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The current research investigates the impact of financial development, digitalization, green trade, manufacturing, and national income on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of six Mediterranean countries (MEDIT-6). The study uses a nonlinear panel quantile regression model with panel data of MEDIT-6 countries from 1994 to 2022. The study asserts that higher financial development will reduce CO2 emissions for MEDIT-6 countries, as it provides more financing options to invest in green energy and potentially curb excessive energy consumption which in turn reduces CO2 emissions. The study also provides evidence that digitalization in MEDIT-6 countries has led to dematerialization, thereby reducing CO2 emissions. Digitalization makes trade and commerce platforms more efficient by facilitating the smooth flow of information and enhancing the efficiency of production processes. The positive relationship between manufacturing and national income and CO2 emissions exhibits a U-shaped pattern, which supports the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The study shows how the MEDIT-6 countries have been successful in promoting financial development and digitalization, which helps reduce their CO2 emissions. However, it also raises concerns for policymakers as promoting developmental activities such as manufacturing is inevitable, but it comes with environmental challenges such as higher CO2 emissions. The current study contributes to the reservoir of existing literature by providing fresh evidence from the Mediterranean region on the impact of financial development and digitalization on CO2 emissions. Highlights: • Policymakers have difficulties since encouraging developmental activities is unavoidable, but it leads to increased CO2 emissions. • Study examines the asymmetric impact of digitization and financial development on CO2 emissions of MEDIT-6 countries. • The MEDIT-6 countries have been effective in advancing digitization and financial development, which lowers their carbon footprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the relationship between information and communications technology (ICT) development and its impact on a country's economy during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study has two primary objectives: (1) to understand how ICT development influences a country's economic resilience during a crisis, and (2) to examine the interrelationships between various country‐level ICT development measures. We use multi‐year, country‐level data made available by the United Nations, the World Bank, and World Health Organization to empirically examine our research model. Partial least squares path analysis is the primary research methodology employed in this study. Our results suggest that ICT development has a positive impact on economic resilience in the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic. In addition, our results specify the interrelationships between individual ICT development measures and economic resilience. This research contributes to the extant body of knowledge on the impact of country‐level ICT development on economy by empirically validating a research model that explores the relationships between the various measures of ICT development and economic resilience of countries during the COVID‐19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How fairly national income is shared is as important as the increase and continuity of national income in ensuring social welfare. Income distribution, which occurs in the market and is described as primary distribution, is often criticized as being unfair. For this reason, the state redistributes income in order to ensure justice in income distribution. One of the most effective tools in redistributing income by the state is transfer expenditures. However, transfer expenditures are carried out in different ways depending on their subtypes, and not all of them have an improving effect on income distribution. Today, ensuring justice in income distribution is a very important goal in both developed and developing countries, and transfer expenditures are among the basic tools used in this direction. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of transfer expenditures on income distribution on a country group basis, based on the Gini coefficient. In this context, it is seen that the share of transfer expenditures in total public expenditures is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. It has also been determined that the share of social aid in transfer expenditures is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. It is seen that the transfer expenditures of countries and the shares allocated to their subtypes are reflected in the Gini coefficients. Accordingly, income distribution in developed countries has a more egalitarian structure than in developing countries. In country-specific evaluations, the reflection of the share of social expenditures on the Gini coefficients is directly proportional to what is expected in theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The round sardinella, Sardinella aurita, is the most important species in the North Sinai fisheries; it represents about 85 % of the total catch in the North Sinai fisheries, yet the fishing activities are still based on traditional methods, like gathering information from fellow fishermen. The fishing grounds constantly change due to environmental factors; therefore, determining the potential fishing zones (PFZs) must depend on effective and advanced techniques to monitor the optimal (PFZs) for Sardinella aurita along the North Sinai coastal zone. This study integrated the daily Sentinel-3 satellite's remotely sensed data, advanced digital imagery processing techniques, and fish yield data obtained from the General Authority for Fish Resources Development (GAFRD) for Sardinella aurita in the North Sinai fisheries during 2021 to build a suitable model for determining, monitoring, and predicting the other optimal (PFZs) for Sardinella aurita along the North Sinai coastal zone. The results confirmed that, regarding the total catch of Sardinella aurita in 2021, the highest catch reached 73, 68, and 47 tons in April, December, and November, respectively, while the lowest catch reached 6 tons in January. The predicted PFZs resulting from the model are estimated to be 7 times more than the fishing grounds where fishermen currently fish. Moreover, the results confirmed the strong linkage between Sardinella aurita abundance and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration with sea surface temperature (SST). This study highlighted the importance of using remotely sensed data to help increase the national income from the fisheries sector by determining and predicting new fishing zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IMPACT: This article presents novel analyses of the income sources of National Health Service (NHS) acute trusts in England. The results suggest that there are variations according to deprivation in the extent of private financial resources available to NHS institutions. They suggest a need to open up discussions about how best to mitigate spatial differences in the charitable and private patient income of NHS trusts, particularly if these sources of income grow in importance going forward. The article provides—for the first time—an analysis of spatial variation in the income sources of National