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15 results on '"NATIONAL POVERTY RATE"'

1. Estimating International Poverty Lines from Comparable National Thresholds

Author

Jolliffe, Dean and Prydz, Espen Beer

Subjects
MEASURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, GLOBAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, DATA ISSUES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, WELFARE MEASURE, INCOME DATA, HEALTH INSURANCE, EXCHANGE RATES, POOR COUNTRIES, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, POOR, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY MEASURES, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, INCOME POVERTY, INCOME, POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, STANDARD DEVIATION, POVERTY RATES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY ESTIMATES, POVERTY, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, MEAN VALUE, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, ABSOLUTE VALUE, PER CAPITA INCOME, HOUSEHOLD_SURVEY, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, POOR PEOPLE, INSURANCE, HUMAN ENERGY, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, GROWTH, REGIONAL POVERTY, FOOD ITEMS, LIVING STANDARDS, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, LOG-LOG MODEL, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, PUBLIC POLICY, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, POLICY RESEARCH, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, REGION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING WORLD, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY, TRANSFERS, POVERTY UPDATE, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, RURAL POVERTY, POVERTY LINES, SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION, POVERTY THRESHOLD, MICRO DATA, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, FIXED EFFECTS, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, ECONOMICS, FOOD POVERTY, SOCIAL NORMS, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, RURAL, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, POVERTY LINE, CAPITA INCOME, RURAL POVERTY LINE, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, HEADCOUNT RATIO, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES, RICH COUNTRIES, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, POVERTY RATE, DENSITY FUNCTION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Abstract

World Bank's international poverty line of $1.90/day, at 2011 purchasing power parity, is based on a collection of national poverty lines, which were originally used to set the international poverty line of $1.25/day at 2005 purchasing power parity. This paper proposes an approach for estimating a more recent, complete, and comparable collection of national poverty thresholds from reported national poverty rates. The paper presents a set of international poverty lines based on this new database of national poverty lines. In contrast to the lines used to estimate the $1.90 international poverty line, this approach produces national poverty lines that are (1) consistent with national poverty rates, (2) expressed in common units, and (3) provide greater support to the estimated international poverty line. These national poverty lines are used to estimate an extreme international poverty line, and three higher lines that are more relevant for higher-income countries. A key finding provides evidence of the robustness and relevance of the $1.90 international poverty line as a measure of extreme poverty for low-income countries.

Published
2016

2. Drivers of Poverty Reduction in Lao PDR

Author

World Bank Group

Subjects
FARM EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, FARM SECTOR, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, HEALTH INSURANCE, FOOD PRICE, FARM LABOR, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SUBSISTENCE, POOR, AGGREGATE LEVEL, SAFETY NETS, INCOME, FARM INCOME, EXPLANATORY VARIABLES, FARM INCOMES, DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION, FOOD PRICES, GROWTH REGRESSIONS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, FARM ACTIVITIES, POVERTY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, INCOME SHOCKS, GROWTH, HEALTH EXPENDITURE, FARMERS, REDUCING POVERTY, PRIMARY EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, FARMING ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, POVERTY PROFILE, TRANSFERS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, RURAL AREAS, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, LABOR MARKET, CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD HEAD AGE, POVERTY REDUCTION, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, MATERNAL HEALTH, RISKS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, FARM PRICES, HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, MARGINAL EFFECT, DECLINE IN POVERTY, OUTPUT GROWTH, GROWTH ELASTICITY, LACK OF SKILLS, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, POVERTY TARGET, SECONDARY ENROLLMENT, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, POVERTY DYNAMICS, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS, FOOD CONSUMPTION, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, REGIONS, HEALTH CARE, EXCHANGE RATE, HUMAN CAPITAL, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, POOR PEOPLE, INSURANCE, REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS, DIVERSIFICATION, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, WELFARE PROGRAMS, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, WELFARE IMPACT, PUBLIC POLICY, POLICY RESEARCH, REGION, CHRONICALLY POOR, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, REGIONAL FRAMEWORK, EDUCATION LEVEL, NEGATIVE EFFECT, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, REGIONAL VICE PRESIDENT, INCOME GROUPS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HEALTH EXPENDITURES, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, LABOR FORCE, URBAN AREAS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, POVERTY RATE, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Abstract

