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The Portable Rapid Test (PRT) tank leak detection system development was conducted under the Chief of Navy's 0817 Pollution Abatement Ashore RDT&E program. Its goal was to bring Navy fuel tanks into regulatory compliance in a cost-effective manner. The PRT Leak Detection System was successfully designed and evaluated for use in 50,000 gallon fuel underground storage tanks (USTs). Using EPA mandated procedures, the PRT achieved a 0.067 gal/hr leak rate with 95% probability of detection (PD) and 5% probability of false alarm (PFA) during 3rd Party Certification Testing at the Barking Sands Pacific Missile Range fuel farm, Kauai, Hawaii. This is the best EPA approved leak rate achieved to date in industry worldwide for a 50,000 gallon in-tank system, with results in 5-hours, and is the only available system which has the dual capability for conducting a combined monthly and annual compliance test. The system allows testing at EPA standard leak rates of 0.10 gal/hr and 0.20 gal/hr with a very high PD and very low PFA. This provides a significant improvement over current methods technologically, operationally, and in short and long-term cost benefits. The final report steps through the development stages of the PRT technology including off-the-shelf component elections, development of new hardware and software, system integration, and laboratory, field and certification testing.

This report summarizes the conclusions made during the Initial Study regarding Deep Sea Hybrid Power Systems, and provides recommendations regarding a path forward. The Initial Study considered numerous power generation/energy conversion and energy storage technologies to support the exploration and production of oil and gas reserves remotely located off shore in the deep ocean. Detailed analyses of the technologies were then conducted. The parameters evaluated at each site included the following: estimated component weight, total weight, and total volume; initial investment, annual cost, and cost of electricity; and the economy of scale. Based upon the Initial Study, the following conclusions were made: *The top two candidates for power generation are both based on the small modular pressurized water reactor. One candidate couples the pressurized water reactor with a secondary steam-turbine-generator system, whereas the other candidate couples the pressurized water reactor with a solid-state thermoelectric generator. *The leading candidates for energy storage are both versions of sodium-beta batteries: sodium/sulfur and sodium/nickel-chloride (also known as ZEBRA batteries). The recommendation for the initial near-term efforts is to focus on conducting a detailed feasibility and implementation study;including technical approach, cost, and schedule. Additional recommendations regarding specific features that the study should address are provided in the report., Task Numbers 225733-01001001, 22895-02001001. Performed in collaboration with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA; Yardney Technical Producs, Incorporated, Waltham, MA; and Houston Advanced Research Center, Woodlands, TX.

This report summarizes the results of a three-year project lead by the NAVFAC Engineering Service Center (NAVFAC ESC) to demonstrate the potential of two diesel engine exhaust gas treatment devices in reducing diesel engine particulate matter (PM) emissions. These devices, which are installed in the engine's exhaust system, are designed to trap engine PM emissions and periodically, chemically oxidize the soot through a process termed "regeneration." The project was sponsored by the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) with additional funding provided by Cummins, Inc. One of the tested devices, the ESW, Inc. Particulate Reactor, uses only the heat of the engine for regeneration, while the other, the Cummins, Inc. Robust Particulate Filter, also included the capability for direct fuel injection into the filter to provide additional heat. The demonstration results were that the ESW product reduced PM emissions by 50%, as expected, while the Cummins filter had significant performance issues which resulted in the suspension of its development as a commercial product., Prepared in collaboration with Cummins, Inc. and the United States Army Aberdeen Test Center. The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

The primary objective of this ESTCP project was to demonstrate and validate the use of the Sampling Optimizer and Data Tracker software offered by Summit Envirosolutions, at three DoD sites. The three demonstration sites were as follows: Former George Air Force Base Site, Victorville, CA (GAFB site), Former Nebraska Ordnance Plant Site, Mead, NE (NOP site), and Camp Allen Landfill Site, Norfolk, VA (Camp Allen site). MAROS was also applied at one of the three demonstration sites. The Summit Software demonstrated in this ESTCP project provides a set of tools for Long-Term Monitoring Optimization (LTMO), and consists of two major modules: Sampling Optimizer (SO) identifies redundant sampling locations (spatial optimization), or redundant locations and frequencies (spatiotemporal optimization), in historical data. Data Tracker (DT) allows current monitoring data to be reviewed against selected historical data (i.e., the "background data") to identify cases where current data deviate from expectations that are based on the background values and patterns.

This ESTCP project, Demonstration and Certification of Amphibian Ecological Risk Assessment Protocol, CU-0514, was designed to demonstrate and validate an innovative technique for the evaluation of potential risks to amphibians in palustrine wetland environments. This technique builds on previous DoD research which resulted in development of a tiered amphibian ecological risk assessment (ERA) protocol as well as laboratory toxicity tests for evaluating potential risks to amphibians due to exposure to contaminated soils and sediments (referred to herein as the soil protocol and sediment protocol, respectively).

This effort performs an engineering assessment to quantify the lift capacity of a temporary barge crane for cargo transfer in calm water at the waterfront. The assessment addresses two basic aspects concerning the effectiveness and operational safety of a barge crane: (a) the barge capacity to accommodate a mobile crane and (b) the crane boom capacity on a floating platform. Prospective barges were assessed for their capacity against capsizing in accordance with NAVFAC P-307 guidelines for floating derricks and the U.S. Navy's wind heel criteria. This analysis determines the barge list in the worst-case cargo load scenario and thereby determines the range of machine list the crane incurs in service. The range of machine list is subsequently used to determine the allowable crane boom capacity from the manufacturer provided load chart for barge mounted crane installation. The results endorse a 3 by 7 ELCAS platform for the integration of the proposed barge crane. This effort further demonstrated that a criterion based on the maximum allowable barge list does not provide a full protection to the crane barge against capsizing without the evidence of sufficient reserve dynamic stability to withstand operational uncertainties or environmental anomalies., The original document contains color images.

