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Curcuminoids are the major specialized metabolites in Curcuma species that are used as natural dyes and therapeutic agents with multifold biological activities. Curcuminoids are produced by field cultivation of plants; however, this method suffers from long growth periods and genotypic and environmental conditions. Therefore, research efforts have been made to procure curcuminoids from plant tissue cultures of Curcuma species, especially Curcuma longa, C. aromatica, and C. zedoaria. Cell, hairy root, shoot, and microrhizome cultures have been established to produce curcuminoids in vitro. Elicitation processes have been implemented to improve curcuminoid accumulation in plant tissue cultures. In this review, we present the research conducted on curcuminoid production in plant tissue cultures. In addition, efforts have been made to summarize the research accomplishments in the production of curcuminoids in heterologous systems. Curcuminoids produced from cell and organ cultures are used for food coloring, flavoring, preservation, and therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt-based catalysts were synthesized using the molten metal salt method and applied for the degradation of reactive dyeing wastewater. The results demonstrated a degradation of 97.1% for the C.I. Reactive Red 195 solution under the following conditions: 1.0 g/L of Co@MXene, 3 g/L of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), treated at 25 oC for 36 min with initial pH of 7. After adding 20 g/L of NaCl, the dye degradation rate increased to 5.57 times compared to the original rate 0.0894 min−1, but the difference in final degradation was not significant. The enhanced degradation was attributed to the combined action of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), sulfate radicals (SO4•−), and singlet oxygen (1O2). Notably, the Co@MXene catalyst maintained a high dye degradation percentage of 93.5% even after being recycled ten times. The treated dye residue can be recycled for dyeing cotton fabrics with reactive dyes. This study achieves rapid treatment of dye wastewater with wide applicability and provides valuable insights into dye wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural dyes are soft, eco-friendly, and non-toxic colours for silk fabric, imparting high compatibility with the environment. Among the different natural dyestuffs derived from different parts of plants, the peel of the Parkia roxburghii pod is thriving as one of the potential natural substantive dyes. The study reveals optimization of dye extraction for dyeing silk fabric. Colour strength (K/S) and absorbance of dye extract were evaluated for optimization of extraction and dyeing parameters. The optimized ML ratio (material and solvent proportions) was 1:30 for 60 min of boiling at 80 °C under acidic medium. Use of natural and synthetic mordants produced different colour patterns giving two classes, YR, light to dark brownish colour. CuSO4, lime juice and Terminalia chebula mordants produced better wash fastness and light fastness in meta-mordant conditions. Dyeing silk with parkia peel without mordant also produces better fastness properties, thus acts as a natural substantive silk dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorants used in security inks are special pigments that radiate in the UV region or IR region. Obtained pigments can be from valuable rare earth elements or they can be organic based. Organic-based pigments are generally insoluble in water, which limits their use. For this purpose, an organicbased UV-radiating pigment was synthesized and made water-soluble by forming its salt. With the obtained salt-formed pigment, inkjet ink that can be used in counterfeiting was applied and its printability and resistance properties were determined. In this study, 1, 3, 6, 8-pyrene sulfonic acid tetrasodium salt was synthesized and water-based inkjet inks with hydroxy ethyl cellulose binder were produced. The prepared inks were printed on the paper surface. The color and gloss of the prints obtained were measured both in the visible region and in the UV region. Its optical properties were detected by UV spectroscopy. Strength properties such as light fastness, nitro resistance, alkali resistance, acid resistance, rub resistance, drying time, adhesion and dry film weight of the prints were determined. As a result; Inkjet ink with 1, 3, 6, 8-pyrene sulfonic acid tetrasodium salt was produced and it was concluded that it has good resistance properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper aims to the preparation of novel disperse dye based on azo salicylaldehyde derivatives TF-A [2-hydroxy-5-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde] and full evaluation of their use as disperse dye TF-ASC [bis 2-hydroxy-5-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde Schiff base with 4,4'-methylenedianiline] for dyeing polyester fabric at various conditions. Design/methodology/approach: The dispersed dye was synthesized via Schiff base condensation in the presence of ceric ammonium nitrate cerium ammonium nitrate 10 mmole% as an eco-friendly catalyst at room temperature. The chemical structure of the prepared dye was characterized via elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H- and 13 C-NMR spectroscopic analysis tools. This study thoroughly examined the dyeing of disperse dye TF-ASC on polyester at various conditions. The characteristics of dyed polyester fabric were measured by colour measurements, as well as light, washing, crock fastness and finally, colour strength. The discrete fourier transform (DFT) theoretical studies, including EHOMO, ELUMO and optimized geometrical structure, were assumed and discussed in detail. Findings: The results showed that the synthesized organic dye TF-ASC was highly functional and appropriate for this kind of dyeing method. The dyeing fabrics obtained from disperse dye TF-ASC, properties possess high colour strength as well as good overall fastness properties. These dyes had a high affinity for polyester fabric, with just a tiny change in dye affinity when the pH was changed, even under alkaline circumstances. The dye levelness and shade depth of the colour results were good, and there were a variety of hues from light brownish yellow to deep brownish yellow. The results obtained from DFT computational studies such as EHOMO, ELUMO, optimized structure, diploe moment µ and electrophilicity index deduced that prepared organic dye TF-ASC is more applicable as a dispersed dye. Originality/value: This research is significant because it provides a new dye for dyeing polyethylene terephthalate fibres with exceptional brightness and levelness; the method of preparation is a useful pathway due to its being known as a green chemistry method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In recent years, natural dyes have attracted significant attention globally because of growing public awareness of the environment and health hazards associated with synthetic dyes. Natural dyes can provide special aesthetic qualities as well as the ethical significance of a product which is environmentally friendly. By keeping this burning issue in mind, this study aims to explore the dyeing properties of various unexplored environmentally friendly natural dyes. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, the aqueous extract of coconut leaves is used for dyeing purpose. The silk and jute fabrics were dyed with the extract alone as well as in combination with metal salts as mordants by employing pre-, meta- and postmordanting techniques. The dyeing properties of the colored samples were evaluated by measuring their color strength; CIEL*a*b* values; and color fastness to washing, light and rubbing. Findings: A yellow shade was achieved when the fabric samples were dyed solely with the extract. However, shade variations were observed when different mordants and mordanting techniques were applied. In all the cases, metallic salts improved the color fastness properties of dyed samples to washing, light and rubbing especially for the silk fabric. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on a natural dye extracted from the leaves of coconut. Leaf as the source of dye has added an extra advantage, as it is reproducible and can be collected easily without harming the plants. The reported dye could be an attractive choice for sustainable and eco-friendly dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to check the effectivity of plasma in the natural dyeing of polyester fabric using four natural dyes – Turkey red, Lac, Turmeric and Catechu using plasma and alum mordant. The surface modification on the polyester fabric by plasma along with the use of benign mordant alum is studied. The enhancement of dyeability in polyester fabric with natural dyes is the main focus. Due to surface modification, the wettability increases, which leads to better dye uptake. Better dye uptake and better dye adherence are the main objectives. Design/methodology/approach: Plasma-mediated natural dyeing is the main design of this research work. The effect of plasma treatment on surface modification of synthetic fabric polyester and its subsequent effects on their dyeing with different natural dyes, namely, Turkey red, Lac, Turmeric and Catechu are studied. The dyeability was further enhanced by the use of alum as mordant. The main focus is on the betterment of natural dyeing of polyester fabric using sustainable natural dyes resources for dyeing and to reduce wastewater contamination from the usage of toxic additive chemicals for cleaner production. Findings: Plasma-mediated and alum-mordanted dyeing method facilitated very good dyeability of all the four natural dyes, namely, Turkey red, Lac, Turmeric and Catechu. Color strength (K/S) values and fastness properties of plasma-treated samples were far better than untreated samples. The synergistic effect of plasma and alum mordanting has made natural dyeing of polyester very easy with very good fastness results. Natural dyeing of polyester after 2 min of plasma treatment showed excellent and desirable results. The process is also easy to be adapted by industries. Research limitations/implications: As polyester is hydrophobic, natural dyeing of polyester fabric is not very easy, but with plasma-mediated natural dyeing, it becomes a very facile dyeing method; thus, there are no limitations. Use of plasma has reduced the need for any chemical additives which are usually added during the dyeing process. Practical implications: This process of natural dyeing of polyester fabric can be scaled up to industrial dyeing with natural dyes. Plasma pretreatment of the fabric followed by premordanting with alum has facilitated the natural dyeing well. Social implications: Use of plasma in place of chemical modifiers can be a green and environmentally friendly approach for sustainable coloration of polyester fabric, providing a clean wet processing for textiles dyeing. Originality/value: The synergistic effect of plasma-mediated and alum-mordanted natural dyeing of polyester has not been attempted by any researcher. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is for the first time that pretreatment with atmospheric plasma followed by alum mordanting of polyester fabric has shown very good dye uptake and fastness properties as the dye molecules could penetrate well after 2 min of the plasma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are a source of a wide variety of commodities, including particularly valuable pigments. The typical pigments present in microalgae are the chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins. However, other types of pigments, of the family of water-soluble polyphenols, usually encountered in terrestrial plants, have been recently reported in microalgae. Among such microalgal polyphenols, many flavonoids have a yellowish hue, and are used as natural textile dyes. Besides being used as natural colorants, for example in the food or cosmetic industry, microalgal pigments also possess many bioactive properties, making them functional as nutraceutical or pharmaceutical agents. Each type of pigment, with its own chemical structure, fulfills particular biological functions. Considering both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, some species within the four most promising microalgae groups (Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Heterokontophyta) are distinguished by their high contents of specific added-value pigments. To further enhance microalgae pigment contents during autotrophic cultivation, a review is made of the main related strategies adopted during the last decade, including light adjustments (quantity and quality, and the duration of the photoperiod cycle), and regard to mineral medium characteristics (salinity, nutrients concentrations, presence of inductive chemicals). In contrast to what is usually observed for growth-related pigments, accumulation of non-photosynthetic pigments (polyphenols and secondary carotenoids) requires particularly stressful conditions. Finally, pigment enrichment is also made possible with two new cutting-edge technologies, via the application of metallic nanoparticles or magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-rigid V-shaped bis(N,N-trimellitoyl)-4,4′-oxydianiline linker was designed to construct a novel mesoporous cobalt (II) metal organic framework (Co-MOF). Optical band gap of 3.23 eV was obtained using a Tauc formula, which confirms the semiconducting property of the synthesized Co-MOF. Further, the resulting Co-MOF, as photocatalyst, was investigated in environmental application for the reduction of toxic Cr (VI) to less toxic Cr (III) as well as in the degradation of organic rhodamine B (Rh B) dye in an aqueous medium under natural sunlight. As pH value is essential for the Cr (VI) reduction reaction, thus control experiment was conducted in the acidic pH range 2–6, where 90.76, 77.23 and 37.43% of reduction was observed at pH of 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Furthermore, the degradation of Rh B dye was also performed, where 98.89% degradation obtained within 90 min. The recyclability test was also assessed for Cr (VI) reduction reaction at pH 2 and for degradation of Rh B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile industry uses large quantities of different dyes to fulfill the rapidly growing demand for the dyed textile products, resulting in more dye consumption, greater dye discharge as textile dyeing effluent, and higher cost. To decrease the dyes consumption, this research evaluates the performance of novel ozone-based dyeing processes for cotton fabric. So far, reported ozone-based processes for textile involve the usage of high ozone intensity for removing impurities, discoloration of solution, color fading in denim and other fabrics. This research is a first effort, which concentrates on the performance enhancement of the exhaust dyeing process for cotton fabrics through the application of controlled and lower amount of ozone. In this research, ozone dosage is controlled through ozone generator knob to only 0.5 g/h (10%), 1 g/h (20%), 1.5 g/h (30%), 2 g/h (40%), and 2.5 g/h (50%). In contrast, ozone dosage reaches up to 60 g/h in cotton bleaching. This research evaluates the four ozone-based dyeing processes for cotton fabrics using two primary reactive dyes and two primary direct dyes under different concentrations of ozone. Effect of ozonation was evaluated for both direct and reactive dyes at four stages, namely during dyeing, dry ozonation before dyeing, pre-wet ozonation before dyeing, and ozonation after dyeing. Results showed that K/S value of the optimized ozone-based processes was better than the conventional exhaust process. For instance, K/S value for benchmarked conventional dyed sample was 2.147 for reactive yellow, and it was 3.271 (33.5% higher) for the "ozonation after dyeing" process. Similar trends were observed for many other trials, resulting in higher K/S value. In addition, the fastness properties of the optimized processes were comparable with the conventional exhaust process. FTIR and SEM analysis were also performed on selective ozone dyed fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this project-based lesson, students explore how chemistry concepts relate to creative expression by investigating a variety of dyeing conditions. Through sequenced discussions and investigations, students