Poverty in Lao PDR declined from 33.5 percent to 23.2 percent over the 10 year period between 2002/3 and 2012/13. The number of poor people declined by about half a million to 1.35 million in 2013 and Lao PDR has met its MDG target of reducing poverty to below 24 percent by 2015. Improvements in welfare are evident in the changes in other socio-economic indicators such as the ownership of televisions and access to electricity, which doubled, and the number of households living in houses built with bricks or concrete, which nearly tripled, while the proportion of those without a toilet halved. Net secondary enrollment increased from 27 percent in 2002/3 to 50 percent in 2012/13 showing significant improvements in education.

Published
2015

3. Afghanistan Poverty Status Update : An Analysis Based on National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 2007/08 and 2011/12

Author

World Bank

Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY, ACCESS TO SCHOOLS, REGIONAL SHARE, POOR POPULATION, FOOD PRICE, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER, FOOD EXPENDITURE, CENTRAL REGION, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SUBSISTENCE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, SAFETY NETS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, FOOD INSECURITY, REGIONAL DUMMIES, POVERTY RATES, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION, MALNUTRITION, FOOD PRICES, CENTRAL REGIONS, POOR INDIVIDUALS, POVERTY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, LAGGING REGION, FOOD QUALITY, FARM WORK, NOMADIC POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE, LACK OF EDUCATION, IMPACT OF SHOCKS, SPATIAL DIFFERENCES, LIVING STANDARDS, WHEAT PRODUCTION, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION, SANITATION, MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, FOOD IMPORTS, LAGGING REGIONS, FOOD SUPPLY, WELFARE LEVEL, LIVESTOCK LOSSES, FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA, SAFETY NET, INCOME INEQUALITY, DRINKING WATER, CONSUMPTION, SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY, POVERTY REDUCTION, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, LAND TENURE, RURAL DIVIDE, MATERNAL HEALTH, VULNERABLE SEGMENTS, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, POVERTY INCREASE, COPING STRATEGY, RURAL GIRLS, SAFETY NET SYSTEM, RURAL REHABILITATION, POVERTY GAP, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, HUMAN CAPITAL ENDOWMENTS, CAPITAL REGION, ACCESS TO SANITATION, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, CONSUMPTION DATA, ACCESS TO MARKETS, IRRIGATION, REGIONAL DISPARITIES, OPIUM, FOOD NEEDS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, FEMALE PARTICIPATION, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, FOOD CONSUMPTION, CHILD LABOR, FOOD SECURITY, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, POOR FAMILIES, INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT, REGIONS, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POOR CHILDREN, POVERTY ESTIMATES, ACCESS TO SERVICES, POVERTY MONITORING SYSTEM, HUMAN CAPITAL, POOR PEOPLE, NUTRITION, POOR GAP, REGIONAL INEQUALITIES, POVERTY DATA, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AID SPENDING, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, REGIONAL CONTRIBUTION, SOCIAL PROTECTION, ASSET DISPARITIES, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, RURAL GAP, POVERTY INCIDENCE, REGION, LAGGING” REGIONS, POVERTY INDICATOR, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY RISK, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, DETERMINANT OF POVERTY, QUALITY OF DIET, RURAL LINKAGES, INCOME ON FOOD, RURAL ACCESS, COPING MECHANISMS, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, POVERTY LEVELS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HEALTH EXPENDITURES, HOUSING, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, SELF- EMPLOYMENT, VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY INDICATORS, VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY, POOR INFRASTRUCTURE, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, ILLITERACY, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, SCHOOLING, GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, POVERTY RATE, SPATIAL INEQUALITIES
Abstract

Afghanistan’s per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at an average annual rate of 6.9 percent during that period. In contrast, in 2007-08, 36 percent of Afghans were poor, and four years later, still, more than one in three Afghans did not have the buying power to satisfy their basic food and non-food needs. Economic growth in Afghanistan, therefore, is not in and of itself enough to reduce poverty. To achieve poverty reduction, economic growth needs to be far more inclusive for everyone, regardless of their circumstances. While economic growth is necessary to reduce poverty, the poor must actually benefit from that growth. Poverty reduction hinges on the ability of the poorest to earn a good living; accumulate, control, and protect assets; and access quality services and opportunities. For Afghanistan, this means: strengthening agriculture, investing in human development, managing and mitigating risk.