This project was to validate the performance of a dual media filtration system that removes metals, organic compounds, and sediment found in storm water runoff from DoD industrial sites. Full-scale demonstrations were conducted at the Navy Regional Recycling Center (NRRC) in San Diego, California and the Anniston Army Depot (ANAD) in Anniston, Alabama. The specific performance goal at NRRC was to meet the NPDES storm water permit by passing acute toxicity requirements, and by reducing copper and zinc to less than 63.6 micron g/l and 117 micron g/l respectively. All of the acute toxicity test requirements were met 100% of the time for the last 5 storm events, after slight modification to the media bed. The average removal efficiencies for the last five storm events of the test period met the permit requirements for aluminum, copper, and lead, and was within 3 percent of the 117 micron g/l limit for zinc. The dual media filtration system met the performance goal at ANAD. No sheen, visible oil, floating solids, or visible foam was reported in the dual media storm water filters effluent during throughout the demonstration period.

A pilot treatability study of persulfate was conducted at Operable Unit 20, Naval Air Station North Island between November 2006 and June 2007. The treatment was targeted for removal of chlorinated volative organic compounds (CVOCs) from groundwater (primarily trichlorethylene) located at a depth of up to 54 feet below ground surface. This report summarizes the cost and performance data from this treatability study., Task Order 007. Prepared in collaboration with Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH.

This project was to validate the performance of a dual media filtration system that removes metals, organic compounds, and sediment found in storm water runoff from DoD industrial sites. Full-scale demonstrations were conducted at the Navy Regional Recycling Center (NRRC) in San Diego, CA and the Anniston Army Dept (ANAD) in Anniston, Alabama. The specific performance goal at NRRC was to meet the NPDES storm water permit by passing acute toxicity requirements, and by reducing copper and zinc to less that 63.6 ug/l and 117 ug/l respectively. All of the acute toxicity test requirements were met 100% of the time for the last 5 storm events, after slight modification to the media bed. The average removal efficiencies for the last five storm events of the test period met the permit requirements for aluminum, copper, and lead, and was within 3% of the 117 ug/l limit for zinc. The dual media filtration system met the performance goal at ANAD. No sheen, visible oil, floating solids, or visible foam was reported in the dual media storm water filters effluent during throughtout the demonstration period.

This study explores the passing ship effects on a floating pier in typical navy waterfront environments. The goal is to observe the pier performance in the passing ship episode, identify disturbances due to the buoyancy hull of the pier to the ambient water and client ships, and assure the design capacity of the founding system for the pier. The study addresses relevant hydrodynamics with a proven simulation model replicating the hydraulic model test procedure. The results indicate that the buoyancy hull of the pier does not substantially disturb the ambient water activities. Passing ships hardly move the floating pier nor contest the design capacity of its founding system. For example, the maximum load on an individual founding shaft in the worst case passing ship scenario varies from about 8 to 40 percent of the design capacity of the fenders around the founding shaft. The variations depend primarily on the number of client ships and their layout at the pier.

An ESTCP sponsored multi-site Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) project has been conducted to determine whether there is significant statistical difference between groundwater monitoring results obtained from direct-push and conventional hollow-stem auger installed wells. Five field sites are included in the study to represent a variety of geologic conditions as well as a cross-section of regulatory domains (e.g., EPA regions and states). Direct-push wells have been installed adjacent to, in well pairs or clusters, existing hollow-stem auger drilled wells. Thirteen sampling events over a five year period (Phase I & II) have been completed at the sites in which groundwater samples have been analyzed for parameters typically examined with long-term site compliance monitoring including chemical concentrations, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The target analytes for this project include: PCE, TCE, cis-DCE, trans-DCE, VC, BTEX, DCB, TCA, and MTBE. ANOVA statistical methods have been employed to address a wide range of inherent variables such as well depth, screen length, filter packs, annular sealing, spatial and temporal heterogeneity, groundwater seasonal changes, plume characteristics, and geological conditions. Inorganic data was also collected on an annual basis to assess the performance of the direct-push well for monitored natural attenuation at the five test sites. Additionally, the ESTCP LTM project team partnered with the Interstate Technical Regulatory Council (ITRC) Sampling, Characterization and Monitoring (SCM) team to product a Direct-Push Well Technology Technical/Regulatory Guidance Document and internet training module., Prepared in collaboration with the Cold Regions Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH; Weapons Systems Logistics Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Tyndall AFB, FL; Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA; and Applied Research Associates, Inc., South Royalton, VT. ESTCP demonstration project CU-0011. The original document contains color images.