Health Service (NHS) acute trusts in England. It shows that, compared to trusts serving less deprived communities, trusts serving more deprived communities receive a lower proportion of income from charitable sources; and that trusts serving deprived communities also receive a lower proportion of income from private patients. The study serves to provide evidence of spatial inequality in the private resources that support local public institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax is one of the main sources of national income in Indonesia, playing a crucial role in supporting the country's finances and development. For companies, tax is considered a financial burden that can reduce profits. Therefore, companies tend to engage in legal tax planning, known as tax avoidance, to reduce the tax burden. This study aims to examine the influence of independent board of directors, audit committee, and leverage on tax avoidance in healthcare sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2018-2022. The sampling method used is purposive sampling, resulting in 12 companies out of a total of 33 companies in the population. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with the assistance of IBM SPSS version 29. The results show that leverage has an effect on tax avoidance, while independent board of directors and audit committee do not affect tax avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are differences in preferences for redistribution between right- and left-wing voters amplified because of misperceptions of inequality? To address this question, we conduct three nationally representative, randomized survey experiments with 7020 Australians, in which respondents are informed about either the level of national inequality and economic mobility, their position in the national income distribution, or given no information. We show that correcting misperceptions of inequality reduces the gap in support for redistribution between right-wing and left-wing voters by between 21 to 37 percent. This is predominantly due to right-wing voters, who held more inaccurate priors, increasing their support for redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Historian John Hiden once called pre-WWI Latvia "the Belgium of the East" due to its highly advanced manufacturing, serving the Russian market. The independent Latvian nation-state (1918–1940) lost this status together with the industrial equipment, evacuated in 1915–1916 to mainland Russia and never returned. Inter-war Latvia did attempt to "Denmarkize", i.e., to become an internationally important exporter of food and to re-industrialize. Both its economic success and growth performance are severely contested. According to Roses and Wolf (in: Broadberry S, O'Rourke KH (eds) The Cambridge economic history of modern Europe, vol 2. 1870 to the present. Cambridge UP, Cambridge, pp 183–207, 2010), Latvia's GDP per capita growth rate was the highest among the European countries in 1929–1938. According to the most authoritative expatriate Latvian account by Aizsilnieks (Latvijas saimniecības vēsture, 1914–1945. Daugava, Stockholm, 1968), the growth stagnated in the years of the authoritarian Karlis Ulmanis regime (1934–1940). Roses and Wolf estimates are indirect. Aizsilnieks grounds his conclusions in the methodologically outdated national income estimates from inter-war times. This paper resolves the controversy by providing direct supply-side time series of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 1920–1939, based on a benchmark estimate of Latvia's GDP in 1935 by Norkus et al. (Cliometrica, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-022-00260-x, 2022). Main findings: The economic growth continued after 1934, but it was not Europe´s top growth performer in 1929–1938. However, in 1922–1938, its growth performance was the best, also due to a very low baseline after the extreme war-related economic destruction. The "Denmarkization" process was only partially successful because agricultural productivity remained low, and the re-industrialization was mainly import-substitution. We also did find that since 1936, Latvia's GDP per capita grew with substantial stagnation of the sectoral share of agriculture and a re-shift from services to manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We offer an updated and comprehensive review of recent studies on the impacts of climate change, particularly global warming, on poverty and inequality, paying special attention to data sources as well as empirical methods. While studies consistently find negative impacts of higher temperatures on poverty across different geographical regions, with higher vulnerability especially in poorer Sub‐Saharan Africa, there is inconclusive evidence on climate change impacts on inequality. Further analyzing a recently constructed global database at the subnational unit level derived from official national household income and consumption surveys, we find that temperature change has larger impacts in the short term and more impacts on chronic poverty than transient poverty. The results are robust to different model specifications and measures of chronic poverty and are more pronounced for poorer countries. Our findings offer relevant inputs into current efforts to fight climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subjective wellbeing (SWB) and health are important facets of any person's life, and they tend to influence each other. This importance is reflected in the vastness of literature aiming to explore this association. However, most of this literature is based on sampling national population which may present different population characteristics to those of a province. Thus, the paper aims to investigate if the association between perceived health and SWB is moderated by population characteristics at a provincial level. We intend to add value to subjective wellbeing and health literature by reviewing the relationship between SWB and health in the Eastern Cape stratified by age, gender, rural and urban and different income classifications. Methods: Different population characteristics tend to associate to subjective wellbeing and health differently, therefore influencing how these two variables influence each other. Thus, the paper aims to investigate if the association between perceived health and SWB is moderated by population characteristics at a provincial level. Utilising the South African National Income Dynamics Survey from 2008 to 2017, this study examined the relationship between subjective wellbeing and health using a random effects model stratified according to aforementioned population characteristics. Results: A better perceived health status is associated with higher subjective wellbeing. A better subjective wellbeing is also associated with a higher health status. Determinants of subjective wellbeing and health associate with these variables differently besides income and employment which led to higher subjective wellbeing and health. Health associates to subjective wellbeing different across populations characteristics. Conclusion: Subjective wellbeing and health are interdependent as reflected in the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nation (UN) statements. Higher income and level of education and being employed is associated with both higher SWB and health. Therefore, improving these economic outcomes maybe associated with an improvement in well-being and health as desired by WHO and UN. Provinces