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1. Numerical sensitivity study on nucleation bulk tension factor of non-equilibrium condensation model.

Author

Chen, Eryun, Fu, Shiyin, Yang, Ailing, Peng, Shuxue, and Zhao, Gaiping

Subjects
*NUCLEATION, *CONDENSATION, *SURFACE tension, *STEAM flow, *NUMERICAL calculations, *NOZZLES
Abstract

The spontaneous condensation process of steam has obvious non-equilibrium characteristics, the accurate prediction of which is challenging. In this work, the nucleation bulk tension factor (NBTF) is used to modify the droplet surface tension for improving the accuracy in the calculation of the steam condensation flow. The non-equilibrium condensation processes in two nozzles are numerically simulated using a surface tension model with NBTF. The influence of NBTF on the simulation accuracy of the steam spontaneous condensation flow is analyzed. The correlation among the optimal value of NBTF, steam expansion rate and inlet parameters is emphatically studied. The obtained results show that the optimum value of NBTF is not sensitive to the change in the steam expansion rate under the same working conditions. It has no significant correlation with the total inlet temperature, but has a significant positive correlation with the total inlet pressure. Based on the numerical results, a cubic polynomial regression model between the optimal NBTF and total inlet pressure is obtained, the reliability of which is further verified by numerical calculation of a wet steam two-phase flow in the Bakhtar plane cascade. These results can provide a reference for determination of the optimum NBTF in wet steam condensation nucleation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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2. Study of RF Stray Currents in ITER Neutral Beam Test Facilities.

Author

Casagrande, Riccardo, Maistrello, Alberto, De Nardi, Marco, Dan, Mattia, and Recchia, Mauro

Abstract

The operation of SPIDER (Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from Radio-frequency plasma), full-scale prototype of ITER NBI (Neutral Beam Injector) radio-frequency ion source, pointed out deleterious effects caused by stray Radio-Frequency (RF) currents flowing in the electrical equipment not included in the RF power system. MITICA (Megavolt ITER Injector and Concept Advancement), the full-scale prototype of ITER NBI, is characterized by a similar design in terms of layout of the power supplies and connections to the beam source; thus, it is expected to be subject to the RF stray currents problem. SPIDER RF system is composed of four RF generators, four coaxial lines and four RF loads. Each RF generator is rated for operation at 200 kW in the frequency range 0.9 ÷ 1.1 MHz. The power is delivered to the four loads via as many RF coaxial lines, housed inside a multiconductor transmission line. Each load consists of a capacitive matching network and two plasma drivers in series. Due to the presence of stray connections at the generator and beam-source side (e.g., parasitic capacitances), unwanted RF currents can flow through alternative paths and negatively affect the components not intended for transmission of RF power, the output stages of power supplies and several diagnostics installed in the High-Voltage Deck (HVD) and at the beam source. This paper presents the development of a circuital model used to estimate the RF stray currents in SPIDER electrical system; the understanding of this phenomenon and the development of a model with predictive capabilities is fundamental for the assessment of the performance of both SPIDER and MITICA and, in general, of alternative RF system layouts with respect to the stray currents issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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3. Lessons learned after three years of SPIDER operation and the first MITICA integrated tests

Author

Marcuzzi, D, Toigo, V, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Dal Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Serianni, G, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candela, V, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, La Rosa, A, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Martini, G, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzetto, D, Rizzolo, A, Santoro, F, Sartori, E, Segalini, B, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Valisa, M, Veronese, F, Vignando, M, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Decamps, H, Geli, F, Sharma, A, Veltri, P, Zacks, J, Simon, M, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Gutierrez, D, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Labate, C, Readman, P, Bragulat, E, Bailly-Maitre, L, Gomez, G, Kouzmenko, G, Albajar, F, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Kojima, A, Murayama, M, Hatakeyama, S, Oshita, E, Maejima, T, Shibata, N, Yamashita, Y, Watanabe, K, Singh, N, Singh, M, Dhola, H, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, Longo, S, Deambrosis, S, Miorin, E, Montagner, F, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Marcuzzi D., Toigo V., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Dal Bello S., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Serianni G., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candela V., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Dalla Palma M., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., De Nardi M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., La Rosa A., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Mario I., Martini G., Milazzo R., Patton T., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzetto D., Rizzolo A., Santoro F., Sartori E., Segalini B., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Valisa M., Veronese F., Vignando M., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Decamps H., Geli F., Sharma A., Veltri P., Zacks J., Simon M., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Gutierrez D., Masiello A., Mico G., Labate C., Readman P., Bragulat E., Bailly-Maitre L., Gomez G., Kouzmenko G., Albajar F., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Kojima A., Murayama M., Hatakeyama S., Oshita E., Maejima T., Shibata N., Yamashita Y., Watanabe K., Singh N. P., Singh M. J., Dhola H., Fantz U., Heinemann B., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., Longo S., Deambrosis S., Miorin E., Montagner F., Tonti A., Panin F., Marcuzzi, D, Toigo, V, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Dal Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Serianni, G, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candela, V, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, La Rosa, A, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Martini, G, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzetto, D, Rizzolo, A, Santoro, F, Sartori, E, Segalini, B, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Valisa, M, Veronese, F, Vignando, M, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Decamps, H, Geli, F, Sharma, A, Veltri, P, Zacks, J, Simon, M, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Gutierrez, D, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Labate, C, Readman, P, Bragulat, E, Bailly-Maitre, L, Gomez, G, Kouzmenko, G, Albajar, F, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Kojima, A, Murayama, M, Hatakeyama, S, Oshita, E, Maejima, T, Shibata, N, Yamashita, Y, Watanabe, K, Singh, N, Singh, M, Dhola, H, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, Longo, S, Deambrosis, S, Miorin, E, Montagner, F, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Marcuzzi D., Toigo V., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Dal Bello S., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Serianni G., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candela V., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Dalla Palma M., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., De Nardi M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., La Rosa A., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Mario I., Martini G., Milazzo R., Patton T., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzetto D., Rizzolo A., Santoro F., Sartori E., Segalini B., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Valisa M., Veronese F., Vignando M., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Decamps H., Geli F., Sharma A., Veltri P., Zacks J., Simon M., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Gutierrez D., Masiello A., Mico G., Labate C., Readman P., Bragulat E., Bailly-Maitre L., Gomez G., Kouzmenko G., Albajar F., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Kojima A., Murayama M., Hatakeyama S., Oshita E., Maejima T., Shibata N., Yamashita Y., Watanabe K., Singh N. P., Singh M. J., Dhola H., Fantz U., Heinemann B., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., Longo S., Deambrosis S., Miorin E., Montagner F., Tonti A., and Panin F.

