonlinear wave equation is examined. The perturbed solution of the generalized nonlinear wave equation through the way of Modulational stability is studied. Finally, the graphical reenactments of the precise arrangements are portrayed. By selecting suitable values for the parameters involved in the solutions, 3D graphs, 2D contour graphs and line graphs are presented to provide graphical demonstration of the results. The reported results will be helpful to design new and better optical devices. The findings of this work may also help in problems arising in ocean engineering.

Abstract In this research article, the (1+1)- and (2+1)-dimensional Chiral nonlinear Schrödinger equations (CNLSEs) are studied, which play an important role in the development of quantum mechanics, particularly in the field of quantum Hall effect. Our primary goal is to obtain the analytical solutions utilizing novel methodology, particularly the modified extended tanh-function technique. We concentrate on the search to solitary wave solutions inside the (1+1)- and (2+1)-dimensional CNLSEs, which are relevant in domains such as optics, electro-magnetic wave propagation, plasma physics, optics and quantum mechanics. Our objective is to increase knowledge of this equation and give insight into the behavior of solitary waves by employing a novel mathematical technique. This will be accomplished by displaying our findings in 2D and 3D graphics. We believe that our results would pave a way for future research generating optical memories based on the nonlinear solitons.

Abstract The ever-increasing demand for sustainable energy has drawn attention towards photovoltaic efficiency and reliability. In this context, the shading and associated hotpot degradation within PV modules has become an important area of research and development. The experimental approach of this paper aims to investigate single cell shading in high efficiency monocrystalline silicon PV PERC modules. Prior to the outdoor experiment, the PV module underwent experimental testing under STC to determine variation in electrical and thermal behaviour due to partial shading. The indoor experiments are performed using Sun-simulator and the I–V and P–V curves are analysed. Further, the outdoor experiments were performed under realistic conditions. In both cases, results showed that during 40–60% shading in single cell leads to critical shading scenario causing significant drop in power output in comparison with their unshaded conditions. The maximum power loss of 36.34% and 42% is recorded for indoor and outdoor experiments. The outdoor experiments recorded hotspot temperature of 85–90.1 °C under respective 40% and 60% critical shading scenarios. The efficiency recorded in the time interval of 11:00:00 and 11:30:00 was highest for the solar radiations between 940 and 990 W/m2. The maximum drop in efficiency is recorded from noon till 13:30:00 time of the day. Development of hotspot is directly related to the failure or malfunction of protecting system. Hence the importance of type of PV technology, amount of shading, and critical shading scenario is presented in the study. This study is important for researcher and manufacture to consider single cell shading in PV technology.

Methylene blue dye is used extensively in industries, including paper, temporary hair coloring, coating for paper stock wool, and cotton dying. When the amount of methylene blue dye is more significant than 2 mg/kg, it can lead to serious health issues in people, including cyanosis, tissue necrosis, elevated heart rate, vomiting, shock, and Heinz body formation. The present chapter discusses the sol-gel-assisted synthesis of P3TA-supported Cobalt-doped TiO2 nanohybrid. This study investigated the characteristics of both prepared bare TiO2 and metal (Co) doped nano-hybrid using a variety of analytical tools, including XRD, SEM-EDX, BET, FTIR, XPS, and UV–visible DRS. The photo-catalytic performance of prepared samples was executed towards the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiations. Additionally, tests for antibiotic resistance were performed on the pathogens E. coli and S. aureus. Significant antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus were demonstrated by the chemical under investigation (P3TA/Co-TiO2) at a higher dosage of 800 μg/mL, with inhibition zones of 2.0 mm and 2.1 mm, respectively. The antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus at 400 μg/mL was negligible, with inhibition zones of 1.0 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively. Because these materials are affordable and adaptable, they further the field of nano photo-catalysts.