arrive at a dyed cotton product that optimizes for both personal aesthetics and chemical processes. This NGSS middle school science lesson closely aligns with MS-PS1-3. Students who demonstrate understanding can gather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society. Students were enthusiastic about generating ideas for what materials they wanted to explore, maintained interest throughout the investigations, and were excited to show off their creations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese royal textiles of the Qing dynasty are widely collected around the world, creating a significant demand for dye identification in these textiles. However, the need for sampling in conventional analytical methods greatly limits their applicability. To address this issue, a non‐invasive analysis method based on excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence was developed. In this study, the EEM spectra of 18 typical natural dyeing recipes used for royal textiles of the Qing dynasty were systematically characterized. The results demonstrated that EEM fluorescence is effective in discriminating between natural dyes with similar colour hues and various dyeing techniques. Furthermore, the dyeing recipes of two historical kesi cushions in the Palace Museum, Beijing, were non‐invasively decoded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this study, it was aimed to analyze the effects of liposomes on the dyeing of polyacrylonitrile fabrics. For this purpose, firstly liposome synthesis was carried out, and then liposome production was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Additionally, zeta potential measurements were carried out to see whether stable structures were formed. Then, a selected basic dye was encapsulated with a liposome and the possibilities of using these capsules as alternative to retarders in the dyeing of polyacrylonitrile fabrics were examined. According to results obtained, it can be said that the 1% solution of synthesized liposomes creates a more stable suspension with a polydispersity index of 0.472 and the average particle size of 165.2 nm. On the other hand, it has been revealed that if 1% liposome is used in dyeing, a kind of retarder effect can be achieved in the dyeing of polyacrylonitrile fabrics. Moreover, it can be said that the decrease in color efficiency, that is, the loss of yield, caused by the use of liposome at the end of dyeing is lower compared to the retarder. This is also a very important issue, because a good retarder is expected to slow down the dye uptake, but not reduce the dye intake too much at the end of the dyeing. Dyeing levelness (%) was found to be 96.1, 97.4, and 97.1 for dyeings without auxiliary, with 1% cationic retarder and with 1% liposome, respectively. Beyond this, no significant difference was observed in terms of fastness of dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, catalytic-degradation of dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) was carried out by using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), obtained by adopting the flower extract of Luffa acutangula (LA). The biogenic synthesised LA-AgNPs were characterised by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), DLS (dynamic light scattering) with zeta potential analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopic(HR-TEM) analyses. The typical surface plasmon resonance peak of LA-AgNPs was observed at 428 nm, as confirmed from UV-Vis spectrum. The formation of LA-AgNPs was observed through colour transformation from pale yellow to dark-brown due to the reduction of Ag+. Synthesised LA-AgNPs displayed spherical shape and face-centred cubic structure with an average size of 10–30 nm. The effects of various parameters such as initial extract concentration, time and time process were studied. The degradation reactions of MB and MG are found to follow the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism with a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Biogenic synthesised LA-AgNPs showed good degradation ability to reduce the MG and MB with NaBH4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this research, a brewer's yeast suspension was used to biotreat raw linen fibers under a range of different circumstances utilizing an ultrasonic cleaner device. In order to optimize circumstances for the treatment process, this extensive work is focused on examining the variables that could affect the biotreatment, such as the amount of brewer's yeast used, the duration, the temperature of the treatment, and the pH throughout the treatment. After enzymatic treatment, the printing process utilizing turmeric natural dye was used. Variable assesses were conducted to determine the steaming time, thermofixation time, pH of the printing paste, types of dyes, and types of fabrics. How these elements affected the wettability and fabric color strength is investigated. To better comprehend, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the morphology of treated and untreated linen samples. The effects of treating the fibers with yeast enzyme on their multifunctional qualities, such as color and antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcusaureus and gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, were assessed. Results: Results demonstrated that the enzyme extract, which predominantly contains lipase, amylase, and protease enzymes that develop the fabric printability, is responsible for the increase of color strength which increased by about 152.27% with good fastness properties compared by the untreated printed samples. Conclusions: The overall findings showed that the treated fabrics have superior color fastness and antibacterial properties when compared to the untreated fabrics, demonstrating that the procedure of production used to create these multifunctional linen fabrics is environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural dyes offer a harmless alternative to synthetic counterparts, minimizing the release of toxic chemicals associated with synthetic dyes. In this investigation, nylon fabrics underwent dyeing with neem leaf extract under acidic, neutral and alkaline conditions along with lemon juice mordant. The study revealed that colour strength exhibited an increase with decreasing pH levels, with the mordanted fabric dyed in an acidic medium demonstrating the highest value. Analysis of colour coordinates indicated that the mordanted fabric dyed in an acidic medium exhibited superior colour pickup compared to the other samples. Enhanced fastness properties were achieved under acidic pH conditions when a mordant was used. The FTIR test result ensured the nylon-lemon juice-neem leaves extracted dye interaction. The EDX analysis also confirmed the elemental composition of neem leaves extracted dye in nylon assisted by lemon juice. The SEM test results validated the dyeing process empirically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the production of ZnO NPs by the green method and the effects of these nanoparticles on plant growth. Artemisia abrotanum L. leaf extract was used as a chelating and capping agent. It was found that the Artemisia abrotanum L. leaf extract has the potential to biosynthesize ZnO NPs. FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX techniques were utilized in this study. The energy band gap of ZnO-NPs was calculated to be around 2.48 eV. The average size crystal structure of NPs was 50.29 nm, as confirmed by XRD. However, the ZnO nanoparticles have a nanorod shape with a size of 66.93 nm, as evaluated by FE-SEM, and the EDX confirmed that the sample is pure ZnO nanoparticles. In addition, The nanoparticles were used to grow Lepidium sativum L. plants. The total growth of Lepidium sativum L. dramatically increased with the use of ZnO NPs, and the content of natural dyes like chlorophyll a and b increased twofold compared to the control. It was explained that zinc oxide nanoparticles are a good candidate for growing plants instead of chemical fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valcamonica is an Italian Alpine valley that has been the transit route for people and goods in prehistoric, Roman, medieval, and modern times. This led to the presence of