Abstract

ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system, to reach the desired performances during its various phases of operation. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities. In order to enable such development, a Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, called SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated developing and characterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accelerator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full performances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign, in particular events/issues occurred during operation, which led to the identification of improvement opportunities/necessities (e.g. RF discharges, local burns, water leaks, other damages, configuration/design upgrades to maximize chances/margin to quest target parameters). Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of the beam source, accelerator and the beam line components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants, already installed, are under final testing and commissioning. Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1 MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. 1.2 MV dc insulating tests of high voltage components were successfully completed. The integrated test to confir

Published
2023

4. Study of RF Stray Currents in ITER Neutral Beam Test Facilities

Author

Riccardo Casagrande, Alberto Maistrello, Marco De Nardi, Mattia Dan, and Mauro Recchia

Subjects
ITER NBI, ion sources for fusion, NBTF, SPIDER, RF stray currents, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

The operation of SPIDER (Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from Radio-frequency plasma), full-scale prototype of ITER NBI (Neutral Beam Injector) radio-frequency ion source, pointed out deleterious effects caused by stray Radio-Frequency (RF) currents flowing in the electrical equipment not included in the RF power system. MITICA (Megavolt ITER Injector and Concept Advancement), the full-scale prototype of ITER NBI, is characterized by a similar design in terms of layout of the power supplies and connections to the beam source; thus, it is expected to be subject to the RF stray currents problem. SPIDER RF system is composed of four RF generators, four coaxial lines and four RF loads. Each RF generator is rated for operation at 200 kW in the frequency range 0.9 ÷ 1.1 MHz. The power is delivered to the four loads via as many RF coaxial lines, housed inside a multiconductor transmission line. Each load consists of a capacitive matching network and two plasma drivers in series. Due to the presence of stray connections at the generator and beam-source side (e.g., parasitic capacitances), unwanted RF currents can flow through alternative paths and negatively affect the components not intended for transmission of RF power, the output stages of power supplies and several diagnostics installed in the High-Voltage Deck (HVD) and at the beam source. This paper presents the development of a circuital model used to estimate the RF stray currents in SPIDER electrical system; the understanding of this phenomenon and the development of a model with predictive capabilities is fundamental for the assessment of the performance of both SPIDER and MITICA and, in general, of alternative RF system layouts with respect to the stray currents issue.

Published
2021
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5. Investigation on stable operational regions for SPIDER RF oscillators.

Author

Gasparini, Ferdinando, Recchia, Mauro, Bigi, Marco, Patton, Tommaso, Zamengo, Andrea, and Gaio, Elena

Subjects
*VACUUM tubes, *ION sources, *NEUTRAL beams, *VACUUM technology, *RADIO frequency, *NONLINEAR oscillators
Abstract

• SPIDER experiment is the full-size prototype of the RF ion source for the ITER Neutral Beam Injectors. • The SPIDER RF system includes 4 oscillators, each rated for 200 kW of RF active power at 1 MHz ± 0.1 MHz. • The system is affected by "frequency flips", i.e. sudden frequency variation. • The frequency flip phenomenon is deeply studied exploiting frequency-domain techniques. • A possible solution to avoid the phenomenon is, finally, presented. The Radio-Frequency generators of the SPIDER experiment are devoted to the ignition and heating up of the ion source plasma. Such generators are 4 free-excited oscillators based on vacuum tubes technology (tetrodes), which work at a frequency of 1 MHz ± 0.1 MHz. In this paper the behaviour of such system is deeply investigated also thanks to the developed models, which have been able to reproduce instabilities observed in other similar RF ion sources and in SPIDER first operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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6. Lessons learned after three years of SPIDER operation and the first MITICA integrated tests

Author

D. Marcuzzi, V. Toigo, M. Boldrin, G. Chitarin, S. Dal Bello, L. Grando, A. Luchetta, R. Pasqualotto, M. Pavei, G. Serianni, L. Zanotto, R. Agnello, P. Agostinetti, M. Agostini, D. Aprile, M. Barbisan, M. Battistella, G. Berton, M. Bigi, M. Brombin, V. Candela, V. Candeloro, A. Canton, R. Casagrande, C. Cavallini, R. Cavazzana, L. Cordaro, N. Cruz, M. Dalla Palma, M. Dan, A. De Lorenzi, R. Delogu, M. De Muri, M. De Nardi, S. Denizeau, M. Fadone, F. Fellin, A. Ferro, E. Gaio, C. Gasparrini, F. Gnesotto, P. Jain, A. La Rosa, D. Lopez-Bruna, R. Lorenzini, A. Maistrello, G. Manduchi, S. Manfrin, N. Marconato, I. Mario, G. Martini, R. Milazzo, T. Patton, S. Peruzzo, N. Pilan, A. Pimazzoni, C. Poggi, N. Pomaro, B. Pouradier-Duteil, M. Recchia, A. Rigoni-Garola, D. Rizzetto, A. Rizzolo, F. Santoro, E. Sartori, B. Segalini, A. Shepherd, M. Siragusa, P. Sonato, A. Sottocornola, E. Spada, S. Spagnolo, M. Spolaore, C. Taliercio, P. Tinti, P. Tomsič, L. Trevisan, M. Ugoletti, M. Valente, M. Valisa, F. Veronese, M. Vignando, P. Zaccaria, R. Zagorski, B. Zaniol, M. Zaupa, M. Zuin, M. Cavenago, D. Boilson, C. Rotti, H. Decamps, F. Geli, A. Sharma, P. Veltri, J. Zacks, M. Simon, F. Paolucci, A. Garbuglia, D. Gutierrez, A. Masiello, G. Mico, C. Labate, P. Readman, E. Bragulat, L. Bailly-Maitre, G. Gomez, G. Kouzmenko, F. Albajar, M. Kashiwagi, H. Tobari, A. Kojima, M. Murayama, S. Hatakeyama, E. Oshita, T. Maejima, N. Shibata, Y. Yamashita, K. Watanabe, N.P. Singh, M.J. Singh, H. Dhola, U. Fantz, B. Heinemann, C. Wimmer, D. Wünderlich, K. Tsumori, G. Croci, G. Gorini, A. Muraro, M. Rebai, M. Tardocchi, L. Giacomelli, D. Rigamonti, F. Taccogna, D. Bruno, M. Rutigliano, S. Longo, S. Deambrosis, E. Miorin, F. Montagner, A. Tonti, F. Panin, Marcuzzi, D, Toigo, V, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Dal Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Serianni, G, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candela, V, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, La Rosa, A, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Martini, G, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzetto, D, Rizzolo, A, Santoro, F, Sartori, E, Segalini, B, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Valisa, M, Veronese, F, Vignando, M, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Decamps, H, Geli, F, Sharma, A, Veltri, P, Zacks, J, Simon, M, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Gutierrez, D, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Labate, C, Readman, P, Bragulat, E, Bailly-Maitre, L, Gomez, G, Kouzmenko, G, Albajar, F, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Kojima, A, Murayama, M, Hatakeyama, S, Oshita, E, Maejima, T, Shibata, N, Yamashita, Y, Watanabe, K, Singh, N, Singh, M, Dhola, H, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, Longo, S, Deambrosis, S, Miorin, E, Montagner, F, Tonti, A, and Panin, F