This paper aims to present a robust view of the research focus of academic scholars on women entrepreneurship intentions over the last four decades by applying a scientometric approach that integrates thematic analysis and the Nominal Group Technique (NGT). The scientometric analysis of articles was conducted at three levels, i.e., micro, meso, and macro levels through article level, author level, and journal level analysis, respectively. Crucial themes in the field of entrepreneurial intentions of women were found through co-occurrence analysis. The consistency of themes was evaluated across the three levels. Themes consistent across all levels, i.e., Country/Place Centric, Gender Specific, Education Related, Tool Centric, Theory Centric, Motivation Centric, Self-efficacy, Entrepreneurialism, and Personal Factors, were considered to be more impactful because of their importance at all levels. The process of NGT was then carried out to identify the most impactful factors from the identified themes. The most impactful factors identified in the study were attitude, self-efficacy, motivation, role models, culture, politics, and entrepreneurial education. The findings of the study will help in shaping future policies by the government in order to meet the needs of potential women entrepreneurs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no such study across the levels of research has been conducted in the domain of women entrepreneurship.

Introduction: The MC’s phases have been shown to influence various physiological and psychological aspects, yet their potential impact on physical performance and psychological well-being remains less explored. This research study investigates the intricate interplay between functional capacity, fatiguability, anxiety level, and static and dynamic balance in young adult females across the MC’s early follicular and mid-luteal phases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study where 46 healthy eumenorrheic females aged 19–24 years were recruited. Participants underwent various tests (six-minute walk test (6MWT), single leg stance test, and lower quarter Y balance test) and scales (Zung self-rating anxiety scale and fatigue severity scale (FSS)) during both the follicular and luteal phases in a single menstrual cycle (MC). Results: Preliminary findings suggest that functional capacity, fatiguability, anxiety levels, and static and dynamic balance show statistically significant differences (P < 0.01), exhibiting improvement in the mid-luteal phase as compared to the early follicular phase. A significant negative correlation exists between FSS score and 6MWT distance in the early follicular (r = -0.441, P < 0.001) and mid-luteal phase (r = -0.439, P < 0.01). There is a significant positive correlation between FSS score and SAS score during the early follicular (r = 0.479, P < 0.001) and mid-luteal phase (r = 0.496, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The relationship between these parameters during the MC holds implications for optimizing training regimens, injury prevention strategies, and psychological support tailored to the unique needs of female athletes and active individuals.

Current ischemic models strive to replicate ischemia-mediated injury. However, they face challenges such as inadequate reproducibility, difficulties in translating rodent findings to humans, and ethical, financial, and practical constraints that limit the accuracy of extensive research. This study introduces a novel approach to inducing persistent ischemia in 3-day-old chicken embryos using endothelin-1. The protocol targets the right vitelline arteries, validated with Doppler blood flow imaging and molecular biology experiments. This innovative approach facilitates the exploration of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, cellular death, and potential drug screening suitability utilizing a 3-day-old chicken embryo.