Published
2015

4. Estimating Poverty with Panel Data, Comparably : An Example from Jordan

Author

Jolliffe, Dean and Serajuddin, Umar

Subjects
MEASURES, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, POVERTY MEASURE, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, GLOBAL POVERTY, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, HEALTH INSURANCE, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, CREDIT PROGRAMS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, POLICY MAKERS, POOR, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, FOOD BASKET, FOOD PRICES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, GROWTH, MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, IMPACT OF SHOCKS, LIVING STANDARDS, ELIGIBILITY, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, FAMINES, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, BUSINESS CYCLE, CATEGORICAL TARGETING, MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY, POVERTY PROFILE, TRANSFERS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, POVERTY UPDATE, SQUARED POVERTY GAP INDEX, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA, INCOME INEQUALITY, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, MEASURING POVERTY, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, CHRONIC POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, AVERAGE LEVEL, REAL INCOMES, DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY, POVERTY GAP, TARGETING, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, POVERTY STATISTICS, CONSUMPTION DATA, POVERTY COMPARISONS, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, POVERTY MEASURES, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, NATIONAL POVERTY, AGGREGATE POVERTY, POVERTY INDICES, FOOD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, REDUCTION STRATEGY, CHILD POVERTY, POVERTY ESTIMATES, DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY, HEADCOUNT INDEX, HUMAN CAPITAL, POOR PEOPLE, COPING STRATEGIES, INSURANCE, NUTRITION, DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES, POVERTY GAP INDEX, POVERTY DATA, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, PUBLIC POLICY, POLICY RESEARCH, REGION, CHRONICALLY POOR, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS, POVERTY LINES, SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, ECONOMICS, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, POVERTY LINE, PUBLIC WORKS, CASH TRANSFERS, RICH COUNTRIES, FAMILY INCOME, INCOME SUPPORT, POVERTY RATE, INCOME VOLATILITY, DENSITY FUNCTION, POOR PERSON
Abstract

Poverty estimates based on enumeration from a single point in time form the cornerstone for much of the literature on poverty. Households are typically interviewed once about their consumption or income, and their wellbeing is assessed from their responses. Global estimates of poverty that aggregate poverty counts from all countries implicitly assume that the counts are comparable. This paper illustrates that this assumption of comparability is potentially invalid when households are interviewed multiple times with repeat visits throughout the year. The paper provides an example from Jordan, where the internationally comparable approach of handling the data from repeat visits yields a poverty rate that is 26 percent greater than the rate that is currently reported as the official estimate. The paper also explores alternative definitions of poverty, informed in part by the psychological and biophysical literature on the long-run effects of short-term exposure to poverty or generally adverse environments. This alternative concept of poverty suggests that the prevalence of those who have been affected by poverty in Jordan during 2010 is more than twice as large as the official 2010 estimate of poverty.

