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National archives, libraries, and museums both expose and, directly or indirectly, collude with the military, legal, political, and rhetorical processes of exclusion that tend to obfuscate people's subjectivities. In this article, official spaces assigned to preserve national memory are placed into dialogue with other archival sites of memory preservation and retrieval of family and community past. By looking at the connections between diverse documents related to Italian-speaking individuals who were prisoners of war and civilian internees in Australia, during World War II, the article investigates how this material can be used to question hegemonic discourses and counters the 'monolingual paradigm'. Letters, diaries, and memoirs that account captivity and marginalisation during wartime offer cases of polyvocal texts as both creative and privileged sites of speech acts, discursive and material interactions where we can locate spaces of agency, connection and affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mid-and later nineteenth century saw the creation and enrichment of some major international museum collections alongside the development of connoisseurship. In this process, Milan was an important hub for the supply of major works of art. This essay offers new insights into Milan's art market of the period through the methodical examination of export documents; analysis of the unpublished manuscripts of two great exponents of international connoisseurship of this period, Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle and Joseph Archer Crowe; and new sources from the archives of the National Gallery in London. A number of case-studies are presented in chronological order, focusing on examples of works of art imported from Milan by the National Gallery, the Musée du Louvre in Paris, the Royal Museums in Berlin and the Imperial Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg. The conclusions that emerge from this study pave the way for a comparative investigation of other Italian cities in the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores category traversing, the process through which migrants navigate state-imposed immigration categories. In the early twentieth century, Asian migrants were categorically excluded from entering the U.S. under the Asiatic Barred Zone, while exemptions were granted to merchants, diplomats and students. Drawing on immigrant case files from the U.S. National Archives, we highlight how Korean migrants navigate student status to circumvent race-based exclusion. At ports of entry, they curated a performance to present as a student in the eyes of immigration officials, with a proper display of scholarly knowledge and financial ability. Even after entry, failure to maintain student status invited scrutiny from officials. Responding to these demands, migrants agentially traversed the categories of student and worker to remain in a country that sought to exclude them. This paper contributes to this special issue by documenting (a) how migrants perform in accordance with state-imposed categories to navigate immigration regimes and (b) how they challenge those categories by traversing them as they see fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an empirical analysis aimed at identifying chain migration patterns among university students from Sicily, Sardinia, and Apulia. Utilizing data from the national archive of university students enrolled in an Italian university from 2008 to 2017, we construct origin–destination matrixes and calculate residuals from a log-linear model to detect key student routes. Positive residuals between specific origin–destination pairs that persist over time can suggest significant attraction and potential chain migration. The results support a "large to large" and "small to small" city mobility model, particularly for Sicily and Sardinia. Students from Palermo, Catania, Messina, and Cagliari show strong connections with large cities such as Rome and Milan. Furthermore, results show historical links between Sardinia and Tuscany date back to the 1950s, and the enduring connections between Apulian students and universities in Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, and Lombardy have been evident since the 1970s. In Sicily, mobility patterns towards the Polytechnic of Turin began in the 1970s and persist today. These patterns underscore the influence of prior migrants on the mobility decisions of university students in Southern Italy, highlighting a potential chain migration effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival institutions worldwide face the challenge of collection deterioration through the handling and use of archives, inadequate or lack of records management standards and noncompliance with archival legislations. This study aimed at assessing the handling practices and use of archival collections in Botswana. The study adopted the pragmatist paradigm and consequently used questionnaires, interviews, and observations to collect data. The study sample consisted of sixteen (16) Botswana National Archives and Records Services (BNARS) staff purposively selected for interview and 297 BNARS users randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. The findings revealed that, although the staff of the surveyed institution demonstrated reasonable commitment to collection care or preservation of archives, and BNARS does not consistently respond to proper collection care and compliance programme. Furthermore, the study revealed that inappropriate handling and use of archives practices, lack of training in preservation, inadequate supervision of the study area, and failure to enforce compliance to archives legislations contribute to archives collection deterioration. The study recommended that the development of guidelines on good handling practices, preservation policy, handling manual, compliance programme, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival legislation provides a framework for how national archives should function in