differ, and different population characteristics tend to associate with subjective wellbeing and health differently, therefore influencing how these two variables influence each other. Health improvement policies must consider subjective wellbeing. Well-being improvement policies need to be cognisant of the differences in provincial and population characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This analysis can guide national science policy for enhancing research in blockchain, privacy, and cybersecurity. Policymakers can use the findings to allocate resources effectively. For blockchain and cybersecurity research, countries might focus on economic development and research funding. To boost privacy research, nations could strengthen democratic institutions alongside economic factors. International organizations could use this analysis to identify high-potential countries for targeted support. This study examines the factors influencing scientific productivity in blockchain, privacy, and cybersecurity research across countries. While previous research has explored the determinants of general scientific output, less is known about the patterns of influence in these technological fields, which have been dominantly studied with a bibliometric focus. Using regression models, we analyze the impact of economic, political, educational, and social factors on the publication rates in these domains. Data from international databases on country-level indicators and scientific publications form the basis of our analysis. The results show that Gross National Income per capita is the strongest predictor of research output across all the fields studied. Research spending as a percentage of GDP also demonstrates a consistent positive relationship with publication rates. However, the impact of the factors varies across fields. This research provides insights for policymakers and institutions aiming to enhance research capabilities in these critical areas of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world experienced an unprecedented health shock (COVID-19) which caught everyone by surprise, and destabilized many sectors, especially the agri-food sector. This unpleasant situation caused upset in the food production and distribution chain, and continues to threaten the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 2 which underscores zero hunger in society. Many people in South Africa were disproportionately affected with severe consequences on their livelihood activities, food security status, health status, and general welfare conditions; and as a result, social relief intervention was put in place or expanded. This study examined the factors influencing rural households’ food security status among the recipients of social relief grants in rural areas of South Africa. The study used a secondary dataset from Wave 5 of National Income Dynamics Study - Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM). The research applied descriptive statistics to describe the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, and pattern of income flow. Food Insecurity Access Scale was employed to investigate the respondents’ food security status, while multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the determinants of food security. The results showed that the majority of the respondents were black (99%), female-headed (54.15%), dwelling in flats (74.01%), with secondary education (88.6%), and heavily dependent on government grants (58.61%). Also, most households were food secure (71.69%) during the pandemic. Moreover, households headed by men were more food secure (62.84%) compared to the ones headed by the female counterparts (37.08). Multinomial regression estimates revealed that formal education (p<0.1), employment status (p<0.05), dwelling type (p<0.01), as well as household size (p<0.01) significantly determined rural households’ food security status. The study concluded that social relief grants significantly reduced the food insecurity situation among the rural households in South Africa, and recommended that the government should ensure the continuation of the social relief of distress grant to the vulnerable people who are mostly domiciled in the rural areas, especially women who are disproportionately affected by these health shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Survey highlights the role of urbanisation as a growth engine for Indonesia. With the country's economy growing steadily, including by 5.11% in the first quarter of 2024, this Survey highlights the vital contribution of urban productivity to national income. Despite growth driven by non-tradable sectors and relatively strong consumption patterns due to Idul Fitri and general election events, urbanised areas face problems that hinder their productivity. Constraints in urbanisation—such as congestion, housing and pollution—decrease urban potential. Further, this Survey discusses institutional policies and alternative urban financing to improve urban productivity and foster sustainable urban development to help strengthen national economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally Agriculture sector is a back-bone for Indian economy. It allows for economic expansion, increased revenues, and the fulfillment of food demand. Here, the present study has undergone the relationship between the Agricultural productivity and the economy growth of BIMSTEC countries. The BIMSTEC member countries consist of 7 nations namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Srilanka, Myanmar, Nepal and Thailand. From the analysis, Bhutan and Nepal had better performance on economy. Because, in those countries maximum number of peoples are involving in various agriculture & allied activities and making the economy growth. Through this unemployment rate, GDP, National Income and Exchange Rate are raising. The finding of the study shows that agricultural sector is significant and has a greater influence in the economy growth of GDP, National Income and Exchange Rate. So the study insight to increase the production on the agricultural sector and to have a maximum growth on economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a trade model with (1) intermediate inputs, (2) link commodities, and (3) Keynesian unemployment. The model has linear input coefficients, stable commodity prices, and short‐run adjustment of the quantity supplied on the occasion of demand changes, making it compatible with international input–output tables and analysis. Given production techniques, labor endowments, upper limits of unemployment rates, markup rates, and final demand in each country, this model specifies feasible trade patterns and determines commodity prices, wage rates, gross outputs, employment/unemployment rates, national income, income distribution, and trade volumes/values for each pattern. Starting with a two‐country, three‐commodity case, this model expands to a multi‐country, multi‐commodity case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