artefacts from different eras and/or the occurrence of artefacts made of non-coeval parts. This research reports the characterization of an artefact in the Museum of Breno (Brescia Province). It is surmised that the artwork is made of different and non-coeval parts. The aim of the research is to investigate the natural pigments dyeing the different parts of the artefact, to infer information also on the origin and the dating. The investigation is supported by different analytical techniques (microscopic, spectroscopic, chromatographic, and spectrometric evaluation). The artifact is an Imago Pietatis, with Christ emerging from the tomb with his open arms. Microscopic observation allowed a preliminary evaluation of the colouration and to hypothesize the pigments used. 1H NMR analysis and spectrophotometric analysis suggested the presence of Tyrian purple and logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum) in the background of the sacred image, that was probably a liturgical vestment dismembered and overdyed. It is very likely that the image was in use to a brotherhood of Disciplini, a secular congregation very active in Valcamonica whose activities consisted in praying for the dead and making processions. Our work was important for the narration of this artefact and could be useful for the reconstruction of the object in the original colours, for providing to the local stakeholders a suitable recognition for this historical discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the local wisdom of Sakon Nakhon province, Thailand, on cultivating Indigofera plants for optimal natural indigo dye yield. Focusing on Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. and Indigofera tinctoria L., the study explored the impact of pod development stages and harvesting time on dye yield. The findings showed that harvesting at the brown pod stage (18 - 20 weeks) and early morning (6:00 a.m.) yielded the most dye. Additionally, the study compared the Indigofera plants cultivation under 100 % and 60 % sunlight exposure, demonstrating that full sunlight significantly increased dye yield. Moreover, Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. gave significantly more indigo dye yield than Indigofera tinctoria L. (p < 0.05). This investigation, therefore, underscores the value of incorporating local knowledge into optimal cultivation practices for enhanced indigo production. However, further research should delve into additional factors, such as soil composition, fertilizer regimes and the genetics of the Indigofera plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betanin (Bn), a natural dye in the Betalains family, predominantly takes on a cationic form known as Bn+. However, it exists in a neutral state as Bn_C2, Bn_C15, and Bn_C17 by losing an H+ from one of its carboxylic acids. Density functional theory (DFT) and Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) studies evaluate the efficiency of each betanin form and pinpoint the most probable anchoring point to TiO2. The Bn_C17 variant stands out as a highly promising candidate for DSSC cells, demonstrating a distinctive combination of electron injection efficiency, electrochemical performance, hole transport capabilities, and photovoltaic behavior. Considering factors like adsorption energy, binding mode, structural compatibility, electronic properties, and absorption characteristics, Bn_C17@TiO2 emerges as the most favorable dye@TiO2 complex among the studied betanin forms for DSSC applications. Contrastingly, the C2‐COOH anchoring point presents challenges with monodentate binding, a different orientation, and potential load distribution issues. This behavior, resembling that of a p‐type dye, differs from the n‐type behavior exhibited by the C15‐COOH and C17‐COOH forms, making the latter two more suitable as sensitizers. Consequently, C2‐COOH may not be the optimal anchoring point for TiO2 in the investigated betanin forms, especially when compared to the more favorable C17‐COOH anchoring point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work includes synthesis of the novel azo compound, which consists of diazotization of 3-nitroaniline followed by reaction with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in presence of sodium carbonate. The syanthesized azo compound was confirmed by characterization, using FT-IR, ¹HNMR, 13CNMR and GC-MS spectra. The azo compound was screened for solvatochromism, Halochromism using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and found that the azo compound exhibited low solvatochromic and good Halochromic properties. While the dying study (Dye-doped Polymer Films), Poly ethylene was found the best polymer dyed by azo compound and showed good absorbance in the UV region. All fabrics were dyed with a yellow color except the cotton exhibiting a light brown color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of substituting the conventional inorganic alkalis (Na2CO3) with different organic alkoxide5s to explore the potential of replacing aqueous dyeing medium with environmentally friendly solvents like ethanol (EtOH). The study aimed to assess the dyeing characteristics, such as exhaustion, fixation, fastness qualities, physical properties, and environmental implications when EtOH and water were present, while also examining the impact of alkoxides. Time-gated Raman spectra provide insights into the allomorphic forms of cellulose-II after the alkoxide pretreatment, which significantly influences the overall reactivity of cellulose fibers and their dye absorption capabilities. Notably, organic alkoxide pretreated dyeing demonstrated improved color strength, exhaustion, and fixation efficiency compared to Na2CO3 pretreatment, as one of the work's key findings. For instance, the conventional dyed fabric exhibits 3.4 times lower color strength than alkoxide-based (RR239 + C2H5ONa 3 g/L + EtOH) dyeing, showing substantial potential for upscaling at commercial level as it requires no chemical auxiliaries (such as NaCl and Na2CO3). Importantly, the alkoxide pretreatment does not significantly alter the physical, mechanical and fastness properties of the fabrics, which are comparable to both the pristine and aqueous dyed fabrics, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy experiments. The effluent's color intensity resulting from dyeing with C2H5ONa + EtOH (3 g/L) is approximately 24 times lower (250 Pt/Co) in comparison to the aqueous dyeing using 40 g/L of NaCl and 20 g/L of Na2CO3 in an aqueous medium (6154 Pt/Co). Apart from the color intensity, alkoxide pretreatment and EtOH-based dyeing drastically reduce the COD, BOD, TDS, TSS and total hardness values, which could have cost-saving implications for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uneven dyeing results from the different ways the fibers in a blended fabric made of viscose and cotton (50/50) absorb reactive dyes. Measuring the color levelness continues to be an obstacle for dyers. In the present study, several color levelness measurements are analyzed in particular. In addition, the functional group on the outer structure of the viscose-cotton blended fabric has been developed using air plasma to enhance the color intensity. The blended fabric was exposed to an air-based plasma treatment at an atmospheric pressure of 0.15 Tor for varying durations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min). Furthermore, the existence of the functional groups in the blended fabrics treated with plasma (-OH, -COOH) was examined by FT-IR analysis. SEM and an optical microscope confirmed that the blended fabric had undergone surface deformation due to plasma treatment. The hydrophilicity of the Viscose-Cotton blended fabric was enhanced by plasma treatment and consequently, the maximum dye exhaustion of 85% (C.I. Reactive Red 195) and 65% (C.I. Reactive Blue 21) was reached. The degree of color levelness was determined through extensive experimental tests using an instrumental method and color difference (ΔE) data. Additionally, utilizing the image J software enabling the analysis of images, the levelness of colored blended fabric was further measured. The levelness values for the untreated viscose-cotton blended fabric dyed with C.I. Reactive Red 195 and C.I. Reactive Blue 21 were 4.11 and 4.26, respectively. After 6 min of plasma treatment, the viscose-cotton (50/50) blended fabric exhibited excellent levelness with values between 4.94 and 4.91. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of green processes for sustainable recycled dyeing is key to reducing the energy consumption and environmental harm caused by traditional textile dyeing. In this study, an easy fabrication process was used to obtain ZIF-8-modified cotton fabrics with a more uniform nanoparticle distribution. Furthermore, from the view point of green and clean dyeing and finishing, acid dyes could be adsorbed to modified cotton fabrics without consuming water, heat and discharging residual dyeing liquid, and it could also be used in batik to depict specific patterns. At the same time, the modified cotton fabrics had excellent UV protection and antibacterial effect while maintaining air and moisture permeability. During the adsorption of acid dyes, the modified fabric showed greater adsorption properties for the larger and more hydrophobic acid dye molecules during the adsorption of acid dyes,. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the fabrics for acid red G and weak acid purple 4BNS were 6.21 mg·g-1 and 9.26 mg·g-1, respectively. The residual dyeing solution could be recycled to reduce wastewater discharge and environmental pressure. The prepared fabric had a UPF value of 44.695, indicating a good UV protection effect. The antibacterial activity of the modified fabrics was 94.11% against Escherichia coli and 94.30% against Staphylococcus aureus. This study provided a good idea for textile cleaning and dyeing. It not only increased the scope of the dyes used for dyeing cotton fabrics, but also provided a new strategy for the green and sustainable development of cellulosic fiber fabric dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye is a substance that imparts colour onto textiles, fabrics, paper, leather, etc. and is not altered by washing, heating, and light. Dyes were extracted from plants, animals, and minerals until synthetic dyes came to the market, as synthetic dyes were more stable, readily available, and inexpensive. Despite being extremely important to the economy, they have been among the most significant global polluters. Textile dye industries have become the chief source of water pollution, with their effluents increasing the turbidity of water and reducing photosynthesis and dissolved oxygen levels. This leads to significant damage to aquatic biodiversity, threatening the survival of many species. Synthetic dyes have carcinogenic, mutagenic, and genotoxic effects on animals and human beings, posing a severe health risk. The degradation of dyes is essential for ensuring the sustainability of the environment for future generations. The traditional physicochemical means of dye treatment are not convenient because of the high solubility in water, cost of method utilisation and other disadvantages related to these techniques. To overcome the disadvantages of physicochemical treatment, biological methods or bioremediation can be used as an alternative. The objective of this review article is to study the mechanisms involved in the degradation of textile dyes by bacteria to obtain sustainable, economically and ecologically sound solutions for dye treatment. This paper will explain the various types of natural and synthetic dyes utilised in the textile industry, their chemistry, and how they affect water and soil ecosystems. The treatment of textile dye by various physicochemical methods and their advantages and disadvantages are also discussed. In bioremediation, the microorganisms utilize organic pollutants as a source of food or energy. Bioremediation uses biosorption and enzymatic activity for dye degradation, which does not disturb natural processes and is thus sustainable. The microorganisms secrete crucial extracellular and intracellular enzymes that carry out decolourisation and degradation through a series of events, which include hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis. We will discuss how aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms degrade these textile dyes through the process of biodegradation and bioaugmentation and how this technology provides a clean and eco-friendly method for removing textile dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betanin (Bn), a natural dye in the Betalains family, predominantly takes on a cationic form known as Bn+. However, it exists in a neutral state as Bn_C2, Bn_C15, and Bn_C17 by losing an H+ from one of its carboxylic acids. Density functional theory (DFT) and Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) studies evaluate the efficiency of each betanin form and pinpoint the most probable anchoring point to TiO2. The Bn_C17 variant stands out as a highly promising candidate for DSSC cells, demonstrating a distinctive combination of electron injection efficiency, electrochemical performance, hole transport capabilities, and photovoltaic behavior. Considering factors like adsorption energy, binding mode, structural compatibility, electronic properties, and absorption characteristics, Bn_C17@TiO2 emerges as the most favorable dye@TiO2 complex among the studied betanin forms for DSSC applications. Contrastingly, the C2‐COOH anchoring point presents challenges with monodentate binding, a different orientation, and potential load distribution issues. This behavior, resembling that of a p‐type dye, differs from the n‐type behavior exhibited by the C15‐COOH and C17‐COOH forms, making the latter two more suitable as sensitizers. Consequently, C2‐COOH may not be the optimal anchoring point for TiO2 in the investigated betanin forms, especially when compared to the more favorable C17‐COOH anchoring point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review explored the potential of cola acuminata (cola-nut) as a natural and eco-friendly dye source for textiles, taking into account its characteristics, and prospective applications on textile materials. Moreover, the review discusses the various techniques used to extract the dye from cola acuminata, the dye yield, the compound responsible for the color yield of the cola, its various applications, and prospect for sustainable management. There has been limited research on the sustainability of cola acuminata dye extract where there has also been a growing interest in the use of natural dye in the textile industry. Additionally, the production and use of synthetic dyes have been associated with several environmental issues, including water pollution, waste generation, carbon emissions, as well as health related problems for textile workers, particularly in developing countries. However, the dye extract of cola acuminata has been found to possess good color fastness properties and has proven to be a sustainable alternative to synthetic dye since it contains tannins, which are a type of polyphenolic compound that can be used as a natural dye. The tannins in the extract have been shown to have flavonoids properties, so that textiles dyed with the extract may be very resistant to microbial growth. Although, the tannin content of the seeds has been reported to be higher than that of some cola such as cola nitida, despite its lower dye yield. Moreso, the review emphasized on the importance of continued research in this field to optimize the dyeing process and contribute also to the enhancement of sustainable practice in the textile sector. It further provides valuable insights into the potential applications of cola acuminata dye extract particularly in the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handmade carpets are of high importance in culture and art and play a vital role in economy. These days, there is a great desire to produce handmade carpets by using natural materials and methods. Traditionally, in the production of Iranian handmade carpets, natural raw materials such as dyes and fibers have been used. Natural fibers like wool, cotton, and silk cannot typically be dyed using only natural colors. They require metal salt compounds as mordants for improving their fastness properties, promoting dye adsorption on the fibers, and providing a range of colors. In order to