different countries. Being crucial archival legislation should therefore clearly underscore how to access the holdings and all other restrictions linked to accessing specific holdings. Since outreach, advocacy, and public programming initiatives facilitate access, archival legislation should provide legal grounds to ensure the planning and implementation of such programmes. Recent literature indicates that there is the limited use of archives by communities in East and Southern Africa, proving that archival public programming, outreach and advocacy efforts in the region still leaves much to be desired in addressing this challenge. Extant literature on facilitating access to archives in this region does not mention much about the role of legislation and policies in strengthening these initiatives. A qualitative content analysis of different archival legislations from selected countries in East and Southern Africa and related literature helped to determine existing provisions for the promotion of access and the use of archives. The findings revealed that outdated legislation and a dearth of policies exist in most countries in this region. Recommendations include reviewing laws, formulating access policies, and leveraging advocacy efforts to the advantage of public archival repositories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the lighting policy framework of Het Nieuwe Instituut, the national museum and archive for architecture, design and digital culture in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The framework combines relative cultural value, light sensitivity and acceptable loss of value due to colour change into recommended annual light doses for objects. To fit the blueprints into the policy, the loss of value upon fading and regain of the blue colour was studied. As other studies have shown, the fading of Prussian blue due to photo-reduction was reversed by the oxidation of the formed Prussian white in the dark. Overall colour changes remained unnoticeable to the naked eye. Although blueprints are highly sensitive to light, the loss of value after exhibition is minimal, therefore display possibilities are wider than thought. Nonetheless, pristine blueprints should be displayed with care when their colour is a character-determining feature. Additionally, some architectural drawings may look like blueprints but have been produced by different techniques and may fall in the 'high' light sensitivity class as they can never regain their colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the history and significance of Casablanca's Habous district, a unique colonial urban experiment blending traditional Islamic and early 20th-century European principles. Built between 1917 and 1926 to house large influxes of migrants, it represented a deviation from initial French plans to simply preserve existing medinas. It even supplanted Casablanca's medina as the nucleus of Muslim life. Through extensive archival research from the National Moroccan Archives (Rabat) and the Chaillot Archives (Paris) this article argues that while initially an exception, the Habous proved central to colonial visions of ordering urban space and society in Morocco's growing economic capital. It reflected core aspects of Resident-General Lyautey's strategy, showcasing French power and paternalism while providing locals with symbolic cultural continuity amidst modernization. Unearthing the unusual history of the Habous holds significance for comprehending the history of colonial political agendas and their materialization in colonial planning and housing, and also of architecture experimentation and innovation. After all, it earned the reputation of being the most surprising and impactful colonial creation in Morocco, which served as an inspiration for subsequent architectural projects. But its level of refinement remained unmatched by subsequent mass housing districts. The conclusion ponders whether its status warrants greater international recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the battle over access to Algerian War archives and their role in shaping historical narratives. Topics include the French government's control over wartime documentation, the efforts of historians and activists to uncover state crimes, and the recent legal restrictions affecting the accessibility of these archives. It also explores how these archival battles reflect broader tensions between national security and the right to historical transparency.

English transatlantic expansion commenced at a point in history when the Mediterranean was the center of intellectual and economic action in Europe. Using previously untranslated sections of Latin sources and archival material (Cotton Manuscripts and Royal Manuscripts at British Library, and National Archives, London), this essay argues that (1) proponents of overseas empire were instructed by the example of a wider range of ancient and modern Mediterranean states than previously recognized; and (2) the Bermuda and Virginia colonies were originally intended to curb English dependence on the Mediterranean by producing a market basket of exotic crops unavailable in the climate of the British Isles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Starting from the status quo, the paper outlines perspectives and challenges for the connection and interlinking of digitised and digital archival data. The following topics are addressed: Where are fields of action and what are the means of archives? Which functional and technical requirements are to be considered, and what is the role of portal infrastructures linking together various different institutions? Design/methodology/approach: Considering needs of users and general framework conditions, the paper examines new approaches emerging in Germany. It outlines recent projects and considerations aiming to improve services and visibility of archives within the national data infrastructure in Germany. Findings: Cross-connections are no new phenomenon, but change their appearance significantly in a digital context. In this respect, both smaller and