UK top income shares have varied hugely over the past two centuries, ranging from more than 30% to less than 7% of pre‐tax national income allocated to the top 1 percentile. We build a congruent dynamic linear regression model of the top 1% income share allowing for economic, political and social factors. Saturation estimation is used to model outliers and trend breaks, proxying underlying structural changes driving income inequality in the UK. We use the model to forecast the top 1% income share over the last 15 years, and compare to a range of forecast devices. Despite a well‐specified constant parameter model conditioning on significant explanatory variables, the best performing forecasts are obtained from a random walk and a smoothed random walk. These results are explained by the presence of shifts in the income share over the forecast period, resulting in forecasts from equilibrium correction models converging to the wrong equilibrium. Our best prediction for 2026 based on the most recent data from 2021 (a 5‐year ahead projection) is that the pre‐tax top 1% income share will remain at the most recent realized value of 12.7%, but there is a large degree of uncertainty, with a 95% confidence band ranging from 10% to 15.7%. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. David Forbes Hendry received his MSc and PhD from the LSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use doubly robust difference‐in‐differences models to estimate the causal effect of successful coups on national incomes. We find that real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) decreases by 10%–12% 5 years after a coup and the effect has not begun to diminish at that point. When we investigate the economic and political mechanisms behind this outcome, we find that our result is mostly driven by a fall in investment and in the rule of law, along with an increase in repression. Given the size of the effect, preventing coups can be seen as a significant development issue, and though the international community has taken steps to discourage coups, further consideration of anticoup policies seems well‐warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a novel dataset of human capital-weighted population size (HCWP) for 185 countries from 1970 to 2100. HCWP summarizes a population's productive capacity and human capital heterogeneity in a single metric, enabling comparisons across countries and over time. The weights are derived from Mincerian earnings functions applied to multi-country census data on educational attainment. The model used to compute the returns to schooling accounts for the diminishing positive relative relationship between education and wages as the overall education of populations rises. The population weights are adjusted by a skills assessment factor representing differences in education quality across countries and years. HCWP is calculated by applying these adjusted human capital weights to population estimates and projections disaggregated by age, sex and education, spanning the period 1970–2020 and 2020–2100 for five Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios. Validation analyses demonstrate the utility of the new HCWP data in explaining national income trends. As a more comprehensive population measure than basic size and age-sex indicators, HCWP enhances the power of statistical models aimed at the assessment of socioeconomic change impacts and forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has significantly affected global financial markets, requiring investors to adapt their attitudes accordingly. This study aims to explore the transformation of investor attitudes towards financial markets within the context of the Russia–Ukraine conflict. By analysing monthly data spanning from January 2021 to March 2023, including Standard and Poor 500 index, Bitcoin historical price, gross national income, US consumer price index and investor attitude index, various models such as regression, the vector error correction model, generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity and the granger causality model are utilized. The findings reveal a noteworthy and positive impact of investor attitude on returns in both markets. Positive investor sentiment is linked to higher returns and enhanced market confidence. Particularly, investor attitude's influence is particularly pronounced during wartime, as global net income exerts a significant negative effect on both markets. These findings emphasize the necessity of evaluating the financial health of industrial companies prior to making investment decisions amidst periods of conflict. Furthermore, the results provide remarkable guidelines for policymakers and investors, underscoring the necessity of tracking the investor attitudes during wartime and acknowledging their potential impact on investment decision‐making in financial markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicts, whether internal or external, have the ability to increase energy security risks. Given this background, this paper investigates the impact of conflicts on energy security risks in the panel data of 40 major energy-consuming economies from Asia, America, Europe, and Africa by employing the Cross-sectionally augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag model from 1996 to 2021. The results show that the risks to long-term energy security fall with the rise in internal and external conflicts globally and in Asian, American, European, and African economies. However, all regions see decreased long-term energy security risk due to rising financial development. At the same time, national income mitigates energy security risks globally and in American countries. Technological innovation reduces long-term energy security risks globally in Asian, American, and European economies. Conversely, only gross domestic product and technological innovation cause the energy security risks to fall globally and in American economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of technological improvement for economic growth, policies are designed to enhance technological progress. A very common policy approach is to provide incentives to R&D (research and development) activities to improve the possibility of favorable outcomes. This study investigates the impact of R&D incentives on R&D outcomes measured in terms of patent applications and patent grants. The analysis focuses on the data for four sectors from 15 high-income countries covering the 2007 to 2019 period. A U-shaped pattern is observed to dominate the relationship between R&D incentives and R&D outcomes. For incentives to have positive impacts on R&D outcomes, they must be of a considerable portion of the national income. The study also covers the knowledge stocks and the implied spill-overs across sectors. The analysis does not reveal a single sector that generates innovative spill-overs to all the other sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global interpersonal inequality is increasingly driven by inequalities within countries while the role of inequality between countries diminishes. Is this due to globalization? To answer this question, we use comprehensive global panel data at the country-decile-group level for the past half century and exploit the geographic diffusion of liberalization policies to identify the effect of globalization. Across countries, we find that income gains are substantial for countries at early stages of the globalization process, but the 'marginal returns to globalization' diminish as globalization rises, eventually becoming insignificant for the most globalized countries. Within countries, gains from globalization are largest for the richest ten percent of national income distributions, resulting in substantial increases in national income inequalities. A simple quantitative model is consistent with these empirical results. Over the past half century, globalization has