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), iter, Mechanical Engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, nbtf, neutral beam injector, mitica, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics - Accelerator Physics, General Materials Science, spider, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system, to reach the desired performances during its various phases of operation. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities.In order to enable such development, a Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, called SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated developing and char-acterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accel-erator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full perfor-mances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign, in particular events/issues occurred during operation, which led to the identification of improvement opportunities/necessities (e.g. RF discharges, local burns, water leaks, other damages, configuration/design upgrades to maximize chances/margin to quest target parameters).Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of the beam source, accel-erator and the beam line components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants, already installed, are under final testing and commissioning.Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1 MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. 1.2 MV dc insulating tests of high voltage components were successfully completed. The integrated test to confirm 1 MV output by combining invertor systems, DC gener-ators and transmission lines extracted errors/accidents in some components. To realize a concrete system for ITER, said events have been addressed and solutions for the repair and the improvement of the system were developed.Hence, NBTF is emerging as a necessary facility, due to the large gap with existing injectors, effectively dedicated to identify issues and find solutions to enable successful ITER NBI operations in a time bound fashion. The lessons learned during the implementation on NBTF and future perspectives are here discussed.

Published
2023

7. Lessons learned after three years of SPIDER operation and the first MITICA integrated tests.

Author

Marcuzzi, D., Toigo, V., Boldrin, M., Chitarin, G., Dal Bello, S., Grando, L., Luchetta, A., Pasqualotto, R., Pavei, M., Serianni, G., Zanotto, L., Agnello, R., Agostinetti, P., Agostini, M., Aprile, D., Barbisan, M., Battistella, M., Berton, G., Bigi, M., and Brombin, M.

Subjects
*PLASMA beam injection heating, *NEUTRAL beams, *ION accelerators, *WATER leakage, *POWER resources, *NEUTRON sources
Abstract

ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system, to reach the desired performances during its various phases of operation. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities. In order to enable such development, a Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, called SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated developing and characterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accelerator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full performances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign, in particular events/issues occurred during operation, which led to the identification of improvement opportunities/necessities (e.g. RF discharges, local burns, water leaks, other damages, configuration/design upgrades to maximize chances/margin to quest target parameters). Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of the beam source, accelerator and the beam line components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants, already installed, are under final testing and commissioning. Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1 MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. 1.2 MV dc insulating tests of high voltage components were successfully completed. The integrated test to confirm 1 MV output by combining invertor systems, DC generators and transmission lines extracted errors/accidents in some components. To realize a concrete system for ITER, said events have been addressed and solutions for the repair and the improvement of the system were developed. Hence, NBTF is emerging as a necessary facility, due to the large gap with existing injectors, effectively dedicated to identify issues and find solutions to enable successful ITER NBI operations in a time bound fashion. The lessons learned during the implementation on NBTF and future perspectives are here discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. Specifiche Tecniche per la realizzazione di componenti di collegamento del Manifold del GVS al vessel di MITICA

Author

Grando L., Rossetto F., and Tollin M.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, NBTF, Manifold, sistema di pompaggio GVS
Abstract

Questo documento rappresenta la specifica tecnica per la fornitura di un sistema, composto da un tronchetto metallico e da un tubo isolante, per il collegamento del vessel e il sistema di pompaggio GVS dell'esperimento MITICA.

Published
2022

10. Activities on the task PROJ_24 «Decision on electron dump»

Author

Agostinetti P., Pasqualotto R., Pimazzoni A., Serianni G., and Veronese F.

Subjects
Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, NBTF, SPIDER, electron dump
Abstract

This note reports a summary on the activities conducted regarding the task PROJ_24 «Decision on electron dump».

Published
2022

11. Procurement and installation of permanent magnets in SPIDER Grounded Grid and Extraction Grid PBS: 53.SI.A1

Author

Agostinetti P., Aprile D., Berton G., Chitarin G., Denizeau N., Marconato N., Pavei M., Pimazzoni A., and Veronese F.

Subjects
Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, permanent magnets, SPIDER Grounded Grid, NBTF, SPIDER
Abstract

This note reports a summary on the activities carried out regarding the task PROJ_11 «Procurement and installation of permanent magnets in SPIDER Grounded Grid». The main goals of this task are to evaluate how good are the Criss-cross Deflection Effect (CCDE) compensations in SPIDER, based on the experimental data currently available, and to identify the optimized magnetic remanence of Grounded Grid (GG) magnets, in order to purchase one or more new sets of magnets if necessary. The activities regarded the interpretation of the available experimental results on the subject and comparisons with simulation activities. A final part of the note regards the procedures to be followed for removal, reinstallation and checks of magnets in GG and EG segments during SPIDER shutdown in 2022. The main outcome of the document regards the final decisions to be taken regarding the type and orientation of magnets to be installed in SPIDER GG and EG during the shutdown in 2022.

Published
2022

14. Final Design of MITICA Central Interlock Network and Central Safety Network

Author

Moressa M. and Luchetta A.

Subjects
MITICA, MITICA Central Safety Network, Neutral Beam Test Facility, MITICA Central Interlock Network, NBTF, Hardware_CONTROLSTRUCTURESANDMICROPROGRAMMING, Hardware_REGISTER-TRANSFER-LEVELIMPLEMENTATION
Abstract

This document contains the final design of the MITICA Central Interlock Network and Central Safety Network.

Published
2022

15. Q4/2021 Quarterly report of the activities F4E-OFC-1007-01-01 - Years 2020 and 2021

Author

Zaccaria P., Marcuzzi D., Valente M., Manfrin S., Bigi M., Grando L., Ferro A., Boldrin M., Tinti P., and Bellina F.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, F4E-OFC
Abstract

Summary report of activities performed during Q4/2021 under Specific Order Contract F4E-OFC-1007-01-01 and plan of activities in Q1/2022 under Specific Order Contract F4E-OFC-1007-01-02.