Published
2015

5. Where are Iraq’s Poor? : Mapping Poverty in Iraq

Author

Vishwanath, Tara, Sharma, Dhiraj, Krishnan, Nandini, and Blankespoor, Brian

Subjects
MEASURES, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, INVESTMENT, WIDESPREAD POVERTY, HEADCOUNT RATE, TAX, BUDGET, DURABLE GOODS, POVERTY MAP, FOOD EXPENDITURE, TRUST FUND, EQUIPMENTS, AGRICULTURAL LAND, POOR PERSONS, LIVING STANDARD, POOR, POVERTY MAPPING METHODOLOGY, INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, INSTRUMENT, INVESTMENT FUND, POVERTY RATES, RETURNS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, OPTIONS, REGIONAL MODELS, SHARES, RESERVES, TRANSACTIONS, GOODS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE, WAR, EMPIRICAL QUESTION, CHECK, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, NON-FOOD CONSUMPTION, WELFARE MEASURES, STANDARD ERRORS, MARKETS, SANITATION, FOOD, RURAL AREAS, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, INFORMATION SYSTEM, DRINKING WATER, HOUSEHOLD, CONSUMPTION, DUMMY VARIABLE, POVERTY REDUCTION, MEASURING POVERTY, CLEAN WATER, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, MARKET, DURABLE, MATERNAL MORTALITY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT, DURABLE ASSETS, DECLINE IN POVERTY, DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY, TARGETING, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, POOR AREA, WELFARE PROGRAM, POVERTY MAPS, ACCESS TO MARKETS, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, POVERTY MAPPING EXERCISE, POVERTY MAPPING, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, IRRIGATION, ACCOUNTING, DROUGHT, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, SECURITY, REGIONAL DUMMY, OIL RESERVE, FOOD CONSUMPTION, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, NON-FOOD EXPENDITURE, REGIONS, IMMUNIZATION, POVERTY ESTIMATES, POOR AREAS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, RESERVE, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, POOR PEOPLE, NUTRITION, REGIONAL POVERTY, EQUITY, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, RURAL AREA, CORRELATES OF POVERTY, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, SOCIAL PROTECTION, AUTONOMOUS REGION, DUMMY VARIABLES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, MOBILE PHONE, POVERTY INCIDENCE, REGION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, CONTRACT, COUNTERFACTUAL, POVERTY LINES, LABOR MARKETS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, SPATIAL PATTERN, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, INTEREST, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, DECLINE IN POVERTY RATES, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY INDICATORS, CHECKS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, CHILD MORTALITY, SHARE, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, POVERTY RATE, CALORIC INTAKE, EXPENDITURE
Abstract

Measuring poverty and tracking it over time is an important prerequisite to national economic planning. Absence of official data on household expenditure or poverty line hampered the ability of Iraqi policymakers to understand the extent of the problem, analyze their causes, and devise appropriate policies. Iraq household socioeconomic survey (IHSES) 2006-07 was the first survey of its kind since 1988 to cover all 18 governorates. The survey collected rich information on income, expenditure, employment, housing, education, health, and other socioeconomic indicators. Building on the experience of the first IHSES survey and using international best practice on sampling and questionnaire design and survey implementation, the second round of IHSES was fielded in 201-/13. To fill the data gap, a larger survey was designed to collect information on correlates of household welfare like demographic characteristics, education, occupation, housing, and assets and estimate small-area poverty rates using projection methods. This report presents results from the exercise, the first of its kind for Iraq. Poverty mapping not only provides a visual representation of poverty at subnational levels, it also reveals pockets of poverty and islands of prosperity where they exist. This knowledge is useful to inform decisions on policy design and targeting of development projects and programs.