promoted a dual trend of income convergence across countries and income divergence within countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTConventional GDP measurements often overlooks the significant contribution of the environment to a country’s long-term economic performance, leading to inaccurate assessments and the concealment of important environmental and economic benefits. The aim of this study is to estimate the level of environmental capital and sustainable income. To determine the contribution of environmental capital to GDP, the concept of the neoclassical growth model was used. This analytical approach begins by defining the two types of capital inputs, such as: human capital and environmental capital used in the production of final goods and services. The study found that the total share of environmental capital in GDP was 32% over the study period, while the contribution of environmental capital to gross national production fell from 39% in 2000 to 29% in 2018. The gap between GDP and sustainable GDP estimate also widened between 2003 and 2011. A comparison between GDP and sustainable GDP shows that environmental resource damage can account for up to 15.5% of GDP, leading to an overestimation of GDP. The decline in the share of environmental capital may have long-term implications for the potential of low-income countries to grow sustainably. Therefore, policymakers need to pay adequate attention to environmental capital investments to ensure the long-term sustainability of the economy. Institutions directly involved in GDP estimation also should have been transformed to a more comprehensive and environmental integrated GDP measurement.

The article explores the causal effect of local climate conditions on household consumption in South Africa. The climatic conditions are represented by monthly average temperature and precipitation. The study utilises the nationally representative 2017 National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS), wave 5 data and 2017 Climate Research Unit (CRU) climate data. The parsimonious quantile regression shows that climatic conditions (precipitation, temperature, wet days, and cloud cover) impact household per capita consumption. The quadratic quantile regression model analysis shows that household per capita consumption is convex in precipitation. Below the turning point, increased precipitation is associated with decreased household per capita consumption. Above the turning point, increased precipitation is related to increased household per capita consumption. Regions that receive very low precipitation or experience extreme temperatures (very cold or very hot) require tailor-made interventions to alleviate consumption. When we control for household characteristics, the impact of climatic conditions on household per capita consumption is weak. Providing inclusive development policies and programmes can mitigate the impact of climatic conditions on household per capita consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Assessing the trends in dietary GHGE considering the social patterning is critical for understanding the role that food systems have played and will play in global emissions in countries of the global south. Our aim is to describe dietary greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) trends (overall and by food group) using data from household food purchase surveys from 1989 to 2020 in Mexico, overall and by education levels and urbanicity. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from 16 rounds of Mexico's National Income and Expenditure Survey, a nationally representative survey. The sample size ranged from 11,051 in 1989 to 88,398 in 2020. We estimated the mean total GHGE per adult-equivalent per day (kg CO2-eq/ad-eq/d) for every survey year. Then, we estimated the relative GHGE contribution by food group for each household. These same analyses were conducted stratifying by education and urbanicity. Results: The mean total GHGE increased from 3.70 (95%CI: 3.57, 3.82) to 4.90 (95% CI 4.62, 5.18) kg CO2-eq/ad-eq/d between 1989 and 2014 and stayed stable between 4.63 (95% CI: 4.53, 4.72) and 4.89 (95% CI: 4.81, 4.96) kg CO2-eq/ad-eq/d from 2016 onwards. In 1989, beef (19.89%, 95% CI: 19.18, 20.59), dairy (16.87%, 95% CI: 16.30, 17.42)), corn (9.61%, 95% CI: 9.00, 10.22), legumes (7.03%, 95% CI: 6.59, 7.46), and beverages (6.99%, 95% CI: 6.66, 7.32) had the highest relative contribution to food GHGE; by 2020, beef was the top contributor (17.68%, 95%CI: 17.46, 17.89) followed by fast food (14.17%, 95% CI: 13.90, 14.43), dairy (11.21%, 95%CI: 11.06, 11.36), beverages (10.09%, 95%CI: 9.94, 10.23), and chicken (10.04%, 95%CI: 9.90, 10.17). Households with higher education levels and those in more urbanized areas contributed more to dietary GHGE across the full period. However, households with lower education levels and those in rural areas had the highest increase in these emissions from 1989 to 2020. Conclusions: Our results provide insights into the food groups in which the 2023 Mexican Dietary Guidelines may require to focus on improving human and planetary health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Previous studies on the effectiveness of capacity building training, drawn from the experience of traditional donors, have been limited in their understanding the impact of the diversity of trainees and the diversity of training on the effectiveness of training. This is particularly problematic given the increasing prevalence of such training and the emergence of new donors with different approaches. Purpose: This article investigates the effectiveness of capacitybuilding training across different participants and different training types, through the case of an emerging donor, the Republic of Korea (Korea). Korea is distinctive and under-researched as a country relatively late to join the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC), with several policies explicitly locating capacity-building training as a diplomatic strategy. Korea has made repeated efforts to diversify participants and types of training to gain a comparative advantage in international development and co-operation. Methods and Approach: The study constructs a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to analyse the effectiveness of training across layers of individual diversity (gender, rank, level of national income and extent of democracy) and group diversity (types of trainings). It draws on survey responses from 789 government officials in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Findings: Training effectiveness differs for diverse participants and training types. Effectiveness tends to decrease as job rank and national income rise, while it increases with the level of democracy. Training that fosters diverse interactions and experiences, such as multi-country training and invitational training, tends to be more effective than other types. Policy Implications: Our results suggest implementing more collaborative and customized training to suit the heterogeneous needs of diverse participants. The results emphasize the need to develop and operate various training types that promote diverse interactions and experiences among participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of unexpected changes in income, both permanent and transitory, on the consumption of Mexican households during the period 2000 - 2016 is analyzed following the methodology developed by Blundell et