Published
2022

16. Assessment of IEEE 1588-based Timing System of the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility

Author

L. Trevisan, A. Luchetta, G. Manduchi, C. Taliercio, A. Rigoni, and P. Barbato

Subjects
MITICA, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ITER, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Timing System, IEEE1588 PTPv2 protocol
Abstract

MITICA is one of the two ongoing experiments at the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) located in Padova (Italy). MITICA aims to develop the full-size neutral beam injector of ITER and, as such, its Control and Data Acquisition System will adhere to ITER CODAC directives. In particular, its timing system will be based on the IEEE1588 PTPv2 protocol and will use the ITER Time Communication Network (TCN). Following the ITER device catalog, the National Instruments PXI-6683(H) PTP timing modules will be used to generate triggers and clocks that are synchronized with a PTP grandmaster clock. Data acquisition techniques, such as lazy triggers [1], will be also used to implement also event-driven data acquisition without the need of any hardware link in addition to the Ethernet connections used to transfer data and timing synchronization. In order to evaluate the accuracy over time that can be achieved with different network topologies and configurations, a test system has been set-up consisting of a grand master clock, two PXI-6683(H) devices and two PTP aware network switches. In particular, the impact on accuracy due to the transparent and boundary clocks configurations has been investigated. In addition, a detailed simulation of the network and the involved devices has been performed using the OMNET++ discrete event simulator. The simulation parameters include not only the network and switches configuration, but also the PID parameters used in the clock servo controllers. A comparison between simulated and measured statistics is reported, together with a discussion on the possible optimal configuration strategies.

Published
2023

17. Nursery-Box Total Fertilization Technology (NBTF) Application for Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Chinese Irrigated Riceland: N-Soil Interactions.

Author

Zhang, Aiping, Gao, Ji, Liu, Ruliang, Chen, Zhe, Yang, Shiqi, Yang, Zhengli, Shao, Hongbo, Zhang, Qingwen, and Yoshikazu, Nagai

Subjects
NITROGEN fertilizers, WATER in agriculture, IRRIGATION, SOIL management, ENVIRONMENTAL soil science
Abstract

High N fertilizer and flooding irrigation applied to rice in anthropogenic-alluvial soil often result in N leaching and low use efficiency of applied fertilizer N from the rice field in Ningxia irrigation region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Sound N management practices need to be established to improve N use efficiency while sustaining high grain yield levels and minimize fertilizer N loss to the environment. We investigated the effects of Nursery Box Total Fertilization technology (NBTF) on N leaching at different rice growing stages, N use efficiency and rice yield in 2010 and 2011. The four fertilizer N treatments were 300 kg N ha−1 (CU, Conventional treatment of urea at 300 kg N ha−1), 120 kg N ha−1 (NBTF120, NBTF treatment of controlled-release N fertilizer at 120 kg N ha−1), 80 kgN ha−1 (NBTF80, NBTF treatment of controlled-release N fertilizer at 80 kg N ha−1) and no N fertilizer application treatment (CK). The results showed that the NBTF120 treatment increased N use efficiency, maintained crop yields and substantially reduced N losses to the environment. Under the CU treatment, the rice yield was 9634 and 7098 kg ha−1, the N use efficiency was 31·6% and 34·8% and the leaching losses of TN were 44·51 and 39·89 kg ha−1; NH4+-N was 5·26 and 5·49 kg ha−1, and NO3−-N was 27·94 and 26·22 kg ha−1 during the rice whole growing period in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Compared with CU, NBTF120 significantly increased the N use efficiency and decreased the N losses from the paddy field. Under NBTF120, the N use efficiency was 56·3% and 51·4%, which was 24·7% and 16·6% higher than that of CU, and the conventional fertilizer application rate could be reduced by 60% without lowering the rice yield while decreasing the leaching losses of TN by 16·27 and 14·36 kg ha−1, NH4+-N by 0·90 and 1·84 kg ha−1, NO3−-N by 110·6 and 10·14 kg ha−1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Our results indicate that the CU treatment resulted in relatively high N leaching losses, and that alternative practice of NBTF which synchronized fertilizer application with crop demand substantially reduced these losses. We therefore suggest the NBTF120 be a fertilizer application alternative which leads to high food production but low environmental impact. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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18. Investigation on stable operational regions for SPIDER RF oscillators

Author

Elena Gaio, M. Bigi, A. Zamengo, T. Patton, F. Gasparini, and M. Recchia

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, ITER,NBTF,SPIDER,RF,oscillator,electrical engineering,impedance,frequency analysis, frequency analysis, electrical engineering, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ion, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, ITER, oscillator, 0103 physical sciences, NBTF, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering, Spider, Mechanical Engineering, Vacuum tube, Plasma, SPIDER, Ion source, Ignition system, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, impedance, RF, Atomic physics
Abstract

The Radio-Frequency generators of the SPIDER experiment are devoted to the ignition and heating up of the ion source plasma. Such generators are 4 free-excited oscillators based on vacuum tubes technology (tetrodes), which work at a frequency of 1 MHz ± 0.1 MHz. In this paper the behaviour of such system is deeply investigated also thanks to the developed models, which have been able to reproduce instabilities observed in other similar RF ion sources and in SPIDER first operation.

Published
2019

19. The timing system of the ITER full size neutral beam injector prototype

Author

C. Taliercio, A. Rigoni, Adriano Luchetta, and Gabriele Manduchi

Subjects
Timing systems, Test facility, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Timing system, Data acquisition, Experimental Devices, MDSplus, 01 natural sciences, Ion source, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Neutral beam injector, ITER, Neutral Beam Test Facility, 0103 physical sciences, MITICA timing system, NBTF, General Materials Science, Beam (structure), IEEE1588, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) is currently under construction at Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy. The NBTF includes two experimental devices: SPIDER for the study of the ion source and MITICA for the development of the full-size HNB prototype. Even if the two experiments share many architectural aspects in their Control and Data Acquisition System (CODAS), there are nevertheless some significant differences because MITICA must adhere to ITER's directives for plant control design. This paper describes the architecture of the MITICA timing system that represents one of the first examples of integration of IEEE1588 timing functions in fusion research medium-scale experiments. Timing functions are required in MITICA CODAS to: 1) Synchronize data acquisition and assign a timestamp to each data sample; 2) Supervise the generation of events, trigger a reaction of the control system and/or provide enhanced data acquisition in a time window centered on the event occurrence time. The IEEE1588 time synchronization protocol ensures sub-microsecond clock alignment among devices connected via a LAN. Therefore, it has the potential advantage of avoiding direct cabling among the involved actors, being all the synchronization messages exchanged over the LAN. A feature that IEEE1588 does not cover is the management of asynchronous events that may trigger some actions. Asynchronous events may trigger: 1) Enhanced data acquisition (e.g. with a higher sampling speed) during a time window centered on the trigger occurrence time; 2) Real-time response from the control system. While the management of events triggering control actions is under the responsibility of the real- time control system, for events triggering enhanced data acquisition, the "lazy triggers" solution is adopted in MITICA. This solution allows events to be communicated via LAN, compensating the delay in network communication will be compensated by means of circular buffers at the ADC side.