bigger archives profit from participation in larger digital networks. Furthermore, archives need to keep in mind to reflect the quality of their digital (meta)data regularly and to offer or join systems that functionally and technically support cross-connection and interlinking of data. Originality/value: The paper endeavours to show the importance of digital cross-connections and the role of portal infrastructures for visibility, online-distribution and use of digital archival metadata and data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyzes the development of the three Scandinavian national associations for homo- and bisexuals from their founding in 1948 through 1971. This is the first time these associations are analysed as a transnational network rather than nationally divided entities. Using documentary evidence from the national archives of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden as well as other archives, this article establishes the development of the Scandinavian movement based on primary evidence, and is thus able to correct, nuance, and expand upon the 'oral traditions' that have been the standard in Scandinavian historiography in this field. The article argues that the transnational angle on the movement brings out new perspectives and offers a new periodization of homophile or gay and lesbian activist history. It concludes that the Scandinavian movements cannot be fitted into the typical American timeline of gay and lesbian activism, and thus opens the question of how European LGBT history differs from those in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper aims to explore the relationship between accounting and racial violence through an investigation of sharecropping in the postbellum American South. Design/methodology/approach: A range of primary sources including peonage case files of the US Department of Justice and the archives of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) are utilised. Data are analysed by reference to Randall Collins' theory of violence. Consistent with this theory, a micro-sociological approach to examining violent encounters is employed. Findings: It is demonstrated that the production of alternative or competing accounts, accounting manipulation and failure to account generated interactions where confrontational tension culminated in bluster, physical attacks and lynching. Such violence took place in the context of potent racial ideologies and institutions. Originality/value: The paper is distinctive in its focus on the interface between accounting and "actual" (as opposed to symbolic) violence. It reveals how accounting processes and traces featured in the highly charged emotional fields from which physical violence could erupt. The study advances knowledge of the role of accounting in race relations from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, a largely unexplored period in the accounting history literature. It also seeks to extend the research agenda on accounting and slavery (which has hitherto emphasised chattel slavery) to encompass the practice of debt peonage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the assumption that appraisal entails selection of records to be archives in line with the concept of values in archives and what each society values, this article investigates the situation of appraisal in the Thai public sector, where records are not always readily transferred from government agencies to the National Archives of Thailand. The research attempts to identify gaps and seeks to conceive a suitable appraisal system through documentary research (e.g., legislation, manuals, policies and related literature), interviews, and public hearings. The data collected for this research, which was conducted along with dissemination of knowledge on archival appraisal as advocacy for archival appraisal in Thailand, suggest that there is a need to combine records and archives values with existing values in society to make public organization executives and policy makers drive archives into the public agenda. More importantly, it is necessary to build communities and networks that support archival appraisal among information professionals and records creators and across related areas of expertise, such as digital curators and IT specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to publicize and systematize information about mass falsifications of cases against the Ukrainian clerisy by the Cheka and GPU, primarily against students and students of secondary educational institutions who considered themselves citizens of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and potentially would never become supporters or even “travel companions” of communism. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, verification, and scientificity. Chronological, biographical, problem-searching, and retrospective methods are used. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that it is the first time in historiography that information on repression against the Ukrainian clerisy and archival-investigative cases stored in the national archives for the period 1920—1923 have been summarized and analyzed. A conclusion has been drawn about the massive falsification of these cases, resulting in thousands of people being arrested and hundreds being executed. During the research, it was proven that the overwhelming majority of people arrested by the Cheka and GPU were not members of the underground or the Army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, did not engage in armed resistance, and did not in any way violate Soviet legislation by their actions. All their “guilt” consisted only in the fact that the repressed were supporters of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. Particular attention is paid to the demographic data of the repressed since among those sentenced to death, the largest number were young men aged 18—23. There are also 17-year-olds executed, including women. Among those arrested and convicted, a considerable number were women and very young girls, in