Published
2015

6. Ghana Work Program (FY15) : Poverty and Inequality Profile

Author

World Bank

Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY, ADEQUATE CALORIES, SPATIAL TRENDS, FOREST REGIONS, EXTREME POVERTY, WELFARE MEASURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, FOOD PRICE, POVERTY MAP, PRODUCTION GROWTH, IMPACT ON POVERTY REDUCTION, FOOD EXPENDITURE, CENTRAL REGION, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, FOOD BASKET, FARM SIZE, DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY RATES, FOOD PRICES, CENTRAL REGIONS, REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CHANGES IN POVERTY, NET FOOD CONSUMERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, WELFARE MONITORING, ACCESS TO IRRIGATION, REGIONAL PRICE INDEXES, POORER PEOPLE, FARMERS, REGIONAL TRENDS, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, FOOD CONSUMERS, LOW POVERTY RATES, LIVING STANDARDS, CONSUMPTION BASKET, WELFARE MEASURES, RURAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION, REGIONAL AVERAGES, REGIONAL AVERAGE, SANITATION, RURAL PHENOMENON, POVERTY PROFILE, CASH CROPS, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, WELFARE LEVEL, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, RURAL FARM, INCOME REDISTRIBUTION, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, INCOME INEQUALITY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, CONSUMPTION, REGIONAL PRICE, REGIONAL PATTERN, POVERTY REDUCTION, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, RURAL DIVIDE, REGIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, MATERNAL MORTALITY, CROP PRODUCTION, CASH FLOW, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, WAGE PREMIUM, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, RURAL RESIDENCE, DECLINE IN POVERTY, RURAL POPULATION, REGIONAL BREAKDOWN, SPATIAL ANALYSIS, CONSUMPTION DATA, POVERTY MAPS, POVERTY SITUATION, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, POVERTY MAPPING EXERCISE, POVERTY MAPPING, IRRIGATION, URBANIZED REGION, FOOD NEEDS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, POORER REGIONS, NATIONAL POVERTY, WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS, RURAL RESIDENTS, FOOD CONSUMPTION, ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITY, INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, REGIONS, REGIONAL POPULATION, POVERTY ANALYSIS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, REGIONAL PATTERNS, HUMAN CAPITAL, POOR PEOPLE, NUTRITION, REGIONAL GROUP, DIVERSIFICATION, REGIONAL POVERTY, RURAL AREA, POVERTY DATA, CORRELATES OF POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE, SCHOOL_ATTENDANCE, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, RURAL GAP, REGIONAL CONVERGENCE, POVERTY INCIDENCE, RURAL DISPARITIES, ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS, REGION, FOOD CROPS, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, QUALITY OF LIFE, ECOLOGICAL ZONES, POVERTY LINES, POORER AREAS, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, POVERTY LEVELS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE, HOUSING, FOOD POVERTY, ACCESS TO FACILITIES, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, INCOME GROWTH, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, POVERTY LINE, COASTAL REGIONS, REGIONAL LEVELS, POVERTY INDICATORS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, SCHOOLING, POVERTY RATE, EQUITABLE ACCESS, REGIONAL PERFORMANCE, POOR PERSON, RURAL POPULATIONS
Abstract

Since 1991 the national poverty rate of Ghana has more than halved. The estimated national headcount poverty ratio fell by 31.2 percentage points from 52.6 percent in 1991 to 21.41 percent in 2012. Heterogeneity of poverty outcomes is, however, high both across urban and rural areas and across regions. The robustness of these poverty trends is checked with trends of five correlates: urbanization and rural-urban migration, remittances, asset growth, labor market transformations, and agricultural productivity growth. Urbanization turns out to be highly correlated with poverty reduction. Poverty trends and asset index trends turn out to follow a similar pattern in both urban and rural areas and by regions: asset index increase where poverty decreases. In the report the authors try to understand the drivers of recent decrease in poverty in northern regions. The attention is focused on two different aspects, the agricultural productivity growth and the inflation patterns. In northern regions, there is a generalized increase in production of main food crops and an increase in productivity. To test the contribution of most of these drivers to poverty reduction, the authors estimated unconditional quintile regressions over the 20th, 40th, and 60th percentiles and decomposed the results using the Oaxaca Blinder method. To further strengthen the spatial analysis of poverty the authors constructed a new poverty map based on sixth Ghana living standard survey (GLSS 6) (conducted in 2012-13) in combination with the 2010 census, which was then compared with the 2000 map. This profile focuses on inequalities seen from three different perspectives: consumption inequality, inequalities of opportunities, and polarization.

Published
2015

7. Toward a New Definition of Shared Prosperity : A Dynamic Perspective from Three Countries

Author

Dang, Hai-Anh H. and Lanjouw, Peter F.