Published
2019

20. Technical Specification for SPIDER Ceramic Rings procurement PBS : 53.SI.A1

Author

Zaccaria P.

Subjects
Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, SPIDER Ceramic Rings, NBTF, SPIDER
Abstract

This technical specification concerns the supply of two Ceramic Rings for the SPIDER experiment hosted in the PRIMA facility located in Padova (I). The Supply includes manufacturing, tests at the factory, delivery and acceptance tests on-site of the two Ceramic Rings. The present document gives a detailed description of the Ceramic Rings to be procured, and requirements for the tests to be performed, cleaning, packaging, transport and delivery on-site. Based on this Technical Specification, the Supplier shall manufacture and test the two Ceramic Rings first at the factory and then on-site. The delivery to PRIMA Site shall also include all the foreseen technical and contractual documentation.

Published
2021

21. On-Site Acceptance Test Report and Certifications of the Rotating Platform

Author

De Muri M., Degli Agostini F., Barzon A., and Fasolo D.

Subjects
MITICA, F4E-RFX, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, Rotating Platform
Abstract

This document presents the On-Site Acceptance Test Report and Certifications of the Rotating Platform. It represents the Deliverable ST4.5 of the contract F4E OFC 582 TO#02 about the procurement and installation of the Rotating Platform (Subtask 4).

Published
2021

22. MITICA Cryogenic System - Graphical User Interface manual

Author

Simionato P.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, MITICA Cryogenic System
Abstract

This document describes in depth the CODAS user machine interface for the MITICA Cryogenic SYSTEM (MITICA CRYO). It describes the general mimic template and the pages developed as close as possible to the local HMI procured by the supplier. The developed graphic user interface allows the operator to visualize status and measurement data of the equipment. Through HMI operator can: read the current state of the plant, analyse the alarm status.

Published
2021

23. Technical Specifications for the procurement of solid state RF amplifiers for SPIDER and MITICA

Author

Zanotto L., Bigi M., Maistrello M., Recchia M., and Casagrande R.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, RF, NBTF, Radio Frequancy, SPIDER
Abstract

This is the technical specification for the procurement of 8 new RF Solid State Amplifiers to replace the existing RF generators of SPIDER and MITICA. This document shall be attached to the contractual documents to be issued by Consorzio RFX in the framework of the NBTF agreement.

Published
2021

24. MITICA CODAS GVS - Graphical User Interface manual

Author

Simionato P. and Breda M.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, MITICA CODAS GVS, NBTF
Abstract

This document describes in depth the CODAS user machine interface for the MITICA Gas and Vacuum System (MITICA GVS). It describes the general mimic template and the pages developed as close as possible to the local HMI procured by the supplier. The developed graphic user interface allows the operator to visualize state and measurement data of the equipment. Through the HMI, operator can: read the current state of the plant, analyse the alarms and, set target parameters.

Published
2021

25. MITICA CODAS ISEPS - Graphical User Interface manual

Author

Simionato P.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, MITICA CODAS ISEPS
Abstract

This document describes in depth the CODAS user machine interface for the Ion Source and Extraction Power Supplies (ISEPS) System. It describes the general mimic template and the pages developed as close as possible to the local HMI procured by the supplier. The developed graphic user interface allows the operator to visualize status and measurement data of the equipment. Through the HMI, the operator can: read the current state of the plant, read the real-time current and voltage system values, analyse the alarm status, set target parameters.

Published
2021

26. Framework Contract F4E-OFC-531 - Specific Contract F4E-OFC-531-03 - Quarter 3: Activity Progress Report

Author

Pasqualotto R. and Sottocornola A.

Subjects
Neutral Beam Test Facility, Thermal Sensors, NBTF, Neutral Beam Test Facility Diagnostics, F4E-OFC, PRIMA, Electrostatic Probes
Abstract

Under OFC-531-03, work progressed mainly on the two urgent tasks, Thermal Sensors and Electrostatic Probes, which require early delivery to the beam source and beam line components (BLC)suppliers, for installation respectively in August(source thermocouples) or September (BLC thermal sensors)and November 2021 (BLC probes). The work focused on the tender for thermocouples and on the issue of the supply contract for electrostatic probes.Technical specifications of Windows have also been completed and design of Spectroscopy started.All other tasks will start in Q2 2021.Implementation Plan has been issued and approved.

Published
2021

27. On-Site Assembly and Installation Reportofthe Rotating Platform

Author

De Muri M., Degli Agostini F., Barzon A., and Fasolo D.

Subjects
MITICA, F4E-RFX, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, F4E-OFC, Rotating Platform
Abstract

This document presents the On-Site Assembly and Installation Report of the Rotating Platform. It represents the Deliverable ST4.4 of the contract F4E OFC 582 TO#02 about the procurement and installation of the Rotating Platform (Subtask 4).

Published
2021

28. Status of the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility and the first beam operations with the full size prototype ion source

Author

Serianni G., Toigo V., Boilson D., Rotti C., Bonicelli T., Kashiwagi M., and Singh M.

Subjects
ITER, Neutral Beam Test Facility, full-size prototype ion source, NBTF
Abstract

The present contribution is devoted to the neutral beam injectors (NBIs) for ITER heating and current-drive. First, updated information is provided about the development status of the entire NBI prototype (MITICA); starting in 2021, the first experiments will be dedicated to high-voltage holding tests in vacuum. Then the contribution describes the full-scale prototype of the NBI ion source (SPIDER) and the activities performed in the first two years of operation, devoted to investigating the operational regimes of the ion source and verifying the performances of the various plants in view of extensive beam operation. Some improvements have already been implemented; others are being prepared for the next shutdown. The characterisation of the SPIDER plasma is presented and the results of the first beam operations are reported.

Published
2021

30. Qualification strategy for a copper electrodeposition supplier PBS element: 53.SI.A1

Author

Berton G., Franchin L., Pavei M., Rossetto F., and Trevisan L.

Subjects
Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, copper electrodeposition, NBTF, SPIDER
Abstract

This document is the technical specification to qualify a copper electrodeposition process to be used for manufacturing of electrodeposited parts both for SPIDER and MITICA experiments. This document describes in detail the following steps: 1. Coupon geometries definition; 2. Electrodeposition process steps; 3. Qualification tests.