Background: Iris cyst can lead to iridocyclitis, angle closure, secondary glaucoma, corneal decompensation, band keratopathy, cataract, subluxation of the lens, or visual disturbance leading to amblyopia or strabismus. Incomplete removal of cyst can lead to recurrence. Recurrent surgeries are more complicated and compromise prognosis. So, complete removal of cyst with minimal anatomical disturbances is essential for better outcomes. Purpose: To define a new technique of triple treatment therapy for iris cyst management. Synopsis: Iris cyst was treated in three steps. In the first step, iris cyst aspiration followed by cyst cavity treatment with mitomycin-C was done. After that, cyst cavity was irrigated with balanced salt solution (BSS). In the second step, the anterior cyst wall was removed with a vitrectomy cutter. In the third step, the posterior cyst wall was cauterized with diathermy. Highlights: In this technique, we chose a minimally invasive approach utilizing two 1-mm incisions leading to less astigmatism. Iridectomy was not performed, which led to a small iris defect postoperatively, and pupilloplasty was not required. Injection of mitomycin-C led to destruction of the cyst wall, and diathermy further reduced the chance of recurrence by destroying the cyst base. Postoperatively, mild corneal edema was noted, which resolved in 1 week. Topical steroids were given to control postoperative inflammation. No recurrence has been noted till 6 months of follow-up. The more conservative approach seemed to result in better visual outcomes. Discussion: Wide varieties of approaches are available for iris cysts, like laser cystotomy, aspiration, diathermy, cryotherapy, injection of sclerosing agents, and surgery.[1] Yu et al.[2] treated iris cyst in a 60-year-old female with cyst content aspiration using 30G needle, followed by injection of 0.0002 mg/ml mitomycin-C in the cavity for 5 min. BSS wash was given five times at the end. They noted a decrease of 13.3% in endothelial cell count following the procedure. They speculate that transient application of MMC can cause permanent damage to the epithelial and goblet cells that secrete cyst fluid, hence resulting in regression of the cyst. Similarly, Kawaguchi et al.[3] aspirated cyst fluid with a 30G needle and left 0.3 ml of 10−3 mg/ml mitomycin-C for 5 min in the cavity, followed by BSS wash in a 32-year-old female with recurrent iris cyst. They reported a decrease of 4% in endothelial cell count postprocedure. Shen et al.[4] used micro diathermy to treat residual cyst wall attached to the endothelium and base of cyst in four cases. In our case, we have combined cyst aspiration, mitomycin-C, excision using vitrectomy cutter, and diathermy. No recurrence has been observed at the longest follow-up of 3 years. However, a small sample size and less duration of follow-up are the limitations to call it the best approach. Video Link: https://youtu.be/EC6WA2TiaAE

Freshwater lakes in the Western Himalayan region play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and providing crucial ecosystem services. However, these lakes are currently facing various challenges due to anthropogenic activities, climate change, and natural processes. This study aims to analyze the present situation of freshwater lakes in the Western Himalayan region, focusing on their water quality, biodiversity, and conservation status. The Western Himalayan Range comprises the majority of the Indian Himalayas and includes the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. The Western Himalayan Range is vulnerable to both the whims of nature and human interference because it is a mountainous location. There are a total of 38 lakes present in Uttarakhand, 40 lakes in Himachal Pradesh, and 22 lakes in the Jammu and Kashmir region are present. The quantity of contaminants has elevated as the lake's water has decreased because of the growth in and around it. Agricultural runoff, untreated sewage discharge, and silt from nearby catchments have all caused the lake's water quality to decline. Due to higher nutrient levels, which lead to an abundance of algae and macrophytes, certain lakes are eutrophic. These lakes often contain low quantities of dissolved oxygen in their lowest layers and they frequently have limited transparency. Bioindicator species can be introduced to evaluate the current scenario of freshwater lakes. Because various species of Plankton rapidly respond to any environmental change,thus also known as bioindicators. Various type of mitigation measures such as plantation of trees in the catchment area, awareness among the public, solid waste managements and continuous monitoring will be helpful in lake management. The present situation of freshwater lakes in the Western Himalayan region demands immediate attention and concerted efforts for their conservation. Addressing water quality degradation, protecting biodiversity, and promoting sustainable practices are crucial for the long-term survival and ecological sustainability of these lakes. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and conservation practitioners to develop strategies and policies that can mitigate the challenges faced by these unique freshwater ecosystems.

Background: This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess and compare postoperative swelling and pain in patients undergoing alveolar ridge preservation using RidgeMax Pro and AlveoGraft Plus. Methods: A total of 20 patients requiring tooth extraction were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to two groups: Group A received alveolar ridge preservation with RidgeMax Pro and Group B with AlveoGraft Plus. Postoperative swelling was evaluated by measuring facial dimensions using standardized facial photographs at baseline and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) at the same time points. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Both RidgeMax Pro and AlveoGraft Plus demonstrated effective alveolar ridge preservation without any reported complications. In terms of postoperative swelling, Group A (RidgeMax Pro) exhibited significantly lower facial swelling compared to Group B (AlveoGraft Plus) at all time points (P < 0.05). The mean pain scores on the VAS were consistently lower in Group A than in Group B across the assessment time points (P < 0.05). The trend of reduced swelling and pain in Group A persisted throughout the 72-hour follow-up period. Conclusion: Alveolar ridge preservation with RidgeMax Pro (Trade Name: RidgeMax Pro) resulted in significantly reduced postoperative swelling and pain compared to AlveoGraft Plus (Trade Name: AlveoGraft Plus).