al. (2008). Specifically, it is estimated which hypothesis is more consistent with the empirical evidence in Mexico: permanent income, complete markets, or partial insurance. The results suggest the presence of partial insurance on consumption in the face of permanent income shocks at the national level, although results are also consistent with the permanent income hypothesis. At the regional level, the coefficients that measure the effect of an income permanent shock on consumption are similar to those estimated at the national level for the north, north central and central regions, and of greater magnitude in the south, although with statistical significance only in the central north and south regions. Regarding temporary shocks, the coefficient of the effect of income shocks on consumption is not statistically significant at the national or regional level, which suggests a consumption smoothing by households in the face of temporary changes in their income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze various determinants of the average price level using a strictly mathematical approach. Starting with the microeconomic perspective, we review the effect of demand shifters such as consumer income and the level of advertising on the average price level in a simple partial market equilibrium model. Then, we discuss the effect of supply shifters such as the exogenous tax level, worker wage, rental rate, and technology. We use implicit differentiation and Jacobian determinants. While government spending triggers inflation, taxes have the opposite effect. This is consistent with Keynesian theory. Money supply increases national income and prices while reducing the equilibrium interest rate. Therefore, money supply has pro-inflationary effects. The effect of money demand is the opposite—it increases the equilibrium interest rate, thereby lowering national income and prices. Augmenting the model to the level of international trade, we find that exports raise national income, the interest rate, and the average price level, while the effect of imports is just the opposite. Government spending raises the exchange rate while continuous inflation lowers it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The purposes of this study are to contribute to the limited green growth (GG) literature in emerging markets, to analyze GG from a financial economy perspective and to determine the contribution of financial development and innovation to GG in Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa and Türkiye (BRICS-T). BRICS-T countries significantly impact the world population, international politics, energy resources and economy. In addition, BRICS-T countries are one of the leading countries in the world with their sustainability efforts. Investigating the GG model in these countries may contribute to structuring emerging economies around the principles of GG and advancing global green transformation efforts. Design/methodology/approach: The authors applied panel data analysis from 2001 to 2019. GG is economic growth free from environmental depletion in the model. National income, personnel expenditure and foreign direct investments are macroeconomic variables. These variables measure economic development and promote economic and social progress, which is essential for GG. Capital accumulation and innovation are essential tools in GG transformation. Therefore, financial development and patent applications represent the moderating variables. The authors estimate the fixed effect model with Parks-Kmenta robust. Findings: Empirical results show that national income growth and foreign direct investments positively affect GG. Personnel expenditure negatively affects GG. On the contrary, financial development and patent growth have little moderating role. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature on creating a GG model in emerging countries. The study is original in its model and sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the sustainable development goal of "no poverty", many attempts have been made to measure poverty so that policy intervention can target the right people with the correct intensity. Since the traditional method of a unidimensional approach using monetary indicators, such as income and consumption, is now considered insufficient, a multidimensional approach has been employed using non-monetary indicators. The latter approach encompasses the different poverty aspects affecting an individual's capabilities and functioning. This study aimed to calculate multidimensional poverty in Pakistan using the Alkire & Foster method and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) published by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics data for 2018–19. To further complete the research, a binary logistic regression has been run to measure the effects of a deviation in income status on multidimensional poverty to see the impact of monetary income on non-monetary measures. Results show that the national global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is 0.24, meaning that multidimensionally poor people in Pakistan experience 24% of the total deprivations. The most deprived dimension of the three is education (44.7%), which needs special attention. Furthermore, if a household's total annual income increases and becomes more significant than the mean income of the sample, the household's probability of being multidimensionally poor will decrease. This implies that with the increase in average national income, the national poverty will reduce not only in absolute terms but also multidimensionally. This study's findings have several implications for policymakers, and the results of the MPI should align the allocation of public sector resources calculated to give a geographical and sectoral image of the poverty situation, which will guide policy designs and allocation of budget and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era of global health awareness for retinoblastoma (RB), the challenge that lies ahead of us is providing optimal care for children affected with RB in underdeveloped nations. The understanding of similarities and disparities between various nations across the world aids in achieving comparable outcomes. With dissolving geographic barriers and evolving collaboration, global collaborative studies on RB are becoming increasingly common. They provide real‐world, robust evidence on several aspects of RB. This review discusses insights gained from global RB studies regarding the demographics, certain aspects of etiopathogenesis and epidemiology, international travel burden, disparities in clinical presentations based on national income levels, management protocols, pathology, treatment outcomes, and the effect of COVID‐19 on RB care across the world. These insights are likely to impact individual practice as well as inform policy reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How the law contributes to economic inequality is the subject of renewed attention, but the legal dimensions of geographic inequality have received much less scrutiny. At its core, geographic inequality is a function of how the national income gets spatially divided between capital and labor. While labor's share of national income has generally declined, workers in rural and distressed communities have suffered most at the expense of capital. Recent empirical research on rural and distressed labor markets reveals an important structural cause: disproportionately high levels of employer market power with weak, if any, countervailing worker power to check it. While federal labor market regulation was intended to prevent this outcome nationally, it has failed these workers and the communities they support, contributing to and reinforcing geographic inequality. The failure of our legal infrastructure erodes economic self-determination in a place-based manner. But it also generates place-specific and place-salient resentment, perceptions of democratic disempowerment, and significant political polarization between spaces of wealth generation and wealth extraction. This Article is the first comprehensive effort to tackle the legal sources of geographic labor market inequality. It documents the convergence of unique labor market failures in rural and distressed labor markets and identifies how federal labor market regulation has contributed to and exacerbated those failures to employers' benefit and at workers' expense. Specifically, it describes how rural and distressed labor markets have unusually high levels of labor market concentration, market thinness, and natural monopsony, worsening market frictions that exist in thicker, more competitive urban labor markets. Neither federal employment policy nor labor, employment, and antitrust rules have recognized these geographically-specific realities. Instead, while appearing to operate in a place-neutral manner, the legal infrastructure they jointly create carves out and deregulates the types of labor markets, categories of workers, and employer conduct that are most prevalent in rural and distressed environments. They are thus ill-adapted to remedy market failures unique to rural and distressed spaces to ensure workers' access to livable wages and countervailing leverage against employers. The Article reconceptualizes labor market regulation through a place-based lens, adapting and tailoring existing regulatory tools and proposing broader, more interventionist efforts to restructure and regulate the employment bargain outside of thick urban markets. It draws from historical examples of workforce investment and successful economic governance in markets facing similar characteristics to propose solutions that can revive rural and distressed communities by increasing worker power and generating diversified and high-quality job growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is expected that the coronavirus pandemic will exacerbate inequality in wellbeing compared to the pre-pandemic situation. However, there are theories (e.g., the Conservation of Resource (COR) theory) that acknowledge situation-specific lower wellbeing for individuals who typically have more resources. The argument is that perception of loss might occur differently across the socioeconomic spectrum such that individuals with higher socioeconomic status perceive that they experience more loss. Therefore, given the pandemic situation, it is possible that indicators of poor wellbeing (e.g., depression) becoming less concentrated among the poor, contrary to expectation. Given the above, we examine income-related inequality in self-assessed health and depressive symptoms in South Africa. This is done using both pre-pandemic data (i.e. National Income Dynamic Study) and data collected during the pandemic (National Income Dynamic Study-Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey). Consistent with expectation, we find that poor self-assessed health is not only disproportionately concentrated amongst the poor, but this concentration has increased compared to the pre-pandemic period. However, contrary to expectation, depressive symptoms have become less concentrated amongst the poor compared to the pre-pandemic period. We note that while there may be an alternative explanation for this change in trend, it may also be due to situation-specific lower wellbeing for individuals who typically have more resources. We argue that this has implication for tracking population health in a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History shows that wars can be enormously disruptive of economic activity, especially international trade, national income, and global economic welfare. This article analyzes the impact on the European regions the Russian invasion of Ukraine using the largest and most updated multiregional input‐output model for Europe. Two shocks, trade and inflation, and four alternative scenarios are simulated. The scenarios are considered regarding the number of countries applying a trade embargo, the exemption of oil and gas, and the potential trade diversions with third countries such as China. We obtained a significant fall in GDP (−1.7%), 3.7 m lost jobs and 3% raise over the prewar inflation rate. For trade shock, large indirect effects are obtained, indicating the high relevance of the sectors and countries exposed to the war and the sanctions. The republics of the former Soviet Union, as well as the satellite countries of the former communism, face the harshest adverse impacts. This work shows the importance of breaking Russia's colonial economic ties to the countries in Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of national income on the total fertility rate (children born per woman). We estimate the effects on fertility of shocks to national per capita income using plausibly exogenous variations in oil price shock as an instrument for income and using instrumental variable generalized quantile regressions (IV-GQR). Using data for a panel of 122 countries spanning the period 1965–2020, our results show that national per capita income has generally a negative and significant effect on the total fertility rate. Looking at the entire spectrum of the fertility distribution, the IV-GQR estimates exhibit considerable heterogeneity in the impact of income on fertility. The income elasticity of fertility is relatively low at the upper tail of the distribution (for countries with high fertility) compared to the value at the median. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops – and applies – a micro-macroeconomic modeling approach for assessing major welfare system reforms. With a growing interest in the value of bold welfare reforms in the light of persistent and widening inequalities, we demonstrate the value of a comprehensive analysis of both the (micro) impact upon the distribution of household incomes and wider (macro) impacts upon national income, unemployment and government spending. By combining microsimulation with CGE modeling, we argue that our findings demonstrate the importance of any major social welfare or broad fiscal reform being the subject of a micro-macro modeling approach. We illustrate this through an application to the introduction of a universal basic income in Scotland. • We argue that major potential welfare system reforms should be assessed using a micro-macroeconomic modelling approach. • We demonstrate the value of approach with an application to the introduction of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) to Scotland. • Our illustrative application demonstrates that UBI is a very expensive policy even after eliminating many benefits. • Our illustrative application demonstrates that UBI is a very expensive policy even after eliminating many benefits. • Results imply complete understanding of the impact of major welfare system reforms requires a micro-macroeconomic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian economy has performed well