particular, pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Alaska, the 1918-20 influenza pandemic was devastating, with mortality rates up to 90% of the population, while in other arctic regions in northern Sweden and Norway mortality was considerably lower. We investigated the timing and age-patterns in excess mortality in Greenland during the period 1918-21 and compare these to other epidemics and the 1889-92 pandemic. We accessed the Greenlandic National Archives and transcribed all deaths from 1880 to 1921 by age, geography, and cause of death. We estimated monthly excess mortality and studied the spatial-temporal patterns of the pandemics and compared them to other mortality crises in the 40-year period. The 1918-21 influenza pandemic arrived in Greenland in the summer of 1919, one year delayed due to ship traffic interruptions during the winter months. We found that 5.2% of the Greenland population died of the pandemic with substantial variability between counties (range, 0.1% to 11%). We did not see the typical pandemic age-pattern of high young-adult mortality, possibly due to high baseline mortality in this age-group or remoteness. However, despite substantial mortality, the mortality impact was not standing out relative to other mortality crises, or of similar devastation reported in Alaskan populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end the of Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's Mandate in 2015, archives and archivists are now acknowledging both the role that archives played in the colonization of Canada and the urgent need to decolonize archival practices to accommodate the marginalized voices of those silenced by traditional archival theory and practice. In the case of the archives at the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, these are the voices of the residential school Survivors, their families, and their home communities. These voices have the power to fill gaps in historical narratives and confront the millions of colonial records created by the government departments and religious entities that ran the schools for more than a century. That said, how do we transition from acknowledging our past role as protectors of colonialism's documented "success" to successfully implementing decolonizing practices? This paper deconstructs colonial records and colonial "truth" to understand the plurality of provenance in archives. This is especially important as Indigenous communities develop their own archives in pursuit of Indigenous data sovereignty and the power associated with archival authority and whose provenance we choose to recognize and preserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media content can be considered an unprecedented historical resource that reflects present-day ordinary life. However, although private data are publicly available on social media, the preserving of such personal content by a third party entails legal and ethical concerns. We report on a nationwide questionnaire survey conducted to obtain the responses of people to hypothetical scenarios of social media archiving by the National Diet Library in Japan. Within our survey sample, 35% of respondents (n = 1126) disagreed with scenarios involving the preserving of blogs and public tweets. Moreover, we found that the agreement rate for the archiving of government websites already collected under the current legislation was 44%. Ordered logistic analysis clarified that privacy-sensitive respondents tend to resist archival scenarios, and content analysis showed that the disagreement reasons involve concerns over information privacy. Our findings suggest that informed consent and data anonymisation could be effective means to mitigate such concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ABI Technik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article outlines some of the key cultural shifts that influenced moviegoing for girls and women in British Malaya. To reconstruct the patterns of film exhibition during the silent and early sound era, it draws on archival resources, including American trade press, local popular press, and oral interviews with elderly Singaporeans; these were conducted in the 1980s, by the Singapore National Archives, when spectators who experienced silent moviegoing were still alive. Methodologically, this work draws on feminist film scholarship that focuses on the socio-cultural role of cinematic consumption at a defined, historical moment. The article contextualises cinemagoing within a wider framework of spatial geographies under colonial rule. It also interrogates the popularity of Hollywood on the national screens, and the related, gendered anxieties on moviegoing expressed across the Malayan public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historiography of Tonga in the First World War is very sparse. It is dominated by Elizabeth Wood-Ellem’s authoritative biography of Queen Salote (Tupou III). She does not make use of the Colonial Office files stored in the British National Archives and underestimates the threat that the War posed to Tonga’s autonomy in its association with the British Empire. The Tongan government under King Tupou II and Prime Minister Tu‘ivakano felt threatened not by Germany but by Great Britain and by New Zealand. They warmly endorsed British war aims because they could identify them with the defence of small, vulnerable nations such as Belgium and Tonga. They hoped to hold London to that principle. While ostentatiously supporting the war effort, they took no measures against the large German commercial community. Tonga had, legally, to be considered neutral. London required a change in this policy in 1916. At the same time a new, inexperienced, and zealous acting consul, G.B.W. Smith-Rewse, manufactured a political crisis to force the dismissal of Tu‘ivakano and the disempowerment of the king. Wood-Ellem largely ignores this crisis, and it is now almost completely forgotten. Smith-Rewse mishandled it and was not backed by his more cautious superiors. In 1917 a substantive consul, Islay McOwan, took over and restored