Purpose: The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two concentration of autologous serum (AS) 20% vs 50% in recalcitrant moderate-to-severe dry eye patients. Methods: A double-blind prospective, interventional, and randomized study was done on 44 patients (80 eyes) clinically diagnosed with moderate-to-severe dry eye disease (DED) that was refractory to conventional treatment, and all patients were treated with AS20% or AS50% for 12 weeks. We documented Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear film breakup time (TBUT), OXFORD corneal staining score (OSS), and Schirmer test (ST) at baseline, 2,4,8, and 12 weeks. These parameters were compared in both groups and between the groups by using Student's t-test. The study included 11 males and 33 females. Results: Out of 80 eyes, 33 eyes had moderate and 47 had severe DED. The age of patients in AS20% was 44.73 ± 14.37 years, and in AS50% was 46.41 ± 14.47 years. The most common etiology associated with DED was secondary Sjogren syndrome. In moderate DED, both the groups showed significant improvement in both subjective and objective parameters. But in severe DED, the AS20% group failed to show any significant improvement objectively, though subjective improvement was present. Conclusion: In refractory severe DED patients, AS50% is better option for treatment and in moderate DED both concentrations of autologous serum are effective.

Aim: Chewable toothbrushes were compared to traditional manual toothbrushes in terms of their ability to remove plaque and their impact on salivary pH in a sample of school-aged children. Materials and Methods: The sample size for this research was 200 youngsters aged 10–12. Saliva was collected by spitting into a clean container, and the pH levels were measured using color-coded pH strips to determine where the person was starting from. The plaque score was measured using the OHI-S index after the application of the disclosing agent. The pH and plaque scores were also recalculated after brushing to see how they had changed after surgery. Results: Results indicated that both manual and chewable brushes significantly improved post-brushing pH ratings (P = 0.001), and that plaque scores decreased (P = 0.001). When compared to conventional manual toothbrushes, the chewable brush was much more successful in reducing plaque and elevating salivary pH (P = 0.001). Conclusion: As a result, parents may offer their kids a chewable toothbrush to help them maintain good oral hygiene after lunch and on lengthy car trips, when they would not have time to wash their teeth properly.

Background: Forensic identifications have utilized the height or stature of an individual in their field. Teeth and dentition can act as reliable tools to estimate the stature in cases where the only skull is presented as evidence. The Carrea's index assesses the stature in a subject from the lower anterior teeth dimensions. Aim: The present study was aimed to judge the reliability of Carrea's index in Indian subjects. Materials and Methods: From 80 subjects who were undergraduate students, plaster models were made and each was assessed individually making 160 hemiarches. These hemiarches were divided based on the teeth alignment into normal, diastema, and crowded forms. This was followed by measurement with a vernier caliper into chord and arch. Results: In both genders, the difference seen was statistically significant between dental arch types concerning various alignments with 95.23% and 83.75% success for males and females in normal dentition and 92.30% and 85.71% in crowded dentition. Also, a significant difference was seen for the type of arch with P ≤ 0.001 and 0.003, respectively. Lesser success was seen for spacing in both the genders and arches. Conclusion: The present study concludes that Carrea's index is a dependable and efficient tool for estimating height in subjects having arches with crowded and normal dentition which is functional for both the gender on the left and right side of the dental arches. However, in hemiarches with diastema, this method is not reliable.

Progression of primary pulmonary tubercular infection to active disease is not common in infants. Bacterial pneumonia is usually an imposter and its suspicion usually delays a definitive diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and starting antitubercular treatment. Although congenital tuberculosis infection from infective mother is a possibility but most commonly, they acquire postnatal disease by contact with an infectious adult source. We are sharing our experience of three infants referred to our side who were being treated as bronchopneumonia for a period of 15 to 20 days, and subsequently were diagnosed with post primary pulmonary tuberculosis for a period of 1 year.