Published
2021

32. MITICA CODAS AGPS - Graphical User Interface Manual

Author

Simionato P.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, MITICA CODAS AGPS
Abstract

This document describes in depth the CODAS user machine interface for the AGPS Acceleration Grid Power Supply (AGPS). It describes the general mimic template and the graphical pages we have developed so that they are as close as possible to the local HMI provided by the system supplier.

Published
2021

33. Technical Specifications for the procurement of ITER-like Thermocouples for the Beam Line Components of MITICA

Author

Tinti P. and Dalla Palma M.

Subjects
MITICA, Beam Line Components Thermocouples, Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, NBTF, Neutral Beam Test Facility Diagnostics, F4E-OFC
Abstract

This document is part of deliverable D2.1.1 of the Specific Contract F4E-OFC-531-03 - Neutral Beam Test Facility Diagnostics, Task Order No.3: MITICA diagnostics #3. It contains the technical specification for the procurement of ITER-like thermocouples to be installed on the MITICA Beam Line Components. Specification of non ITER-like thermocouples will be a different document for a separate procurement. These thermocouples will be delivered to the Beam Line Components supplier for installation.

Published
2021

34. Functional tests on SPIDER Cs Oven 03

Author

Barbisan M., Capobianco R., Cinetto P., Cristofaro S., De Muri M., Fadone M., Laterza B., Ravarotto D., Rizzieri R., Rizzolo A., Rossetto F., Sartori E., Serianni G., and Taliercio C.

Subjects
SPIDER Cs Oven 03, Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, NBTF, SPIDER
Abstract

At the beginning of 2020 the SPIDER Cs Oven 03 was tested on the CAesium Test Stand (CATS). This document concerns the description of the functional tests carried out on this oven and the presentation of the obtained experimental results. It is submitted as deliverable AWP21- DMCS/D1.

Published
2021

35. Annex A - I&C Cubicles for the I&C Systems of the MITICA Experiment - Technical and Management Specification

Author

Zampiva E.

Subjects
MITICA, NBTF Control Interlock and Safety, F4E-RFX, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, F4E-OFC, I&C Cubicles
Abstract

This document defines the technical specifications for the assembly, electrical set-up, transport to site, installetion and testing of the I&C cubicles of the MITICA experiment of the Neutral Beam Test Facility.We publish this document in Italian (addressed to local Supplier companies) and in English(addressed to F4E). In case of conflicts between the two versions, the Italian version prevails.

Published
2021

36. Achievement of DC 1 MV insulation in high-voltage power supply for ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility

Author

Tobari H., Kashiwagi M., Watanabe K., Maejima T., Yamashita Y., Kojima A., Dairaku M., Sasaki S., Shibata N., Hiratsuka J., Konno S., Boldrin M., Zanotto L., Dal Bello S., Toigo V., Simon M., and Decamps H.

Subjects
1 MV power supply system, high-voltage insulation test, ITER, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF
Abstract

In the ITER neutral beam (NB) system, deuterium negative ion beam with 1 MeV, 40 A for 3600 s is required for plasma heating and current drive. The NB Test Facility (NBTF) is now being constructed in Padova, Italy, to achieve such high requirement prior to the ITER operation. Japan procures DC 1 MV power supply (PS) components for the NBTF and the ITER NB. Since this PS consists of various kinds of component with 100 m long, manufacturing and factory test have been performed over five years, and shipping and installation have been proceeded in parallel step by step as presented in the last FEC [A]. The on-site assembling technique for such complicated 1MV PS components is one of challenges not only for the ITER NB but also typical electrical components. As recent progress in the last two years, completion of assembly and also high-voltage insulation test of DC 1 MV power supply components are reported.

Published
2021

37. Activities on the task PROJ_11 «Procurement and installation of permanent magnets in SPIDER Grounded Grid» PBS : 53.SI.A1

Author

Agostinetti P., Aprile D., Berton G., Chitarin G., Denizeau S., Marconato N., Pavei M., Pimazzoni A., and Veronese F.

Subjects
Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, permanent magnets, SPIDER Grounded Grid, NBTF, SPIDER
Abstract

This note reports a summary on the activities carried out regarding the task PROJ_11 "Procurement and installation of permanent magnets in SPIDER Grounded Grid". The activities carried out so far regard the interpretation of the available experimental results on the subject and simulation activities.

Published
2021

38. Problems related to SPIDER Cooling Plant primary cooling circuits sensors: pH, O2 and k

Author

Gasparrini C., Breda M., Cavallini C., Fellin F., Maniero M., Passalacqua G., and Zaupa M.

Subjects
Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, Cooling Plant, NBTF, SPIDER
Abstract

SPIDER primary cooling circuits currently in operation are the so called PC01, PC02 and PC03. These circuits cool respectively SPIDER power supplies (PC01) and the beam source components (PC02 and PC03) using ultrapure water produced by an in-house purification system. This water purification system is called Chemical Control System (CCS). The CCS used to fill these SPIDER primary circuits with ultrapure water is called CCS-1. This technical note discusses the performances of the sensors that should maintain under control water purity quality produced by CCS-1; it does not discuss the processes involved in the purification treatment of water to an ultra-purity water level. It was found that the conductivity sensors installed in PC01, PC02 and PC03 were transmitting wrong values of water conductivity as they had been calibrated in the past with a wrong procedure that changed sensors cell constant. The oxygen sensors installed in CCS-1 that should ensure a maximum admissible value of dissolved oxygen in the ultrapure water produced (

Published
2021

39. Specifiche Tecniche per il Sistema di Controllo dell'impianto ausiliario di immissione gas e pompaggio di MITICA

Author

Rigoni A., Breda M., Fincato M., Lotto L., Patton T., and Barbato P.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, NBTF, sistema di automazione, impianto ausiliario di immissione gas e pompaggio
Abstract

Il documento contiene le specifiche tecniche per la realizzazione del sistema di automazione dell'impianto denominato impianto ausiliario di immissione gas e pompaggio di MITICA. Il sistema sarà utilizzato per le prove in alta tensione previste in MITICA.

Published
2021

40. Framework Contract F4E-OFC-531 - Specific Contract F4E-OFC-531-03 - Quarter 2: Activity Progress Report

Author

Pasqualotto R. and Sottocornola A.