the close co-operation with the king, which he had established on a previous posting to Tonga. Tu‘ivakano remained prime minister, but strengthened his anti-German rhetoric, which he could now link with the statements of American as well as British aims in January 1918. The new policy survived the unexpected death of Tupou II and the succession of his totally inexperienced teenaged daughter in April 1918. This article will try to show how Tongan autonomy was strengthened by the war and how Tonga was one of the few states to profit from the ‘Wilsonian moment’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While criminal legal involvement is a structural determinant of health, both administrative and national longitudinal cohort data are collected and made available in a way that prevents a full understanding of this relationship. Administrative data are both collected and overseen by the same entity and are incomplete, delayed, and/or uninterpretable. Cohort data often only ask these questions to the most vulnerable, and do not include all types of criminal legal involvement, when this involvement occurs in someone's life, or family and community involvement. To achieve a more optimized data landscape and to facilitate population-level research on criminal legal involvement and health, (1) individual administrative level data must be made available and able to be linked across carceral systems, (2) a national data archive must be made to maintain and make criminal legal data available to researchers, and (3) a nationally representative, longitudinal study focused on those with criminal legal involvement is necessary. By beginning to critically think about how future data could be collated and collected, we can begin to provide more robust evidence around how the criminal legal system impacts the health of our society and, in turn, create policy reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses taxation practices in colonial, post-colonial rebel-led, and independent South Sudan and argues that the ethos of taxation in the region has been and remains primarily oriented around predatory and coercive strategies of rule. This overarching pattern endures because the fundamental structure and rationale of revenue-raising practices, which collectively constitute South Sudan's revenue complex, have not changed since at least Anglo-Egyptian occupation of the region in 1899. The paper explains how tax collecting as predation began when the first colonial administration deployed taxes to acquire loyalty from customary authorities such as chiefs and sheikhs, who personally benefitted from their taxation powers. From the early 1960s to 2005, armed groups in the region periodically fought against Khartoum-led rule, and rebels extorted taxes from the population to help fuel their war efforts. Taxes in today's South Sudan, which acquired independence in 2011, are not collected to raise revenue except to pay off the individuals collecting them, and they continue to generate predation. The rise of international aid and windfalls from oil revenues have further diminished taxation's financial significance for the national government and have altered local authorities' coercive demands for payment. The portrait that emerges from the practices of South Sudan's successive war-makers and state-makers is one of taxation wielded as a technology of rule, one of coercion and often extortion, to fulfil the self-interests of tax collectors. The article is based on archival research in Sudanese and South Sudanese national archives, British colonial archives, and 205 interviews conducted in South Sudan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the politics which lay behind the Presbyterian petitioning campaigns in Lancashire and Cheshire during 1646. Focusing particularly upon clerical activists, this article traces the linkages back to the petitioning campaigns of 1641-2 and highlights the continuities in both personnel and an impulse for accommodation. The article unravels the networks which stretched between London and north-western England, and investigates how Presbyterian politics in London in 1646 might have influenced the Lancashire and Cheshire campaigns for a Presbyterian settlement of the Church. Finally, the article comments upon why the Lancashire campaign succeeded when the Cheshire campaign did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papal bulls transferring jurisdiction over the Channel Islands from the bishopric of Coutances (Normandy) first to the diocese of Salisbury and then to Winchester have an important place in the historiography of the allegedly centripetal forces of royal and ecclesiastical authority under Henry VII. This article corrects the chronology, and questions the disruptive impact of international tensions and the role of English bishops' or governors' ambitions. Instead, it points to the influence of Breton clergy. Further, that Henry abandoned the initiative for a financial contribution from the islanders sheds light on his policy towards his rights over the Church and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Second World War, the British Government interned or asked the Holy See to replace many of the Italian clergy within the territories that it controlled. This led to a political conflict between London and the Vatican which was not resolved until the end of the war. This article addresses the development of the controversy and its causes, concluding that it stemmed from traditional imperial hegemonic goals rather than from anti-Catholicism. It also stresses that the Church's response was weakened by national rivalries within the Catholic clergy in the region, and the fundamentally different views of the war of London and the Vatican. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how relations of both domination and resistance have been involved in the constitution of international hierarchies. Focusing on events arising from the Persian government's 1932 cancellation of the D'Arcy oil concession, it argues that while Western-dominated international hierarchies have proved resilient, some aspects of these hierarchical relationships have been altered by episodes of resistance such as the one under examination in this article. The case study has been chosen because of its ability to highlight the interwar years as an important period of transition to a new world order, as well as the significance of Persia as one of the few non-Western countries that remained uncolonised at that time. The article revisits detailed historical documents from the BP Archives and the National Archives to show how the events of the 1930s oil dispute contributed to the emergence of shifts in the material, legal, and social hierarchies of the interwar period, while nevertheless reinforcing the existence of hierarchies overall. It shows how multilateral diplomacy replaced overt military intimidation, the framework of international law broadened, and peripheral countries found strength in numbers. Finally, the article considers the longer-term resilience of the hierarchical international system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the position of women in Terengganu's copra industry between 1900 and 1941. Coconut is one of the major crops traditionally farmed in Terengganu, and during this time period, excess coconuts were dried, smoked, and grated to become copra. In Terengganu, the copra sector was intimately linked to women, who were innovators creating a variety of coconut-based food and non-food products, including soap, cooking oil, traditional desserts, and more. Nevertheless, prior studies have mostly disregarded the creative role that women played in Terengganu's copra sector during this time. Studies on women from Terengganu have instead concentrated on handicrafts, rice farming, commerce, and fishing. This historical study highlights women's creative innovation and also examines the importance of copra as a crucial export commodity of the state. In addition to secondary sources, primary sources for this project included archival files from the State Secretary of Terengganu, CO 840/1 (Terengganu Administrative Reports, 1910-1930), CO. 840/2 (Terengganu Administrative Reports, 1931-1940), the National Archives of Malaysia, and the National Archives of Kew Garden in London. The results show that in the early 20th century, Malay women made noteworthy contributions to Terengganu's copra sector. As a result, the Terengganu government acknowledged the production of copra as a vital export during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work aims at an analysis of the origin and crystallization so to speak of an expression of Shakespearean ancestry, Ci rivedremo a Filippi and l'Ombra di Banco. The investigation starts with the reading of English texts and continues with the examination of Italian translations; it traces the roots of the saying in the language of use through the consultation of literary and journalistic documentation; finally, it demonstrates its obsolescence starting from the XXI century and analyzes the contemporary reformulations, through the substitution of the name Banco and the noun Filippi with other words, by the examination of the archives of some national newspapers and literary texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Information Library Magazine 'INFOLIB' is the property of National Library of Uzbekistan named after Alisher Navoi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The article "ICM 1954: The Queen and Mathematics" reports on the 12th International Congress of Mathematicians, which took place 70 years ago in Amsterdam. Queen Juliana of the Netherlands received the congress participants in her castle in Soestdijk. The congress took place from September 2nd to 8th, 1954 and had 1553 regular participants, including 207 from Germany. The American mathematician John von Neumann gave a technical lecture on quantum theory, which caused some unrest. Further information and photos are available in the Dutch National Archives. [Extracted from the article]

From 1851, the British government became responsible for the management of Hampton Court Palace in an arrangement of the Crown Lands Act, leading to the government maintaining the site on behalf of the reigning monarch 'in right of Crown'. From 1911, the government considered whether to allow filmmakers access to Hampton Court for their productions. This article will trace the history of the film policy relating to this site until 1989, when Historic Royal Palaces was formed as an Executive Agency of Government to maintain the site, later acquiring charitable status in its own right in 1998. It will draw upon material held in the National Archives, which demonstrates how the film policy relating to Hampton Court adapted and changed over time. This article will analyse key film projects, both realised and unrealised, including Royal England: The Story of the Empire's Throne (1911), Hampton Court Palace (1926) and The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) to explore how the government approached allowing filmmakers access to the site, and the reasons behind their rigid stance toward film production on location within the broader context of the government's support toward the British film industry more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gough Whitlam was deeply committed to the preservation of history, and keenly attuned to the importance of the documentary record in the writing of it. For Whitlam, the written record — the contemporaneous documentary record of government activity — was central to the production of historical knowledge and the "verification" of history. As he reflected on the release of his government's 1975 Cabinet papers, "the publication of these records confirms my belief in the contemporary document as the primary source for writing and understanding history". This paper takes us through the shifting historiography of the dismissal of the Whitlam government by Governor‐General Sir John Kerr. In doing so, it is a reflection also on the role of archives in the writing of history, recognising as Peters does, that the construction