prepare a completely eco-friendly carpet, metal and toxic mordants should be replaced by herbal ones. This paper attempts to investigate the red color gamut of wool yarns achieved through a clean dyeing method with madder using biomordants instead of metallic mordants. To this aim, various concentrations of madder were applied on wool yarns pre-mordanted with different concentrations of mineral mordants and biomordants. The results showed that, in addition to the light, wash, and rubbing fastness properties, biomordants were able to match the color gamut of wool yarns pre-mordanted with mineral mordants and dyed with madder. As a result, clean production of Iranian handmade carpets in the shade of red color is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of the dye extracted from the fruits of the alien invasive plant staghorn sumac (lat. Rhus typhina) as a sustainable and environmentally friendly colorant. By using a range of solvents, including distilled water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetonitrile, acetone, and dichloromethane, this study aims to determine the optimum solvent for the extraction of anthocyanin dyes from the fruit of staghorn sumac for the formulation of printing inks and for screen printing on paper and cotton fabric. The colors of the prints made with different dye extracts varied between more or less intense brownish-yellow hues, with the exception of the dye extracts in methanol and ethanol, which gave more brownish-orange hues. All prints showed excellent resistance to rubbing on cotton fabrics as well as to wet ironing. The light fastness of prints made with inks containing dyes extracted from all organic solvents was very good. Good wash fastness of prints on cotton fabrics was only achieved with inks made with dyes extracted in propanol and dichloromethane. The ink made from the dye extracted in propanol proved to be the best choice for printing on cotton fabric due to its uniform, intense, and resilient prints, while the inks made from the dyes extracted in distilled water and ethanol were also a good choice for printing on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry is a pillar of the manufacturing sector worldwide, but it still represents a significantly polluting production sector since it is energy-, water- and natural resource-intensive. Herein, waste wool that did not meet the technical requirements to be used for yarns and fabrics was recovered first to prepare materials for wastewater remediation, specifically for phosphate removal. The wool underwent an alkaline treatment, eventually saturated with FeCl3 and then left at room temperature or thermally treated to induce crosslinking/stabilisation, obtaining adsorbent panels. The main characterisation findings concerned the impact of alkaline treatment on morphology and structure; additionally, the samples with iron displayed a behaviour attributable to a crosslinking effect operated by Fe3+. Batch experiments showed that only samples with iron were efficient in phosphate adsorption, with a high removal percentage obtained in a wide pH range. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were investigated, suggesting a complex system of interactions. Moreover, during the alkaline treatment necessary to prepare such wool-derived adsorbent panels, a significant amount of wool hydrolysates left in the solution was produced. These substances, in view of zero-waste procedures, were isolated and re-employed as dyeing auxiliaries. Preliminary results demonstrated that the wool hydrolysates enabled the dyeing of cotton with natural dyes, which is generally a tricky process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article, it is reported the preparation and characterisation of four types of blended cotton‐polyester based textile materials in different dye ratios with four kinds of natural dyes of agro waste (walnut shell, onion peel) and wildflowers (tansy, Hypericum) with/without mordants as antibacterial and antifungal species for shoe materials. The dyed samples were spectrophotometrically measured and the results were obtained as colour strength (K/S) as well as CIELab values. As a result, dyed fabrics with natural dyes showed yellow, grey, orange and brown colours. With the help of a mordant, aluminium‐potassium, the dyed fabrics obtained natural, not distorted shades of these colours, and with the addition of copper sulphate, they showed changing yellow to light green, orange to dark red, grey to a darker shade of grey and brown to a darker colour. The dyed samples were tested for colour fastness to circle rubbing and satisfactory results were found. The fabrics dyed only with natural dyes and treated with natural dye and mordants were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The results indicated that fabrics treated with these natural dyes and mordants had excellent antibacterial and antifungal activity. All natural dyes and mordants used in this study were the most effective and showed the maximum inhibition zone, indicating the best antimicrobial and antifungal activity against tested microbes. The results showed that all these natural dyes can provide some antibacterial and antifungal activity on mixed fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficulty of dyeing is a disturbing problem for the various application of polyimide fabrics. Alkali treatment has been widely used as a preliminary step before dyeing, denoted as a two‐bath method. With more attention being paid to energy resources, this work aims to explore more economical and environmentally friendly dyeing technology, combining the alkali treatment and the dyeing process together, named a one‐bath method. Surprisingly, the K/S value of the one‐bath dyed fabric is much higher than that of the two‐bath sample, in which the red colour value is enhanced by 59.9% for the one‐bath sample. As for the effect of dyeing on the physical properties, the two‐step method has been demonstrated to exert more severe damage on the fibre, with lower crystallinity and tensile strength. To explain such results, it is deduced that when alkali is added together with dyes, it can play a bridge role between the dyes and the fibre, anchoring the dyes wherever the alkali can permeate. Furthermore, 17.25 J of the energy is calculated to be saved for the dyeing of 60 g of fabric, which is very inspiring for large‐scale application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study's relevance is determined by the current desire to reduce the negative environmental impact of the textile industry. The study aims to develop and optimise dyeing processes using natural dyes in the textile industry. Results: The process of dye transfer from solution to Bombyx mori natural silk fibre can be divided into three successive kinetic stages. The first stage involves the adsorption of dye molecules on the active surface of the fibre, the second, their diffusion deep into the fibre towards its centre, and the third, the uniform distribution of dye molecules along the fibre starting from its centre. It is noticed that diffusion at the third stage slows down significantly, and the third stage lasts much longer than the first and second stages. The analysis of experimental data on dye concentration over time on dyed materials and their comparison with hypothetical data will make it possible to establish time intervals for each stage of the process and diffusion coefficients for each of them. Conclusion: This study has practical implications as it may contribute to more efficient and sustainable dyeing of textile materials using natural dyes, helping to reduce the negative environmental impact of the textile industry, and contributing to our knowledge of diffusion and dyeing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clothing and textile industries are major contributors to environmental pollution including textile manufacturing through garment production, spinning, weaving, and dyeing. In this context, the sustainability textile industry is a big challenge and contributes to serving a large segment of society. Also, textile wastes could be used as a raw material for added-value products. Herein, in this study, recycling of residues fabric was treated with antimicrobial nanocomposite to reach the best use of exhausts and obtain multifunction products of aesthetic via the technical design of the waste raw materials. Besides, solving the unemployment problem by opening fields for small industry projects capable of producing high-value textile artifacts, especially when treated against microbes, can be applied to home furnishings. The waste fabric was treated via green synthesis nanocomposite based on chitosan and in situ prepared ZnONPs and cross-linked with tannic acid. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized using physicochemical analysis including attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, the nanocomposite and treated fabric topographical behavior were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attachment with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and images were processed to evaluate the roughness structure. Additionally, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were performed to ensure the size and stability of the nanocomposite. The obtained results affirmed the green synthesis of nanocomposite with a size around 130 nm, as well as the doped ZnONPs average size of 26 nm and treated waste fabric, performed a promising attraction between nanocomposite and fabric fibers. Moreover, the antimicrobial study observed excellent activity of nanocomposite against bacteria and unicellular fungi as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyacrylate materials are widely used in textile adhesives, functional finishing agents, architectural coatings, and other fields. In order to improve their hydrophobicity and flexibility, a novel fluorinated polysiloxane was prepared by acid catalyzed bulk ring opening reaction with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4v), and methyltrifluoropropylcyclotrisiloxane (D3F), and its structure was characterized. Then, as a modified monomer, the fluorinated polysiloxane modified polyacrylates was prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The effects of fluorinated polysiloxane monomers with different vinyl content and molecular weight on the properties of emulsion, film structure and film hydrophobicity were studied. The results showed that when using fluorinated polysiloxane monomer with Mn = 6235, vinyl content of 0.33 mmol/g, and fluorine content of 7.40 mmol/g for modification, the water contact angle on the surface of the adhesive film reached 100.4°, and the water absorption rate was 8.1%, resulting in the best effect. Used for textile printing, the color fastness to dry and wet friction after fabric printing could reach level 4, and the hand feel was soft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, consumer preferences have begun to turn back to natural dyes, whereas synthetic dyes have been pushed into the background over the previous 60 years. This is a result of increased knowledge of the potential hazards associated with the creation of synthetic dyes, which use raw materials derived from petrochemicals and involve intense chemical interactions. Such dyes need a lot of energy to produce, and their negative effects on the environment increase pollution. It has been discovered that several of these dyes, particularly the azo-based ones are carcinogenic. On the contrary, natural dyes are getting more attention from scientists and researchers as a result of their several advantages like being eco-friendly, biodegradable and renewable, sustainable, available in nature, having no disposal problems, minimizing the consumption of fossil fuel, anti-bacterial, insect repellent, and anti-allergic, anti-ultraviolet, intensify dyeing and finishing process efficiency, less expensive, and no adverse effects on human health and environment. However, there are also some drawbacks, like poor fastness properties, natural dye printing for bulk production, difficulties in reproducibility of shades, and so forth. Despite all these limitations, the demand for natural dyes is increasing significantly in textile industries because they offer far more safety than synthetic dyes. This study provides an overall concept of the natural dyes in textile printing. It illustrates parameters of printing performance, methods, and techniques of extraction of natural dyes, printing methods, and printing of natural and synthetic fibers. Finally, this study describes the challenges and future prospects of natural dyes in textile printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The art of dyeing fabrics is one of the oldest human activities. In order to improve the fastness properties of dyeing products, various additives are added to optimize the uniformity of fibers and surfaces and improve dye distribution. Unfortunately, these additives can be harmful and very often are not biodegradable. This article reports on the possibility of using a natural additive for dyeing textiles: a polysaccharide extracted from the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica). One type of fabric was tested, silk, with different colors. Several samples were prepared and dyed for each color, adding the same additives but also a commercial chemical aid for one of them and the mucilage of Opuntia for another. The fastness of the applied dyes was evaluated by washing at different temperatures with a common liquid detergent. All samples were analyzed before and after washing with a colorimeter to evaluate the color changes. The results of the analyses reported and compared indicate the potential of prickly pear mucilage as an additive for dyeing silk, which is easily accessible, safe, and sustainable compared to other commonly used additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize thin hybrid films on polyurethane-coated knitted fabrics and to achieve satisfactory color fastness to artificial light. Sol–gel-derived hybrid thin films were deposited via the dip-coating of 3-glycidoxypropiltrimethoxysilane. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowders were added to compensate for the insufficient aging resistance, which manifests itself in low color fastness and is one of the most frequent complaints from manufacturers of coated marine fabrics (yachts, boats, etc.). The optimum processing conditions were determined by varying the concentration of precursors and auxiliaries, the mass concentration of TiO2 and ZnO nanopowders, the drawing speed, and the methods and process of fabric treatment. The hybrid films were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total internal reflection, while Spectraflash SF 300 investigated color fastness. After 300 h of exposure in a xenon chamber, the thin hybrid films showed good color fastness and good resistance to washing cycles. The sol–gel treatment proved to be a successful answer to the manufacturers' need for the post-treatment of polyurethane-coated knitted fabrics against UV radiation for use in the marine sector (yachts, speedboats, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, waste management is gaining popularity to reduce the environmental impact made by human beings. There is a dire need to decrease the pollution caused by plastic materials. A gradual rise in the demand for polyester bottles has generated a need to recycle these materials. In the present work, an aromatic amine (4,4′‐(1,4‐phenylenebis(1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐5,2‐diyl)) dianiline) was prepared from the polyester bottle waste. The successful synthesis and chemical structure of the amine was confirmed by various characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and 13C NMR. The amine was diazotized and coupled with H‐acid (4‐amino‐5‐hydroxy‐2,7‐naphthalene disulfonic acid)‐treated wool fabric to generate acid dye in situ on the fabric. The coloration (L*, a*, b*, and K/S) and fastness properties of dyed wool were evaluated, and the samples were further analyzed for antibacterial and UV‐protective properties. The dyed wool was also characterized by FTIR to confirm the presence of the aromatic group of the dye. The introduction of dye structure on the wool increased the thermal stability of the fabric, which was confirmed through thermogravimetric analysis analysis. Antibacterial activity (>70%) and excellent UV protection were retained by