compared with comparable countries over the last three decades only if we average the excellent performance in the 1990s and the poor performance over the past decade. Real wages over the past decade have stagnated—to an extent without historical parallel. We cannot understand the economy's underperformance without recognising the increasing claims of economic rents on national income. Correction of weaknesses requires coordination of many policy instruments including measures to reduce the prevalence of rents (competition policy and regulation of oligopoly where competition is not feasible or inefficient) and changes in taxation arrangements to shift the burden of business taxation from firms in competitive activities to firms relying heavily on economic rents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite widespread recognition that assets are important for economic wellbeing and women's empowerment, there is limited research on gender wealth gaps in either developed or developing countries. This is largely due to the lack of individual‐level data on wealth or net worth (i.e. the value of assets less debt). Most surveys that collect information on wealth do so at the household level with only one member responding on behalf of the household, even though most assets and debts are held by individuals. In this paper, we measure the gender wealth gap for South Africa using unique individual‐level data collected in the 2017 National Income Dynamics Survey, a representative household survey covering roughly 22,000 adults. We find that men and women hold different types of assets and debt and that there is a substantial gender gap in the monetary value of their net worth, greater than the gender earnings gap recorded in the same year. In our discussion, we reflect on some of the key challenges in measuring wealth as well as remaining gaps in data collection and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are a major cause of climate change. However, CO2 emissions data for 178 countries from 1960 to 2018 revealed inequality in global CO2 emissions. For example, we found that 50% of the world's population (ca. 3.75 billion people) was responsible for just 8.9% of the global cumulative carbon emissions. These people are concentrated in low- and middle-income countries. Conversely, 10% of the world's population (ca. 757 million people), concentrated in high-income countries, were responsible for 46.8% of the global emissions. Furthermore, the literature review disclosed evolution of CO2 emission inequalities within countries. A significant (p < 0.001) negative (r2 = −0.52) correlation was detected between carbon emissions and climate change impacts on national incomes. Such correlation indicated that countries most likely to experience the greatest effects of climate change are also those who make the smallest contributions to its underlying causes. Similar disparities were observed within countries where low-income groups who make the smallest contributions to climate change are subjected to its worst implications. Evaluations of the data from the literature showed that migration could be the result of climate change, though such migration does not happen in isolation. In other words, this kind of migration is frequently linked to other issues such as the fragility and lack of adaptability of the communities. Furthermore, reviews showed that climate change catalyzes instability and conflict. On the other hand, conflict damages the environment and climate in multiple ways. Therefore, it is necessary to collaborate to resolve these two issues concurrently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth is the process of a country's economic condition continuously moving towards a better condition over a certain period. Economic growth can also be interpreted as the process of increasing the production capacity of an economy which is realized in the form of an increase in national income. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of capital expenditure and investment on economic growth in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The method used in this research is the case study method and data collection in this research is by collecting information related to economic growth as seen from capital expenditure and investment. The research uses secondary data from 2012 to 2022 consisting of capital expenditure and investment data as well as economic growth. Data analysis techniques use the Multiple Linear Regression equation, t test, F test and coefficient of determination (R2). The research results show that capital expenditure has a positive but not significant effect on economic growth because it is based on the results of the regression with a tcount value smaller than ttable and a significance value greater than 0.05. The research results also show that investment has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. The coefficient of determination test results (R2) of 77.1% for capital expenditure and investment can explain economic growth and 22.9% is influenced by other variables not included in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use administrative tabulations from occupation-based income tax (class tax) to estimate income inequality in the Duchy of Warsaw. We start off by estimating income inequality in the Department of Kalisz, and then use the decomposability of the Theil index to estimate national income inequality based on a sample of Theil indices corresponding to different settlement types. According to our results, income inequality in the Duchy was at a moderate level, although in the biggest cities it was relatively high. Income inequality at county level was positively correlated with the mean income of the county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Purpose) The purpose of the study is to present Thomas Piketty’s demand view on the issue of growing income and wealth inequalities in highly industrialized countries. It should be indicated here that in his research, Piketty not only explains the mechanism of growing inequalities, but also defines the tools to tackle inequalities (a combination of theoretical and pragmatic views). (Methodology) The aim of the study is achieved through the literature review method as well as the descriptive methods, complemented by comparative analysis.

This paper discusses the functional distribution of income, as a consequence of decoupling phenomenon between workers’ compensation and labor productivity. This issue has been observed since the mid-1970s in most developed economies, resulting in a trend of decreasing labor income in national income or GDP. Despite conventional economic theory predicting a proportional increase in workers’ income with increases in labor productivity, empirical results suggest that this relationship is not being realized. The study analyzes the distribution of labor income and capital income in relation to GDP in European countries, in order to gain insight into the conditions and trends of labor income and to evaluate the functional distribution of income at the level of an individual country. The paper provides a detailed analysis of labor share on the example of all countries in Europe and compares countries to determine the direction and degree of trend of the labor share. The results highlight the need for further research on this topic and provide insight into the factors contributing to the decoupling of productivity from workers’ compensation.