of an archival record is "a deeply political act". This is particularly so for contested, polarised, episodes — of which the dismissal is surely the exemplar — for which archival records have been transformative. In this process of historical correction, revelations from Kerr's papers in the National Archives of Australia have been pivotal. Kerr's papers were also central to my successful legal action against the Archives securing the release of the "Palace letters" between Kerr and the Queen regarding the dismissal. This paper explores some critical "archival encounters" during that research journey — revelations, obstructions, missing archives, and even burnt archives. From the destruction of Whitlam's security file, missing Government House guestbooks, the denial of access to records, to royal letters of support for Kerr's dismissal of Whitlam "accidentally burnt" in the Yarralumla incinerator, these encounters illuminate the critical relationship between archives, access, and history which continue to shape our understanding of the dismissal of the Whitlam government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the family wealth management strategies deployed by women around Melipilla (Chile) during the 1810-1837 period. We have been able to establish that this period was particularly complex in the lives of both popular and elite families, due to the contingencies imposed by the War of Independence and the civil conflicts associated with the construction of the State. Despite this, women who found themselves alone, due to the recruitment, escape or imprisonment of their husbands, fathers, or sons, managed to carry out different initiatives of wealth management, such as the purchase, sale and lease of land, houses and belongings, as well as the development of small productive and commercial enterprises. This work was based on notarial and judicial sources, contained in the National Historical Archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Linguistic Survey of India (LSI), a monumental exercise supervised by George Grierson to survey and classify the languages of colonial India. It considers why the LSI developed into an atypical scheme that corresponded with a multiethnic and multinational network of officials and scholars to survey India's languages. It makes the case that the networked practice of surveying was reciprocated at different scales, from localised linguistic surveys in districts and princely states to gather information and specimens, to a loosely governed transnational exercise involving Indians and Europeans to edit, review and publish results. The paper argues that the LSI's scalar geographies were negotiated by Grierson and, more importantly, his assistant Gauri Kant Roy and demonstrates that scale, as an analytic or process, was not an abstraction or predetermined for those entangled in the LSI's survey of India's languages. • Examines the Linguistic Survey of India from a historical geography perspective. • Highlights the LSI's uniqueness as a colonial Indian survey. • Draws on underutilised materials from National Archives of India. • Proposes a scalar and networked approach to the history of science and surveying. • Emphasises the significance of Gauri Kant Roy and various Indian surveyors in shaping India's linguistic geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British rulers pushed India into the Second World War without taking the Indians into confidence. The Indian National Congress opposed any type of co-operation with the British war effort. The political climate deteriorated with each passing day. The Quit India Movement, launched in August 1942, further aggravated the unrest. Further, the Japanese had subjugated Malaya and Burma and were threatening India. The need for augmenting the armed forces was pressing indeed. However, the moot question is how, despite the Congress's opposition to the war, over two million Indians joined the armed forces to support the British, leading to the largest voluntary force worldwide. This article seeks to investigate the reasons for the expansion of the Indian armed forces during the war. The article also seeks to examine the impact of the large mobilisation of Indian youth. It is based on interviews and biographies of the men who joined the armed forces during the war, as well as the original records available at the National Archives of India and some other archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Scout Boys, which had the original name Junak in Czechoslovakia, began official activity on our territory in 1914. Their promisingly developing membership base and attractive activity were disrupted by the events of World War II. Even before the coup in 1948, the Communists began massively building their party structures. One of the goals was to build a single and unified youth organization under the control of the Communist Party. Between 1945 and 1949, they gradually "united" all children's and youth organizations that resumed their activities after World War II. One of them was Junak, which before the war had the largest membership base in Czechoslovakia and a well-developed system of working with children. The goal of our research was to find out how the children's organization Junak was incorporated into the Czechoslovak Youth Union after the communist coup in 1948 and how its gradual transformation into the children's Pioneer organization. In our research, we used periodical professional literature and periodical press, archival sources in the Slovak National Archives and the archive of the Slovak Youth Institute (IUVENTA) in Bratislava, as well as unpublished memories of Mr. Jozef Miklos, chairman of the Historical Commission of Slovak Scouting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconstructs the development of the Scout Movement of Malaya since it was established in 1908 by Frank C. Sands, a British explorer who became the first Chief Commissioner of Scout in 1910. The movement began in Penang as an experimental group aiming to bring together boys of all classes and diverse creeds and races