The United States Navy has a long record of responsible environmental stewardship covering many areas such as environmental planning, regulatory compliance, site clean-up, and protection of natural resources. The Navy is now beginning to appreciate the potentially devastating potential of a new set of environmental issues related to climate change. There is a growing recognition that the Navy will need to perform its national security mission in a changing global environment characterized by: (1) Rising sea levels that threaten the viability of Navy coastal installations; (2) Increasing extreme weather events that threaten Navy shore installations and air and sea operations; (3) Climatic shifts in temperature and precipitation with attendant problems such as disruption in water resources, reductions in food supply, and increase in disease vectors. This paper provides a broad overview of climate change-related technology work at the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NAVFAC ESC) in Port Hueneme, California. NAVFAC ESC categorized technologies that can be applied to climate change as mitigation, adaptation, and intervention. An essential element of the Navy's response to climate change is assessment of the potential impacts on Navy infrastructure. Adaptation technologies primarily focus on infrastructure changes to accommodate future climate conditions, including relocating facilities. Mitigation technologies seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that are driving climate change, typically through energy conservation or adoption of alternative energy sources. NAVFAC ESC has also identified approaches for intervention technologies that seek to alter the impacts of climate change through such means as carbon sequestration and storm abatement., See also ADM002176. Presented at the MTS/IEEE Oceans Conference and Exhibition held in Quebec City, Canada on 15-18 September 2008. The original document contains color images.

The objective of the demonstration described herein was to evaluate the performance of bioaugmentation at field scale to enhance rates of biodegradation at the DNAPL: water interface, thereby increasing the concentration gradient driving DNAPL dissolution. This demonstration used PCE as the primary DNAPL in a porous media groundwater system and consisted of field and laboratory investigations. The combination of these investigations was to determine if bioaugmentation can stimulate complete dechlorination to nontoxic end products, as well as increase the mass flux from a source zone when biological dehalorespiration activity is enhanced through nutrient addition and or bioaugmentation., The original document contains color images.

This task assesses the dynamic responses of a small boat basin to local storms and quantifies the performance of a proposed breakwater. The assessment procedure adopts a sophisticated Computational Fluid Dynamic model capable of preserving the exact site condition and all prevailing hydrodynamic mechanisms at high accuracy. This exercise clearly illustrates the feasibility and merits of modern simulation models for designs. The results confirm that this basin is sensitive to local storms. It is particularly susceptible to oblique seas. The present breakwater setup with the north arm alone is insufficient to shelter the basin. The proposed south arm is essential. Two breakwaters combined work reasonably well in perpendicular waves, however, lose its effectiveness in oblique seas. Two simple measures of high potential to further mitigate wave disturbances inside the basin deserve considering. One is to slightly extend the south breakwater and bend its north end by 45 degrees to the east. This would reduce the amount of wave penetration through the basin entrance in oblique seas. In fact, the south breakwater need not be straight or parallel to the north breakwater. A zigzag shape may be more favorable from the perception of basin stability. The other is to install a wave absorbing mechanism along the south bulkhead and the weather side of the north breakwater and perhaps the leeward side of the south breakwater as well. This would reduce wave intrusions via successive reflections off the breakwaters and the south bulkhead., See also ADM002171., The original document contains color images.

ELECTRONIC FILE CHARACTERISTICS: 105 files; Adobe Acrobat (.PDF), video files (.AVI) and photos (.JPG). PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: 1 DVD-ROM; 4 3/4 in.; 2.33 GB. ABSTRACT: This task assesses the dynamic responses of a small boat basin to local storms and quantifies the performance of a proposed breakwater. The assessment procedure adopts a sophisticated Computational Fluid Dynamic model capable of preserving the exact site condition and all prevailing hydrodynamic mechanisms at high accuracy. This exercise clearly illustrates the feasibility and merits of modern simulation models for designs. The results confirm that this basin is sensitive to local storms. It is particularly susceptible to oblique seas. The present breakwater setup with the north arm alone is insufficient to shelter the basin. The proposed south arm is essential. Two breakwaters combined work reasonably well in perpendicular waves, however, lose its effectiveness in oblique seas. Two simple measures of high potential to further mitigate wave disturbances inside the basin deserve considering. One is to slightly extend the south breakwater and bend its north end by 45 degrees to the east. This would reduce the amount of wave penetration through the basin entrance in oblique seas. In fact, the south breakwater need not be straight or parallel to the north breakwater. A zigzag shape may be more favorable from the perception of basin stability. The other is to install a wave absorbing mechanism along the south bulkhead and the weather side of the north breakwater and perhaps the leeward side of the south breakwater as well. This would reduce wave intrusions via successive reflections off the breakwaters and the south bulkhead.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated in 1996 that of 8,336 DoD sites needing cleanup, approximately 70% had contaminated groundwater, mostly from chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Because TCE and PCE are mobile and refractory in aquatic environments, there is significant need for efficient treatment methods. Palladium (Pd) catalyzed reductive dechlorination transforms chlorinated ethylenes and other VOCs into their respective saturated hydrocarbons or lesser chlorinated analogues. With hydrogen gas as the reductant, the process is selective requiring only small quantities of hydrogen to remove contaminants to below regulatory limits. For some VOCs the dechlorination reaction occurs rapidly, even in water under ambient temperature, pressure and pH. The process can be utilized to efficiently treat water contaminated with reactive chlorinated contaminants. A one-pass catalytic process has many advantages, mainly that contaminants are destroyed instead of being transferred to another medium (e.g. air or activated carbon), thus avoiding generation of a secondary waste stream. The technology is particularly favorable for treating water contaminated with high concentrations (>1 mg/L) of chlorinated ethylenes and is therefore suited for source control. The principal objectives of this evaluation were to: (1) Demonstrate the efficacy of catalytic treatment for the destruction of chlorinated ethylenes in groundwater using Pd catalyst. (2) Optimize treatment efficiency. (3) Develop cost and performance data for full-scale application of the technology., Sponsored in part by NSF Agreement CTS-0120978, AFFTC/EMR, and ESTCP. Prepared in collaboration with Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

The document provides guidance and potential solutions to Navy installations drinking water distribution system issues. The document focuses on issues and solutions to disinfection by product formation.