Subjects
Neutral Beam Test Facility, Thermal Sensors, NBTF, Neutral Beam Test Facility Diagnostics, F4E-OFC, PRIMA, Electrostatic Probes
Abstract

Under OFC-531-03, work progressed only on the two urgent tasks, Thermal Sensors and Electrostatic Probes, which require early delivery to the beam source and beam line components (BLC) suppliers, for installation respectively in August and September 2021. Tasks Spectroscopy and Windows will start early in 2021, while all the others in Q2 2021.Some delay has been accumulated in the preparation of technical specifications of Thermal Sensors and Electrostatic Probes, while start of activities for Spectroscopy and Windows has been postponed from this quarter to next one.Implementation Plan is under finalization and will be issued in the next quarter: it has been agreed to replace the monthly report with monthly meetings and the Implementation Plan will be modified accordingly.

Published
2021

41. A Plant System Configuration Tool based on MDSplus and EPICS for the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility experiment SPIDER

Author

Cruz N., Luchetta A., Manduchi G., Taliercio C., Rigoni A., Martini G., Trevisan L., Paolucci F., and Labate C.V.

Subjects
ITER, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, EPICS, MDSplus, Disruption Mitigation System, SPIDER
Abstract

The SPIDER experiment (Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from a Radio frequency plasma) is a prototype devoted to the heating and diagnostic neutral beam studies in operation at the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) at Consorzio RFX, Padova. SPIDER is the full-size ITER ion source prototype and the largest negative ion source in operation in the world. In view of ITER heating requirements to realize plasma burning conditions and instabilities control, SPIDER aims at achieving long-time operation (3600 s) with beam energy up to 100 keV, high extracted current density (above 355 A.m-2 for H- and above 285 A.m-2 for D-) at maximum beam source pressure of 0.3 Pa. Moreover, the maximum deviation from uniformity must be kept under 10%.[1] The SPIDER pulse preparation follows a strict procedure of approval of the operation parameters, in view of safety, machine protection and efficiency. In a simplified description, the session leader (SL) defines the parameters according with the best implementation of the science program. The technical responsible (RT) verifies all parameters for approval and only after agreeing with the setup, sends the configuration to the technical operator (OT) to load the configuration into SPIDER instrumentation. The current tools used in SPIDER integrated commissioning and initial SPIDER campaign [2] permit the SL to design a new pulse and program the set of parameters directly into a temporary MDSplus pulse file. This information is then passed to the RT for approval. The same pulse file can be visualised by the RT but there is no indication of what parameters were changed since the previous pulse, or from a pre-set pulse file taken from a previous run. In consequence, the RT must go through a tedious and error prone procedure of checking all the parameters, even if the set of parameters have already been approved for a previous pulse. Moreover, the current set of tools does not foresee an automated load of previously set configurations, except for the possibility of using a command line to load previous setups from an executed or reference pulse. Aiming at the automated implementation of rules and procedures, as well as improving the usability, safety and interoperability between the SL and RT, a new configuration tool for setting the SPIDER pulse parameters is under development, using the integration of two relevant tools in the fusion I&C community: MDSplus and Epics. This contribution will emphasize on (i) the present solution that has been used during initial SPIDER campaigns; (ii) the requirements of the configuration tool according to the set of procedures to be implemented in the SPIDER pulse preparation; (iii) the set of development tools available for implementing the necessary application(s); (iv) the design options and application architecture; (v) the implementation details and preliminary tests of the alpha release application.

Published
2021

42. Technical Specification for the procurement of non ITER-like Thermocouples for the Beam Line Components of MITICA

Author

Tinti P. and Dalla Palma M.

Subjects
MITICA, Beam Line Components, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, Neutral Beam Test Facility Diagnostics, F4E-OFC
Abstract

This document is part of deliverable D2.1.1 of the Specific Contract F4E-OFC-531-03 - Neutral Beam Test Facility Diagnostics, Task Order No.3: MITICA diagnostics #3. It contains the technical specification for the procurement of non ITER-like thermocouples (sensors with organic termination) to be installed on the MITICA Beam Line Components. Specification of ITER-like thermocouples (sensors with ceramic termination) will be a different document for a separate procurement. These thermocouples will be delivered as free issued items to the Beam Line Components supplier for their installation.

Published
2021

43. SPIDER/MITICA miniCODAS - Updated As-built Design Report

Author

Breda M., Molon F., Moressa M., Simionato P., Taliercio C., and Zampiva E.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, SPIDER miniCODAS, SPIDER, MITICA miniCODAS
Abstract

This document updates the as built design report of the SPIDER/MITICA miniCODAS by adding the modifications carried out in task order 4 of the F4E-OFC-280 framework contract.

Published
2021

44. MITICA Beam Source Mockup Diagnostic camera system - Scope and requirements

Author

Aprile D., Fincato M., and Pilan N.

Subjects
MITICA, Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, Beam Source Mockup, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, NBTF, Diagnostic camera system
Abstract

An important diagnostic for the high voltage test campaign on MITICA mockup is the visual investigation of the electrode surface during glow discharges and breakdowns. A system of five or more cameras is foreseen for the tests, including visible cameras, a fast camera and an infrared camera. In order to set up the camera system, the suitable ports on beam source vessel shall be chosen and the supports for the cameras shall be designed. This document describes the scope statement of the camera system, the specification of the surfaces to be monitored during the experiment, the determination of the suitable ports and the technical requirements for the support system to be procured.

Published
2021

46. Capacitive Voltage Dividers of RF generators: summary of modifications

Author

Maistrello A., Baseggio L., Bigi M., Casagrande R., Dan M., Ghiraldelli R., Jain P., Recchia M., and Zerbetto E. Zanotto L.

Subjects
RF Oscillators, Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, NBTF, SPIDER
Abstract

This document summarizes the activity carried out to improve the reliability of the power measurement of the SPIDER RF Oscillators and to limit the circulation of RF stray currents in the ISEPS system through the ISEG output filter. The modification that will be described consists in the removal of the Capacitive Voltage Dividers connected at the secondary side of the RF Oscillator output transformers and the connection of the same dividers at the primary side of the transformer, together with the related modifications to the circuitry and control of the oscillators.

Published
2021

47. MITICA I&C Cubicles

Author

Zampiva E. and Moressa M.

Subjects
MITICA, NBTF Control Interlock and Safety, F4E-RFX, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, F4E-OFC, I&C Cubicles
Abstract

This document is the design report for the MITICAI&C cubicles. It contains the cubicle inventory and fixes allocation of I&C cubicles.