Background: Secretory carcinoma (SC) is a newly described entity which has been often misdiagnosed earlier as acinic cell carcinoma on cytology. Diagnosing SC was initially based upon identifying the ETV6:NTRK3 fusion gene with the help of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Lately, with more knowledge of the reliable histomorphology, cytology, and immunohistochemistry features, definitive diagnosis can be confidently made without the help of FISH in almost every case. Materials and Methods: Six histologically confirmed cases of SC were studied. The cytology slides of all the six cases were retrieved and reviewed to identify the characteristic features which could have helped in raising the possibility of SC on fine needle aspiration cytology itself. Cell blocks were also studied, wherever available. Results: Patients were all male with average age of 35.2 years. The six cases in the current study demonstrated at least focal cytoplasmic vacuolization of varying sizes, papillae formations, and bland nuclear features on fine needle aspirate smears. It was also seen that S-100 and mammaglobin immunohistochemistry (IHC) are very helpful in confirming the diagnosis. Conclusions: The results of the current study highlight the cytomorphological features which may help in clinching the diagnosis SC on cytology itself. They also highlight certain cytological features which help to rule out the other differential diagnoses.

Purpose: To determine the demography, risk factors, and causative organisms of microbial keratitis (MK) in Bihar, an eastern state of India. Design: Retrospective study. Methods: We reviewed the demographic, clinical, and microbiological data of 2303 patients with MK (non-viral) presenting between January 2019 and December 2022. Results: This study revealed a predominance of males (65.0%) compared to females (34.9%), with a mean age of 48.4 ± 16.5 years. The majority of patients (63.1%) presented after 2 weeks from the onset of symptoms. The most common risk factor observed was corneal injury (58.1%), followed by ocular surface diseases (13.6%) and diabetes mellitus (13.3%). The majority of patients (73.16%) were involved in agriculture. Prior to presentation, almost all patients (92%) had received topical antibiotics. Unsupervised use of topical corticosteroids was observed in 29.2% of the patients for the median duration of 3 days (odds ratio, 0.17). At presentation, the median size of corneal ulcers was 5 mm, the best-corrected visual acuity was less than 20/400 in 51.4% of patients, and corneal perforation was in 14% of patients. The smear and culture positivity rate were 75.4% and 47.9%, respectively. The common causative organism was fungus (48.8%), followed by bacteria (17.4%). Aspergillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were the most commonly identified organisms; a quarter of the patients (24.5%) remained unidentified. All bacteria showed good sensitivity to vancomycin. Conclusion: MK is a significant cause of ocular morbidity in Bihar. The knowledge of epidemiology, risk factors, and microbiological profiles of MK can provide a valuable approach to disease prevention, diagnosis, and management.

Thyroid Hormone Receptor (THR) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, best defined as intracellular ligand-modulated transcription factors. Thyroid hormone (TH), by binding to THR, regulates several physiological and metabolic processes, e.g., development, metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction, etc. THR primarily heterodimerizes with RXR and binds to its response element to modulate the expression of the target genes. THR has two different isoforms differentially expressed throughout the body, i.e., THRα and THRβ, encoded by two distinct genes, THRA and THRB, respectively. The indispensable roles of THRβ in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid in addition to biochemical processes, including metabolism, hepatic and kidney-related functions, etc., illustrate that receptor dysregulations are the underlying cause of the onset of several diseases, including diabetes, cardiac ailments, metabolic-related disorders, endocrine-related cancers, reproductive issues, etc. This also makes it a potential target for pharmacological interventions. In this context, the present review focuses mainly on the intrinsic mechanism of THRβ functioning and its contribution to disease progression. In addition, several genetic/polymorphic variations in the THRB gene that are primary driving factors in eliciting rare genetic disorder, i.e., resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), have also been addressed in detail. We have also highlighted the implications of THR targetability by addressing the impact of TH analogs/modulators and thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals in disease occurrence and its management.