The South TOTO Acoustic Measurement Facility (STAFAC) is currently under development at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) to become the NAVY's subsurface moored East coast acoustic signature measurement facility. This paper discusses the mechanical design of the subsurface mooring system to support vertical acoustic arrays., See also ADM002047. Presented at the MTS/IEEE Oceans 2007 Conference held in Vancouver, Canada on 29 September-4 October 2007. Published in the Proceedings of the MTS/IEEE Oceans 2007 Conference, 2007. Sponsored in part by NUWC-NPT.

This guidance document presents a framework for using biological endpoints in monitoring species, habitats and projects associated with Department of Navy (Navy) Environmental Restoration Program (NERP) sites undergoing remediation in compliance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)., Prepared in cooperation with Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Engineering Service Center, Fort Hueneme, CA.

This protocol report provides guidance and procedures for successfully using regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane samplers (dialysis samplers). Development of the protocol was funded under project ER-0313 by the ESTCP. The objectives of this protocol report or user's guide are (1) to discuss the principle of operation of membrane diffusion samplers, (2) to present the basic design and steps in construction of dialysis samplers, (3) to discuss the considerations that must be taken into account before deciding to use a dialysis sampler, (4) to present the steps that must be taken in properly deploying, retrieving, and sampling a dialysis sampler, (5) to discuss the interpretation of field results obtained with dialysis samplers compared to other sampling methodologies, and to discuss how results may vary depending on the hydrologic and chemical variation over a well screen or open interval, and (6) to discuss quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)samples that should be collected when using dialysis samplers. This report is primarily concerned with the use of dialysis samplers for collection of ground water samples from wells, but also discusses briefly the use of dialysis samplers for collection of pore water samples from stream or lake sediments. Findings from a number of recent field comparison case studies in which regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane sampler results are compared to other sampling techniques are reviewed.

This demonstration evaluated the use of biological processes to enhance the dissolution of a tetrachloroethene (PCE) from an aquifer known to have PCE present in a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) form. There are no currently available, proven technologies that can reliably remove 100% of DNAPL (both free product and residual) mass. There is a critical need for technologies that can effectively treat DNAPL sources in the saturated zone, resulting in both destruction and containment with reduced treatment times and lower costs. The approach of this demonstration was to introduce naturally-occurring, dehalo-respiring microbial consortia that function at the solubility limits of chlorinated solvents, into DNAPL source areas. Bioaugmentation is an in-situ remediation approach where complete dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes is stimulated by supplying microorganisms that have demonstrated the ability to completely dechlorinate chlorinated ethenes in the presence of the appropriate electron donors and nutrients. The objective is for the microorganisms to enhance rates of biodegradation at the DNAPL-to-water interface thereby increasing the concentration gradient driving DNAPL dissolution. Increasing the concentration gradient will result in more rapid DNAPL dissolution and a reduction in the time required for cleanup. In summary this demonstration was successful and was able to prove that biological systems can be applied and promote enhanced dissolution of a PCE DNAPL., Prepared in collaboration with Geosyntec Consultants, Guelph, Ontario Canada. The original document contains color images.

This report summarizes the results of a 3-year project lead by the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) to obtain emissions factors (i.e. tailpipe air pollution emissions data) from 10 types of Department of Defense (DoD) operated diesel powered engines. Emissions data was obtained from 8 vehicles, primarily buses and trucks, and 2 portable generators. All testing was performed with the engines installed in the vehicles/portable equipment. Emissions factors were determined for the engines fueled with various blends/types of biodiesel as well as a baseline fuel, either California Air Resources Board (CARB) certified Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (USLD) (15-ppm sulfur maximum) or JP-8. CARB USLD was used since it will be required within California for on-road vehicles starting in June 2006. Biodiesel blends from 20% to 70% were tested along with 100% biodiesel. For the blended biodiesel testing, the biodiesel was mixed with USLD. Although several blends were tested, the project focused on B20 (20% biodiesel) blends, since this is the primary blend of biodiesel used in military vehicles. Testing performed on B20 fuels identified three significant results: (1) There were no consistent trends over all engines tested, (2) There were no statistically significant emissions differences found between biodiesel fuels manufactured from yellow grease or soy bean oil feedstocks, and (3) An extensive statistical analyses indicated no statistically significant differences in Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) or Particulate Matter (PM) emissions between a B20 biodiesel manufactured at Naval Base Ventura County from yellow grease and CARB ULSD petroleum diesel. The results from this project are significantly different than those previously reported by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Of particular interest is the fact that for actual DoD fleet diesel engines, there was no statistically significant increase in NOx emissions., The original document contains color images.

The purpose of this guide is to assist Navy and Marine Corps shore installations, CONUS AND OCONUS, in preparing their Pollution Prevention Annual Data Summary (P2ADS). The P2ADS collects hazardous waste for reporting is required by OPNAVINST 5090.1B., The original document contains color images.