to participate in activities of 'backwoodsmen, explorers and frontiersmen,' modeled on men with an adventurous spirit. Those selected were boys who became men of action, displaying qualities of pluck, endurance, and resourcefulness. By the time Muhammad Yusof bin Ahmad became the first Chief Commissioner of Scouts for the Federation of Malaya in 1957, the movement had gained traction in other Malayan states and had been transformed into a "character development factory" that inculcated the values of obedience, loyalty, and self-reliance. For services of the most exceptional character in Malaya for 27 years, he received the Silver Wolf Award that has since remained the "unrestricted gift of the Chief Scout of the British Commonwealth." This article will make use of the Qualitative Method of Analysis to scrutinize data kept in various national archives, libraries, scout associations, and Muhammad Yusof's private collection. The aim is to examine the development and growth of the Scout Movement in Malaya, discuss the reasons why Muhammad Yusof joined the movement in 1926, the role he played since his training days in Singapore and England, and his contribution to the development of boys' scouts in Malaya until his retirement in 1960. The main finding of this study is the significant role of Muhammad Yusof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present experiment, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of conservation treatment of an Arabic manuscript on its chromatic characteristics. For this purpose, extremely valuable, unrestored manuscripts (18 - 19th century) were selected from the archives of the National Library "St. St. Cyril and Methodius", on which spectrophotometric chromatic characteristics were measured. The research was conducted at the restoration center of the National Library. The following processes were applied to the manuscript: mechanical cleaning and deacidification. Measurements of color characteristics were taken indifferent parts of the manuscript after each stage of the treatment: before treatment, after mechanical cleaning, after deacidification. The following parameters - CIE Lab, CIE Lch, ΔEab, ΔE2000, ΔL, Δc, Δh was calculated. Based on the results obtained, the changes and effects of each of the chromatic parameters were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concentrates on studying the issue of Romania’s economic aid to Vietnam during the country’s resistance war against the United States in the period from 1965 to 1975. To research the article’s content, the authors use two primary research methods in historical science (the historical method and the logical method). In particular, the historical method allows the authors to “reconstruct” the overall image of Romania’s economic aid activities to Vietnam from 1965 to 1975, based on exploiting various historical sources. The logical method assists the authors in making appropriate and compelling remarks and assessments, as well as identifying normative or substantive issues from historical events and phenomena related to this issue. Furthermore, the authors also employ multiple research methods, such as analysis, synthesis, systems, statistics, comparison, and so on, while processing documents as well as researching the contents of each specific problem. The article was completed on the basis of exploiting documentary sources at the National Archives of Romania, the Center for Diplomatic Archives at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania, and the Wilson Center Digital Archive (USA), as well as some original documents and academic achievements of Vietnamese scholars. The research findings discussed in this article will make a certain contribution to studying the issue of support and assistance from socialist nations to Vietnam during the country’s resistance war against the United States between 1965 and 1975. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kenneth Dike Library and the Nigeria National Archives are especially rich in ancient collections, particularly those unique to southwestern Nigeria, home to many people of the Yoruba extraction. These facilities house print and non-print materials such as personal notes and written collections of prominent persons, old manuscripts, ancient and modern maps, journals, and old Yoruba newspapers. Many of these print materials, especially the newspapers, are deteriorating. In a bid to prolong shelflife, access to these old materials is limited. As newspapers serve as gateways to the past, this restricted access can impact the research experience of users. The paper begins by presenting the project framework, which was designed before the project began. It goes on to detail the nuances involved in the several stages of the digitisation process and considers the aftermath of digitising the papers in terms of ownership, storage, backup, and access. This project revealed two things: first, though digitisation solves the problem of access and preservation, it is still necessary to preserve the original materials to prevent loss due to technical issues. Second, funding, and international partnership work hand in hand with digitisation, as it is a capital-intensive activity. Last, the paper contributes to the ongoing debates on the cultural, and socio-political discourses entwined with the technical processes of digitisation. The highlighted project was sponsored by the European Research Council (ERC) in collaboration with local partners. The website, https://yorubaprints.wordpress.com/yoruba-erc-project/ raises awareness for the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors examined the official reports of Thomas Merton's death from the government of Thailand and the US Embassy in Bangkok. They obtained official letters and documents from the National Archives and the Thomas Merton Center. The official Thai records and US Embassy Report of Merton's death state that the death was by a natural cause, "sudden heart failure," and not "accidental electrocution," as popularly believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]