In the original publication [...]

Abstract Food waste disposal is regarded as a source of contamination in the environment. There is little information on whether food waste compost can be used in agriculture, especially in the subtropics. The study examined the effect of food waste compost on onion (Allium cepa L) cultivation under an open experimental field condition in a subtropical climate. Standard methods were used to analyze the soil physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, soil moisture, water holding capacity, total organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc) of control and treatment plots. Standard methods were used to measure all other morpho-physiological parameters. The plant height, the number of leaves per plant, the length and width of the leaves, the neck diameter, the relative water content of the leaves, the ash content of the leaves, and the root length were all measured. The treatment group had higher soil fertility than the control group. During the experiment, plant height, leaf number, leaf length, and leaf width all increased. Most morphophysio-chemical parameters in the treatment group onion plants were higher than in the control group after harvest. The yield of control plots was 13.64 t ha−1 and the yield of treatment plots was 32.04 t ha−1. Therefore, from this study it might be concluded that the compost from food waste has the potency to increase the soil fertility followed by the higher onion production. Hence, food waste can be used to prepare compost for higher onion production under sub-tropical conditions. Graphical Abstract

Background: USG-guided FNAC is a good preoperative screening technique when compared to FNAC and USG done separately for the diagnosis of a thyroid lesion. However, there is little evidence in the literature that emphasizes the importance of USG-guided FNAC as the first step in the investigation of thyroid lesions. Aim: Our study aims to see the sensitivity and specificity, adequacy, and diagnostic accuracy of USG-guided FNAC taking histopathology as a gold standard. Methods: This Hospital-based prospective observational study was carried out on patients who attended the OPD and/or IPD and underwent surgery in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound-guided FNAC for thyroid lesions were 58.82%, 98.18%, and 88.89% respectively taking Bethesda categories 1 to 3 as benign and categories 4 to 6 as malignant. The positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio are 32.32 and 0.42 respectively. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 90.91% and 88.52%. The diagnostic accuracy of USG-guided FNAC for thyroid lesions in the present study is 88.89% and adequacy is 93.05%. Conclusion: Further study of a larger number of cases is desirable. US-FNAC is an expensive procedure as compared to palpable FNAC. Recommendation: We recommend the application of USG guide FNAC as the first step in the investigation of thyroid lesions along with a detailed interdepartmental correlation to make the diagnosis before surgery.

Background: To endure the orthodontic forces used throughout treatment, the bond strength of bonded orthodontic brackets must be enough with assessment of shear bond strength when bonding orthodontic brackets with various adhesives. Materials and Methods: Overall, forty extracted premolars due to orthodontic treatment were included. They were split into four equal cohorts with various primers. With both adhesives, shear bond strength had been assessed with and without salivary contamination. SPSS software was used to assess the outcomes. Consideration was given to statistical significance of P value of less than 0.05. Results: Several groups' average bond strengths in MPa were assessed in both dry and contaminated saliva conditions. When it was dry, Transbond Plus demonstrated greater shear bond strength. Conclusion: Hydrophilic Transbond Plus resin outperformed hydrophobic Transbond XT resin in terms of shear bond strength under both situations.

This investigation aimed to explore the characteristics of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through a comprehensive approach. The synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) began with a customized adaptation of the modified Hummer's method, followed by subsequent chemical and thermal reduction processes. Chemical reduction involved the use of ascorbic acid, hydrazine hydrate, and sodium borohydride, while thermal reduction occurred at various temperatures in the presence of hydrogen. The study employed a diverse array of analytical techniques to unravel the structural and chemical intricacies of the material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed significant changes indicative of structural transformations. Raman spectroscopy meticulously examined defects and layer formations. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) visualized the evolutionary aspects of the material's structure. UV–VIS spectroscopy is employed to analyze the optical bandgap of the sample, and the primary importance of this study lies in its application potential for solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]