This task reviews the ultimate stability of a heavy concrete platform under tow along the west coast of the United States. Two hull configurations of the platform are assessed for their seaway thresholds based on their static stability curves and dynamic performances. The dynamic performances are determined with a time domain simulation model built on a large amplitude motion scheme that closely tracks the instant wetted hull shape and fluid forces including viscous damping. Heavy seas heave the platform wildly and occasionally engulf the entire platform of both configurations. Simulation results indicate that the platform as designed may capsize in low sea state 5. The capsizing is largely attributed to a total loss of static stability due to severe deck immersion that allows the platform to heel extensively and eventually capsizes. The same platform with a quadruple freeboard extends its operation window substantially to Sea State 7. The stability assessment procedure and its rational basis are documented., The original document contains color images.

This guidance is intended to assist Navy commands in addressing regulatory issues associated with the Clean Water Act(CWA) Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Program initiatives. The TMDL program is an additional mechanism within the CWA to protect waters where technology-based controls are insufficient to achieve water quality standards (WQS). Navy personnel who may benefit from this guidance include regional environmental coordinators (RECs), regional commanders and installation water program managers., The original document contains color images.

Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is a cost-effective remediation approach that is applicable to many sites and has been embraced by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). Monitored natural attenuation can be used to mitigate petroleum hydrocarbon, chlorinated hydrocarbon, and metal-contaminated sites as an alternative to groundwater pump and treat methods. Determination of MNA's technical applicability for a given site is based on sampling and analysis, data evaluation and modeling, and long-term monitoring. Parameters that are evaluated include concentrations of contaminants, electron acceptors, and electron donors. These concentrations in combination with hydrogeologic, soil, and microbial characteristics are used to assess the fate and transport of contaminants and the potential for natural attenuation. This report describes the demonstration of a novel analytical technology: a dissolved hydrogen (DH) analyzer. The report describes demonstration of the DH analyzer at three Department of Defense (DoD) sites as well as supplemental development of the DH analyzer., The original document contains color images. ESTCP Project no. 200009. Prepared in collaboration with CDM, Bellevue, WA.

This effort documents a comprehensive DoD strategy for environmental RDT&E investments. It is difficult to assess the future success of current investments in relation to current and projected Navy problems. It was concluded, however, that investments that assist in transition of those technologies in the early stage of development to individual sites will increase the likelihood of success. Improved capabilities are needed in the areas of perchlorate, munition constituents toxicity data for risk assessment, coral reef assessments, training impact quantification, munition constituents field detection, and monitoring and mitigating releases from ranges. Advancing technologies in these areas will support the readiness of the warfighter and Navy Ranges by reducing compliance burdens, costs to programs, future regulatory constraints, and improved methods for impact avoidance and range management., The original document contains color images.

This guidance document presents a framework for developing and implementing technically defensible monitoring plans for habitat restoration projects associated with Department of Navy (Navy) Installation Restoration Program (IRP) sites undergoing remediation in compliance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). This guidance is also applicable to sites where habitat restoration activities are being considered to address natural resource injuries that may have occurred as a result of past or ongoing Navy activities. This guidance presents a six-step framework for developing and documenting a habitat restoration monitoring plan. This framework, which is fully consistent with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidance on monitoring plan development, includes identification of monitoring objectives and the development of monitoring hypotheses to focus the monitoring plan, and the development of exit criteria that include action levels and alternative actions for terminating or continuing the restoration project and/or its monitoring program., The original document contains color images.

This document presents a paradigm for the design, monitoring, and optimization of in situ methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) aerobic biobarriers. The technology discussed in this document is applied for the purposes of containing or preventing further migration of existing dissolved MTBE groundwater plumes, or for the purpose of eliminating future MTBE discharge to an aquifer at the down-gradient edge of an MTBE source zone. This design paradigm is based on experience gained while designing, monitoring, and optimizing pilot-scale and fullscale MTBE biobarrier systems most notably, the systems studied at the Naval Base Ventura County (NBVC) at Port Hueneme, CA. It is largely empirically-based, although the design approach does rely on simple engineering calculations. In addition, the document emphasizes gas injection-based oxygen delivery schemes, although it is acknowledged that there are other methods for delivering oxygen to aquifers., The original document contains color images.

This document provides a general overview and explanation of key optimization concepts as they pertain to the FS, ROD, and RD cleanup phases. This document is not intended to provide guidance on determining site-specific risk-based cleanup goals, performing risk assessments, conducting site assessments and background investigations, or other sitespecific contaminant characterization activities for which United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and Navy guidance already exists. Rather, this document complements these important components of the site remediation process by providing recommendations for optimizing remedy selection and design., The original document contains color images.

The purpose of this guide is to assist Navy and Marine Corps shore installation CONUS and OCONUS in preparing their Solid Waste Pollution Prevention Annual Data Summary (SW P2ADS). The SW P2ADS is the collection of solid waste reporting as required by OPNAVINST 5090.2A., The original document contains color images.

The Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center partnered with Wetland Solutions Inc., Anteon Inc., University of Western Washington and University of Colorado have demonstrated the ability of a constructed subsurface flow (SSF) treatment wetland to reduce the negative environmental effects of aircraft deicing operations. The field-scale, 0.6 acre SSF wetland was designed to treat runoff from the application of aircraft deicing fluid (ADF) at Westover Air Reserve Base in Springfield, Massachusetts. While exact chemical composition of ADFs are proprietary, ADF consists of approximately 80 percent propylene or ethylene glycol, 18 percent water, and 2 percent of additives for improved functionality. Environmental impacts of ADF usage are the potential of high five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and low dissolved oxygen (DO) in receiving waters. Extreme conditions could create eutrophication, algal blooms, acute fish die-off, and ecological risks from both low DO and toxic additives in the ADF. The SSF wetland demonstrated the ability to reduce ADF discharge concentrations by 80 percent. The technology is safe for use at air facilities because it does not produce a desirable bird habitat since all flow is below ground surface., The original document contains color images. Prepared in cooperation with Wetland Solutions, Inc., Gainsville, FL., Anteon Inc. Univ. of Western Washington, and Univ. of Colorado.