Published
2021

48. Study of rf stray currents in iter neutral beam test facilities

Author

A. Maistrello, Marco De Nardi, M. Recchia, M. Dan, and Riccardo Casagrande

Subjects
Technology, Technology and Engineering, QH301-705.5, Capacitive sensing, QC1-999, RF stray currents, Generator (circuit theory), Electric power system, ITER NBI, DESIGN, Transmission line, Electrical equipment, General Materials Science, NBTF, Biology (General), Instrumentation, QD1-999, ion sources for fusion, SPIDER, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Physics, business.industry, Process Chemistry and Technology, RF power amplifier, General Engineering, Electrical engineering, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), Computer Science Applications, Power (physics), Chemistry, TA1-2040, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The operation of SPIDER (Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from Radio-frequency plasma), full-scale prototype of ITER NBI (Neutral Beam Injector) radio-frequency ion source, pointed out deleterious effects caused by stray Radio-Frequency (RF) currents flowing in the electrical equipment not included in the RF power system. MITICA (Megavolt ITER Injector and Concept Advancement), the full-scale prototype of ITER NBI, is characterized by a similar design in terms of layout of the power supplies and connections to the beam source; thus, it is expected to be subject to the RF stray currents problem. SPIDER RF system is composed of four RF generators, four coaxial lines and four RF loads. Each RF generator is rated for operation at 200 kW in the frequency range 0.9 ÷ 1.1 MHz. The power is delivered to the four loads via as many RF coaxial lines, housed inside a multiconductor transmission line. Each load consists of a capacitive matching network and two plasma drivers in series. Due to the presence of stray connections at the generator and beam-source side (e.g., parasitic capacitances), unwanted RF currents can flow through alternative paths and negatively affect the components not intended for transmission of RF power, the output stages of power supplies and several diagnostics installed in the High-Voltage Deck (HVD) and at the beam source. This paper presents the development of a circuital model used to estimate the RF stray currents in SPIDER electrical system; the understanding of this phenomenon and the development of a model with predictive capabilities is fundamental for the assessment of the performance of both SPIDER and MITICA and, in general, of alternative RF system layouts with respect to the stray currents issue.

Published
2021
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49. The Importance of the Neutral Beam Test facility to ITER

Author

Boilson D., Rotti C., Toigo V., Bonicelli T., and Veltri P.

Subjects
Neutral Beam Test Facility, ITER, NBTF
Abstract

energy. To achieve ITERs objectives to operate with high fusion power, Pfus ~ 500 MW with fusion gain, Q=10 for 400 s in a baseline scenario, and Pfus > 250 MW, Q=5 operation for 3600 s in advanced scenarios ITER relies on the realisation of the auxiliary heating systems, of which one of the most important is the Neutral Beam injection system. A total power of 33 MW from the two heating neutral beam (HNB) injectors is envisaged in the present scenario. To achieve the required heating and current drive necessary from the neutral beams, the injectors are required to provide 1 MeV D0 neutral beams created by accelerating deuterium negative ions to -1 MV across 5 electrostatic grids. These stringent requirement have never been demonstrated on any existing machine to date, making them first of a kind with significant physical and technological challenges. In addition, a beam line at lower energies, 100kV is also envisaged as a diagnostic neutral beam (DNB), to realise charge exchange measurements. One of the advantages of neutral beams as a technique for heating, current drive, and momentum input is that their coupling to the plasma is not strongly dependent upon the edge conditions of the tokamak plasma, and the interaction with the plasma takes place primarily through a relatively wellunderstood mechanism, two-body collisions. As a consequence, a neutral beam test facility (NBTF) can be utilized effectively to develop, test, and improve the neutral beam capabilities at a location remote from the ITER machine, with a high degree of confidence that it will function in a similar fashion when installed on the tokamak, and that it will drive effects within the confined plasma which are largely predictable. The ITER NBTF, is intended to capture these benefits for ITER, and for both the primary heating and current drive beams (HNB) and the DNB. The NBTF will consist of two complementary test facilities at Consorzio RFX in Padua, a 1 MV test bed (MITICA), which differs from an actual injector only in the diagnostic capability, and an ion source test bed (SPIDER) which is capable of testing a full size ITER ion source at full parameters, but with an higher degree of flexibility and at reduced voltage of 100 kV. The NBTF is the centrepiece of a coordinated development effort, including subsidiary test facilities in Japan, Europe and India, that will result in the experience and information necessary to proceed with the finalization of the ITER neutral beams. Having such a facility for the development of neutral beams allows the inherent technological and physics risks of Neutral beam injectors to be mitigated. These risks can be summarised in a few main categories, HV Holding, Optics and Ion source efficiencies. This paper will outline the importance of the NB system to ITER and highlight the importance of the NBTF in ensuring that these systems are successfully realised on the ITER machine.

Published
2021

50. RedPitaya applications at the NBTF beam source SPIDER

Author

Rigoni A., Manduchi G., Taliercio C., and Luchetta A.

Subjects
RedPitaya, Neutral Beam Test Facility, NBTF, measurement and control system, SPIDER
Abstract

The RedPitaya board represents an alternative to many expensive laboratory measurement and control systems. It hosts a Zynq system composed of an ARM processor deeply integrated into a configurable FPGA, two 125MHz RF inputs and outputs and 14-bit Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog converters. Due to its flexibility, RedPitaya has been considered for a variety of advanced diagnostic measurements at SPIDER, one of the two experiments being held at the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility located in Padova (Italy). In particular, high-speed, event-driven data acquisition, i.e. data acquisition during a time window centered on the occurrence time of a given event, possibly repeated during the experiment, represents a common use case in data acquisition at SPIDER. Event driven data acquisition was carried out by a much more expensive commercial device and the RedPitaya solution has been considered not only for its price, but also because not all the requirements could be satisfied with the former solution. For this reason, a project was started, aiming at developing a flexible FPGA configuration capable to satisfy all the requirement, in particular the required flexibility in event definition. Events triggering acquisition can indeed be represented by external triggers, but can also be derived from input signal characteristics such as level and steepness. Moreover, external triggers can be either directly provided or derived from the Manchester encoding of real-time events in the 10 MHz timing highway signal, a signal generated by the central timing system and distributed to all systems to provide in phase clock and asynchronous triggers. Red pitaya event driven data acquisition has also been used to provide streamed spectral measurement of RF sources. In this case, the boards receive a sequence of triggers (up to 200 Hz) and at the occurrence of every trigger it acquires a bunch of samples at high frequency (up to 125 MHz) that is then streamed to the network via the embedded Zynq CPU. FFT analysis is then performed either inline or offline to derive spectral information at every trigger time, thus implementing continuous spectral information, a measurement would otherwise have required very expensive instrumentation otherwise. Thanks to this flexibility, RedPitaya - based data acquisition is becoming more and more used at SPIDER, and the developed solutions, including flexible DAC devices, shall also be used at RFX-mod2, the upgrade of the RFX-mod fusion experiment currently under construction in the same laboratory.

Published
2021

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