Subjects
MEASURES, GROWTH RATES, GLOBAL POVERTY, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, ECONOMIC REFORMS, POORER GROUPS, POLICY MAKERS, POOR, DECREASING FUNCTION, INCOME, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, DISPOSABLE INCOME, POVERTY RATES, PRO- POOR, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, NEGATIVE GROWTH, POVERTY, ABSOLUTE TERMS, PRO-POOR GROWTH, POOR GROWTH, PRO- POOR GROWTH, TRANSFER PROGRAMS, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, GROWTH, AVERAGE INCOMES, INCOME DYNAMICS, REDUCING POVERTY, LIVING STANDARDS, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, WELFARE MEASURES, INCOMES, COUNTRY SPECIFIC, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, GROWTH PROCESS, REDUCED POVERTY, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, INCOME LEVELS, MEASURING POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, POORER POPULATION, ANNUAL GROWTH, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA, INCOME DATA, PRODUCT, ECONOMIC REVIEW, PRO-POOR, POVERTY DYNAMICS, POVERTY MEASURES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, COUNTRY LEVEL, AVERAGE INCOME, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, RELATIVE POVERTY, POVERTY ANALYSIS, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, EXCHANGE RATE, POPULATION SHARE, NEGATIVE IMPACT, SOCIAL PROTECTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, SOCIAL PROGRESS, PER CAPITA GROWTH, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, EMPIRICAL APPLICATION, POLICY RESEARCH, REGION, GROWTH RATE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY THRESHOLD, INCOME GROUPS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, ECONOMICS, ESTIMATION RESULTS, MEAN CONSUMPTION, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, POWER PARITY, INCOME GROWTH, MIDDLE CLASS, POVERTY LINE, MEAN INCOME, POVERTY RATE, POSITIVE GROWTH
Abstract

This paper proposes a new measure of growth in shared prosperity, based on shifts in population shares of different income groups over time. This measure complements the definition of shared prosperity recently proposed by the World Bank in which income growth of the bottom 40 percent is examined. The new measure’s strengths arise from its close ties to countries’ national poverty lines and poverty measures, its focus on inclusion of the vulnerable population, and its identification of a population segment that is neither poor nor at significant risk of falling into poverty. The paper also offers a typology of scenarios for tracking shared prosperity under this measure. It provides illustrative examples using survey data from India, the United States, and Vietnam for the mid-to-late 2000s. Estimation results comparing the two approaches with measuring the evolution of shared prosperity are qualitatively consistent, and suggest that during this period, Vietnam enjoyed the greatest expansion in shared prosperity, followed by India and then the United States.

Published
2015

8. Global Poverty Goals and Prices : How Purchasing Power Parity Matters

Author

Jolliffe, Dean Mitchell and Prydz, Espen Beer

Subjects
MEASURES, POPULATION LIVING IN EXTREME POVERTY, AVERAGE GROWTH RATE, CITIES, GROWTH RATES, CROSS COUNTRY, GLOBAL POVERTY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, WELFARE MEASURE, EXCHANGE RATES, COLLABORATIVE EFFORT, INFLATION, POOR COUNTRIES, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, POOR, POPULATION, INCOME, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, POVERTY RATES, INFLATION RATE, POVERTY, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CHANGES IN POVERTY, MEAN VALUE, PER CAPITA INCOME, RESEARCH GROUP, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, GROWTH, SIGNIFICANT EFFECT, BASIC NEEDS, LOW POVERTY RATES, LIVING STANDARDS, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, COUNTRY–SPECIFIC, DEVELOPING WORLD, POVERTY PROFILE, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, REDUCED POVERTY, POVERTY LEVEL, CONSUMPTION, GDP PER CAPITA, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, INCOME LEVELS, RELATIVE PRICES, MEASURING POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, EXTREME POVERTY LINES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, POVERTY INCREASES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POVERTY, DECLINE IN POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, CONSUMPTION DATA, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, REGIONAL PROFILE, UNDERSTANDING OF POVERTY, POVERTY MEASURES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, AVERAGE GROWTH, COUNTRY LEVEL, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, AVERAGE INCOME, REGIONS, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POVERTY ESTIMATES, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, EXCHANGE RATE, POOR PEOPLE, CURRENCY, COST OF LIVING, DATA QUALITY, POVERTY DATA, RURAL PRICES, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, PPP, PUBLIC POLICY, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, GLOBAL LEVEL, POLICY RESEARCH, REGION, POVERTY INDICATOR, GROWTH RATE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY THRESHOLD, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, RURAL, POVERTY LINE, CAPITA INCOME, CURRENCY EXCHANGE, MEAN INCOME, HEADCOUNT RATIO, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES, RICH COUNTRIES, URBAN AREAS, ESTIMATES OF POVERTY, LOCAL CURRENCY, WEIGHT, POVERTY RATE, DATA COLLECTION
Abstract