This project demonstrates that a "third" generation wetting agent/fume suppressant (WA/FS) chemical additive to hard chromium electroplating baths reduces hexavalent chromium airborne emissions to the environment and reduces employee occupational exposures in the electroplating shop. While emissions are important, maintaining material quality for tactical equipment is paramount, and the WA/FS has no negative effect on electroplating quality or basis metals. Further, once added to the electroplating bath, the WA/FS does not measurably degrade over a period of time. Also, the project demonstrates the use of WA/FS during normal, full-scale plating operations., The original document contains color images.

The Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC), Port Hueneme, California, and its industrial partners, Vista Engineering Technologies, L.L.C., and Vista Research, Inc., have demonstrated and validated (DEM/VAL) an innovative mass-based leak detection system for aboveground storage tanks (ASTs). The Low-Range Differential Pressure (LRDP) system is a computer-controlled system that can reliably detect small leaks in ASTs, which range in size from 50,000 gal to ASTs with diameters of over 260 ft and containing over 10,000,000 gal of petroleum fuel. While no specific national regulatory requirements presently exist for ASTs, stringent state requirements are forcing Department of Defense (DoD) facilities to take their tanks out of service to install double bottoms and perform interstitial monitoring. With a validated, high-performance, in-tank leak-detection system for ASTs, like the LRDP, an alternative strategy is now available that is cost effective and does not necessitate taking the tank out of service. The results of the evaluation showed that the LRDP has the performance to meet the monthly monitoring and annual precision (tightness) test regulatory compliance requirements set for bulk underground storage tanks (USTs) using a test that takes less than 24 h to conduct. This project was performed under the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (TNTCP). The objective of the ESTCP is to demonstrate and validate innovative environmental technologies that are needed to address the environmental objectives of the DoD, that are cost effective, and that will be ready for the development of commercial products and services at the completion of the DEM/VALs. All of the objectives of the project have been met, and the LRDP is ready for and is currently in commercial use., The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with Vista Engineering Technology, Sunnyvale, CA.

Two precision asset location (PAL) systems were tested on the SS Curtiss in Port Hueneme, California. The two systems were a commercial-off-the-shelf direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system from WhereNet, Inc., and a prototype ultra-wideband (UWB) system from Multi-Spectral Solutions, Inc. (MSSI). The objective was to evaluate the two technologies for operation in high multipath shipboard environments. Testing was performed in open cargo spaces (worst-case multipath) and partially loaded cargo spaces (blockage). A reference laser surveying system was installed for comparison and accuracy tests were conducted over a cargo space. Both systems operated in the open-space shipboard environment and to each vendor's specified accuracy. Each system's accuracy decreased during blockage experiments. The University of Southern California's UltRa Lab characterized the SS Curtiss shipboard environment and found it had delay spreads on the order of 3 microsec, far exceeding the 10 to 300 ns delay spreads of office and industrial environments. Multipath nulls were also measured, with some as deep as 30 to 40 dB., The original document contains color images.

This ESTCP project evaluated the benefits and utility of applying transport optimization algorithms operable on desktop computers versus a traditional trial-&-error approach. The focus was on groundwater pump and treat (P&T) systems. The transport optimization algorithms link mathematical optimization techniques with simulations of groundwater flow and contaminant transport to determine the best combination of well locations and pumping rates for a P&T system. These mathematical algorithms can potentially contribute to long-term operating cost reduction and/or improved performance of these systems with respect to compliance objectives (e.g. achieve cleanup standards in less time)., The original document contains color images.

The Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC), Port Hueneme, California, and its industrial partners, Vista Engineering Technologies, L.L.C., and Vista Research, Inc, have demonstrated and validated (DEM/VAL) an innovative mass-based leak detection system for above ground storage tanks (ASTs). The Low-Range Differential Pressure (LRDP) system is a computer-controlled system that can reliably detect small leaks in ASTs, which range in size from 50,000 gal to ASTs with diameters of over 260 ft and containing over 10,000,000 gal of petroleum fuel. While no specific national regulatory requirements presently exist for ASTs, astringent state requirements are forcing Department of Defense (DoD) facilities to take their tanks out of service to install double bottoms and perform interstitial monitoring. With a validated, high-performance, in-tank leak-detection system for ASTs, like the LRDP, an alternative strategy is now available that is cost effective and does not necessitate taking the tank out of service. The results of the evaluation showed that the LRDP has the performance to meet the monthly monitoring and annual precision (tightness) test regulatory compliance requirements set for bulk underground storage tanks (USTs) using a test that takes less than 24 hours to conduct. This project was performed under the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). The objective of the ESTCP is to demonstrate and validate innovative environmental technologies that are needed to address the environmental objectives of the DoD, that are cost effective, and that will be ready for development of commercial products and services at the completion of the DEM/VALs. All of the objectives of the project have been met, and the LRDP is ready for and is currently in commercial use., The original document contains color images.