dyed wool after 20 washes. Furthermore, the dyed wool was found nontoxic under the cytotoxicity evaluation test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many chemicals such as sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, synthetic dyes, oxidants, mordanting and softening agents used in clothing manufacture play a significant role in the pollution of global water resources. In view of cleaner technology, this article reviewed the effect of plasma pre-treatment on the dyeability of cotton fabric using a cleaner salt-free process. Greige cotton fabric was treated with diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) in air or nitrogen prior to the dyeing process. Three textile dyes are used in this work, reactive orange 16, direct red 81 and natural dye Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Chitosan (CS) and quaternized poly[bis(2-chloroethyl) ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea (PQ-2) were used as cationic polymers to substitute the salt. The effect of the different treatments on the properties of the textile samples and the dyeing process was evaluated using scanning electon microscopy (SEM), ATR-FTIR, tearing strength and colorimetric measurements. The levelness and fastness properties of the obtained cotton samples were also assessed. The treated samples showed interesting colorimetric values proving the enhancement of the dye uptake without the involvement of salt or harmful additives and exhibited significant antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses a pervasive global threat to humanity, and regrettably, the textile industry stands as the second-largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions due to its large supply chain. Pollution involves various sub-sectors, including water pollution, where urea emerges as a hazardous chemical detrimental to both human health and aquatic life. This research is dedicated to fostering a sustainable, urea-free approach in the printing of cotton fabric by altering the reactive printing recipe and methodology. Three modified trial recipes (T1, T2, T3) and one controlled conventional recipe (C) were tested. The C included sodium alginate (2%), urea (15%), and sodium bicarbonate (2.5%). In contrast, the modified recipe trials incorporated polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) in the replacement of urea. A total of four recipes (one C and three modified T1 with 1% PEG 400, T2 with 2% PEG 400, T3 with 3% PEG 400 in the printing paste recipes) were examined using two monochlorotrizaine reactive dyes (Reactive C.I. Red 45, Reactive C.I. Violet 01). Characterization like shade variation, dye penetration into the fabric, sharpness of the edges, tinting on the adjacent white fabric, acidic and alkaline perspiration fastness, washing fastness, rubbing fastness, and fabric hardness, affirmed that T2 recipe yielded the best results in fabric testing, cost reduction, and water pollution reduction while increase in the PEG 400 concentration from 2 to 3% have no significant change in the overall results. This research is a contribution in sustainable reactive printing of cellulosic cotton fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cotton is the most common polymer in daily life, its limited use is due to its propensity to catch fire. To solve this issue, we developed an innovative flame‐retardant aluminum phosphate‐supported, chitosan‐linked expandable graphite composite (CAlPEG). The CAlPEG was synthesized by the reaction of natural graphite, aluminum phosphate, and chitosan biopolymer in a one‐pot method. When CAlPEG was coated with cotton fabric and exposed to continuous flame, the fabric did not catch fire up to 760 s, whereas only expandable graphite (EG), aluminum phosphate (AIP), and CS, coated cotton fabric burned within 20 s. Flame‐retardant proficiency of CAlPEG‐coated cloth was confirmed by flame tests such as a limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical flammability test. The blank cotton has 17% LOI and is completely burnt out. On the other hand, the as‐prepared composite has a 43% LOI rating, which denotes a high level of flame retardancy. The VFT test result showed the formation of a 3 cm char, which confirms the flame‐retardant material possesses self‐extinguishing qualities. The article develops a new method for utilizing bioresources such as chitosan and offers fresh perspectives on the environmentally friendly synthesis of phosphorylated EG‐linked chitosan on the AlPO4 matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fiber derived from the pseudo-stem of the banana plant is the subject of this investigation. It describes the processes involved in creating pseudo-stem fiber from bananas, such as fiber extraction, retting, and degumming. Banana fiber has been separated using per-acetic acid. To evaluate the efficacy of the process, the fiber's appearance and form have been altered. A homogeneous, spotless surface was observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy. Weight loss is the outcome of the treatment and absorbency increases. 3.66% of the weight loss is attributed to the per-acetic acid treatment. The fiber's average diameter was reduced 81.9% compared to the raw fiber. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was utilized to assess the chemical changes brought about by the treatment, which verified the presence of cellulose in the fiber. The separated fibers were colored using natural dyes, which were then assessed based on how well they characterized the color. The results demonstrated the use of natural colors derived from extracts of madder and myrobalan. The standard test indicates that ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) exhibits strong resistance to light, washing, and rubbing fastness, making it a viable mordant for achieving brown to black color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin health and protection are paramount in the pursuit of well‐being and beauty. In this study, we introduce an innovative approach to develop skin protectant agents by nanocomposites derived from natural sources, involves the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using squash plant mucilage (SqM), and their integration with nano chitosan (NCht) to create a stable, antimicrobial and efficacious composite. The interactions between nanomaterials were proved via infra‐red analysis and electron microscopy. The SqM‐biosynthesized SeNPs had 11.47 nm diameter. Different blends were nanocomposited from NCht and SqM/SeNPs; the NC‐2 nanocomposite (with equal ratios from them) had mean diameter of 241.38 nm and negatively charged. The antimicrobial actions of produced nanomaterials/nanocomposites were validated against skin pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, using antimicrobial assays and electron microscopy. The most effectual antimicrobial was NC‐2; the loading of it onto cotton textile provided potent antimicrobial fabrics toward both skin pathogens. The innovative biosynthesis of SeNPs using SqM and their nanocompositing with NCht provided pioneering powerful antimicrobial complexes to control skin pathogens, either through direct interaction or by fabricating hygienic antimicrobial textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studying the colorimetric characteristics of dyeing cotton fabrics with natural dyes extracted from various plants native to Tajikistan (Saint-John's wort, harmel peganum, woad, oriental plane tree bark, barberry root, rhubarb root). The influence of different mordants (MgCl2, AlCl3, FeCl3, FeSО4, Al2(SО4)2, CuSO4) on basic color characteristics such as lightness and color saturation of the dyed samples is analyzed. Spectrophotometric studies have established that the most significant changes in color characteristics occur when using iron (III) salts, which aligns with the complexing properties of transition metals and the stability of the complexes they form. The research demonstrates that using various mordants allows for obtaining a wide range of additional colors and shades. In the CIELab color system, the locations of the obtained colors are indicated on the a*, b* color chart, and the color gamuts are constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]