A 1995 Department of Defense (DOD) Inspector General report indicates that the cumulative operating and maintenance (O&M) costs for 75 pump and treat systems operating at DoD chlorinated solvent groundwater sites (a subset of over 200 DoD pump and treat sites) was $40 million in fiscal year (FY) 1996. The report also projected that these costs would reach $1 billion by the year 2020. Recent studies completed by the EPA and the Navy indicate that the majority of pump and treat systems are not operating as designed have unachievable or undefined goals and have not been optimized since installation. Even under ideal circumstances, (i.e.. when the initial pump and treat system has been appropriately designed with clearly-defined objectives), changes in contaminant distributions and aquifer stresses, coupled with evolving regulatory climates, result in the need for system optimization. Although it is recognized that many of these pump and treat systems are ineffective for cleanup regulations require that they continue to operate until a more effective solution is developed. In the interim the potential for tremendous cost savings exists with the application of simple screening tools and optimization- simulation modeling. The optimization- simulation models link mathematical at optimization techniques with simulations of groundwater flow and/or solute transport to determine the best combination of well locations and pumping rates., Volume 1 of 3. The original document contains color images.

A 1995 Department of Defense (DoD) Inspector General report indicates that the cumulative operating and maintenance (O&M) costs for 75 pump and treat systems operating at DoD chlorinated solvent groundwater sites (a subset of over 200 DoD pump and treat sites) was $40 million in fiscal year (FY) 1996. The report also projected that these costs would reach St billion by the year 2000. Recent studies completed by the EPA and the Navy indicate that the majority of pump and treat systems are not operating as designed, have unachievable or undefined goals, and have not been optimized since installation. Even under ideal circumstances, (i.e.. when the initial pump and treat system has been appropriately designed with clearly-defined objectives), changes in contaminant distributions and aquifer stresses, coupled with evolving regulatory climates. result in the need for system optimization. Although it is recognized that many of these pump and treat systems are ineffective for cleanup, regulations require that they continue to operate until a more effective solution is developed. In the interim the potential for tremendous cost savings exists with the application of simple screening tools and optimization- simulation modeling. The optimization- simulation models link mathematical at optimization techniques with simulations of groundwater flow and/or solute transport, to determine the best combination of well locations and pumping rates., Volume 2 of 3. The original document contains color images.

A 1998 Department of Defense (DoD) Inspector General report indicates that the cumulative operating and maintenance (O&M) costs for 75 pump and treat systems operating at DoD chlorinated solvent groundwater sites (a subset of over 200 DoD pump and treat sites) was $40 million in fiscal year (FY) 1996. The report also projected that these costs would reach $1 billion by the year 2020. Recent studies completed by the EPA and the Navy indicate that the majority of pump and treat systems are not operating as designed have unachievable or undefined goals, and have not been optimized since installation. Even under ideal circumstances, (i.e. when the initial pump and treat system has been appropriately designed with clearly-defined objectives), changes in contaminate distributions and aquifer stresses, coupled with evolving regulatory climates, result in the need for system optimization. Although it is recognized that many of these pump and treat systems are ineffective for cleanup, regulations require that they continue to operate until a more effective solution is developed. In the interim, the potential for tremendous cost saving exists with the application of simple screening tools and optimization-simulation modeling. The optimization-simulation models link mathematical optimization techniques with simulations of groundwater flow and/or solute transport, to determine the best combination of well locations and pumping rates., Volume 3 of 3. The original document contains color images.

The purpose of this guide is to summarize the Navy's status toward meeting the Department of Defense Measures of Merit goals or solid waste. The report includes an overview of the Navy's progress. Sections 1 and 2 are tables showing breakouts of the information by claimant. Section3 contains tables for each claimant showing a breakout of this information for each installation., The original document contains color images.

The purpose of this guide is to assist Public Works Officers and Departments in the management of asbestos and lead containing building materials and architectural coatings, while ensuring the protection of workers, building occupants, and the environment. Though asbestos and lead hazards are primarily Navy Occupational Safety and Health (NAVOSH) and Environmental Program issues, virtually all Public Works Department programs and projects are affected, including maintenance control, engineering, various shops, service and construction contracts, building material purchases, and credit card purchases. There are other industrial and military unique applications that may use asbestos or lead, which are not considered in this guide. As well, other environmental concerns with asbestos and lead, such as drinking water criteria, are also not included.

The Tri-Services principles and practices manual provides a "road map" for appropriate and successful implementation of, while identifying "red flags" that may limit success. Using a comprehensive conceptual site model, decision matrices can be used to guide the user in appropriate site selection for applying enhanced bioremediation. Evaluation of suitable hydrogeological, geochemical, and biological site conditions increases the confidence in deploying enhanced bioremediation for remediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. Once it has been determined that enhanced bioremediation is suitable for application at a site, the Tri-Services principles and practices manual provides further guidance on the design of appropriate enhanced bioremediation system configurations and selection of the appropriate substrate for application. Several tools are also are described within the Tri-Services principles and practices manual that are useful for optimizing the application of enhanced bioremediation, including small-scale pilot-tests, microcosm studies, molecular screening techniques, and bioaugmentation. These tools are not required in all cases, and rationale is provided for when they should be used. These decision matrices within the Tri-Services principles and practices manual are presented to guide Remedial Project Managers through the site selection process, appropriate bench- or pilot-testing, development of optimal system configurations, and selection of substrate type.

The Pollution Prevention Annual Data Summary (P2ADS) tracks the Department of the Navy's progress in meeting the Department of Defense Measures of Merit goals for solid waste, hazardous waste, and affirmative procurement. The Measures of Merit goal for hazardous waste calls for a 50% reduction of wastes transferred off site by 1999 using 1992 as a baseline. The Navy has exceeded the hazardous waste Measures of Merit goal for six consecutive years, 1997-2002. In Calendar Year 2002, the Navy reduced the amount of hazardous waste shipped off site by 73.5% using CY 1992 data as the baseline. The Measures of Merit goal for solid waste is to ensure the diversion rate for non-hazardous solid waste is greater than 40% by Fiscal Year 2005. This reduction must be accomplished while ensuring integrated non-hazardous solid waste management programs provide an economic benefit when compared with disposal using landfilling and incineration alone. For the fifth consecutive year, the Navy has exceeded the Measures of Merit goal with a 49% diversion rate. The economic benefit for 2002 also meets the goal with an integrated waste management cost avoidance of $25,465,537. Other select waste diversion decreased slightly from 68.52% in 2001 to 68% in 2002. Other select waste data, consisting of mostly construction and demolition debris, shows an increase in recycling percentages. Other select waste provides the extra diversion to help the Navy meet the Measures of Merit goal. Without other select waste the Navy would not have met its goal for 2002., The original document contains color images.

Bioslurping is a demonstrated technology for removing light, nonaqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL) from contaminated aquifers. It combines vacuum-assisted LNAPL recovery with bioventing and soil vapor extraction (SVE) to simultaneously recover LNAPL and bioremediate the vadose zone. A conventional bioslurper system withdraws free-phase LNAPL from the water table, groundwater, and soil vapor in a single process stream, using the air lift created by an aboveground liquid ring pump. The recovered LNAPL is separated from the groundwater and may be recycled. The recovered groundwater and soil vapor usually are treated and discharged. Because bioslurping enhances LNAPL recovery in comparison to conventional skimming and pump-drawdown technologies, bioslurping potentially can save the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) significant funds by reducing the amount of time required to remediate LNAPL-contaminated sites., The original document contains color images.

Accurate location of leaks in buried bulk and hydrant fuel pipelines is a challenging time-consuming and expensive problem. This problem has both operational readiness and environmental implications to the Department of Defense (DoD). Under the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) the Pipeline Acoustic Leak-location System (PALS) was demonstrated and validated under a wide range of operational conditions. All of the objectives of the project were met and the PALS is ready for commercial use. The performance and operational utility of this technology were successfully demonstrated on bulk and hydrant pipeline systems found at Air Force Army Navy and EPA facilities. As summarized below four sets of DEM/VALs were conducted between April and October 2000 on different types and configurations of underground bulk and hydrant pipelines over a wide range of hole sizes line pressures leak rates backfill conditions and background noise conditions., The original document contains color images.

This study was undertaken to help understand the fate and effects of two munitions and explosives of concern 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) in marine environments Specifically biotransformation and degradation in marine sediments and photo-transformation in seawater were assessed. Studies were conducted with sediments spiked in the laboratory with the two chemicals of concern for the biotransformation assessments and by spiking filtered seawater with these chemicals for the photo-transformation assessments., The original document contains color images. Prepared in cooperation with Texas A&M University, Center for Coastal Studies, Corpus Christi, TX.

The goal of this project was to evaluate short-and long-term performance issues associated with permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) installed at several United States Department of Defense (DoD) sites. A PRB is a passive, in situ technology, in which natural groundwater flow brings contaminants into contact with a reactive or adsorptive material that removes the dissolved contaminants and protects downgradient receptors. Therefore, PRBs have potentially lower life cycle costs compared to a equivalent pump-and treat system. The key regulatory driver for the technology is the proven ability of common barrier materials, such as elemental iron, to interest in this project was driven by the two challenges involved in implementing PRBs, namely, their longevity and hydraulic performance., The original document contains color images.

As part of the Surface Cleanliness Verification project, sponsored by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center conducted an investigation of grazing-angle reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy as a tool for online cleanliness verification at DOD maintenance and repair facilities. In the project's first year, the feasibility of grazing-angle reflectance FTIR was demonstrated in the laboratory for the detection of organic contaminant residues on reflective surfaces. In Years 2 and 3 this technology was transitioned from the laboratory into a portable field device capable of detecting organic and certain inorganic contaminants on reflective surfaces at very sensitive levels (< 1.0 microgram/sq cm). Examples of DoD applications where surface cleanliness is critical include coating, plating and bonding of aircraft parts; beaming refurbishment; and shipboard surface tile mounting. Visual inspection and water break testing are often inadequate to detect contamination that may cause subsequent bonding or fouling problems if not removed., The original document contains color images.

A series of thermal treatment tests were conducted on military wood waste contaminated with lead-based paint for the U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC/CERL) Champaign, Illinois under a contract with the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) in Port Hueneme California. The tests were designed to collect data that would facilitate the design and capital/operational cost estimates for a transportable treatment system that could process such waste on site during demolition activities at current and former military installations. The data produced from the tests facilitated the development of a design of a transportable processing system for the LBP-coated materials. The transportable processing system can process the waste for a cost of less than 1/3 the cost of land disposal of the waste designated as X008 waste (exempt household hazardous waste) and less than 1/5 the cost of land disposal if the waste originates from other than residential structures and is designated as RCRA hazardous waste., The original document contains color images.