With the recent release of the 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) data from the International Comparison Program (ICP), analysts and institutions are confronted with the question of whether and how to use them for global poverty estimation. The previous round of PPP data from 2005 led to a large increase in the estimated number of poor in the world. The 2011 price data suggest that developing countries’ incomes in PPP-adjusted dollars are significantly higher than indicated by the 2005 PPP data. This has created the anticipation that the new PPP data will decrease significantly the count of poor people in the world. This paper presents evidence that if the global poverty line is updated with the 2011 PPP data based on the same set of national poverty lines that define the $1.25 line in 2005 PPPs, and if the 2011 PPP conversion factors are used without adjustments to selected countries, the 2011 poverty rate is within half a percentage point of the current global estimate based on 2005 PPPs. The analysis also indicates that the goal of ‘ending’ extreme poverty by 2030 continues to be an ambitious one.

Published
2015

9. Republic of Niger : Measuring Poverty Trends

Author

World Bank

Subjects
MEASURES, ANTIPOVERTY POLICIES, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, RURAL POVERTY INCIDENCE, MILK, TRANSACTION COSTS, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SUBSISTENCE, CONSUMER PRICES, POOR, AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, POVERTY RATES, FOOD PRICES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, ABSOLUTE TERMS, CHANGES IN POVERTY, ECONOMIC INSECURITY, RUNNING WATER, WELFARE INDICATORS, BASIC FOODSTUFFS, RURAL PEOPLE, FARMING AREAS, FARMERS, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, POOR HOUSEHOLD, LIVING STANDARDS, CONSUMPTION BASKET, ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION, DROP IN POVERTY, SANITATION, MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY, TRANSFERS, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, WELFARE LEVEL, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, VEGETABLES, HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS, RURAL WORKERS, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, FORMS OF POVERTY, REGIONAL LEVEL, CALORIE INTAKE, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, SHEEP, CALORIES PER PERSON, ASSET POVERTY, LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP, WELFARE INDICATOR, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, FARMING SEASON, POVERTY GAP, DECLINE IN POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, IMPACT ON POVERTY, CONSUMPTION DATA, FOOD EXPENDITURES, POVERTY MAPS, POVERTY COMPARISONS, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, IRRIGATION, TOTAL POVERTY, POVERTY DYNAMICS, POVERTY MEASURES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, INCOME POVERTY, MEAT, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD SECURITY, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, FARMER, INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT, REGIONS, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POVERTY ESTIMATES, HUMAN CAPITAL, DIVERSITY OF LIVELIHOODS, NUTRITION, CALORIES PER PERSON PER DAY, DIVERSIFICATION, REGIONAL POVERTY, POTABLE WATER, POVERTY DATA, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, POVERTY INCIDENCE, REGION, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, ECOLOGICAL ZONES, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY LEVELS, CONSUMPTION PRICE, HOUSING, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, RURAL POVERTY RATE, DECLINE IN POVERTY RATES, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY INDICATORS, CONSUMER GOODS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, POVERTY RATE
Abstract

Accurately measuring poverty and assessing trends in its incidence and severity are among the most fundamental challenges in economic development. The issue of effective poverty measurement has been the subject of renewed interest since the United Nations adopted the millennium development goals (MDGs) in 2000. In Niger, as in many comparable countries worldwide, poverty data are collected through household surveys of consumption patterns and living conditions. A number of methodological factors can affect the accuracy of consumption data during the collection phase, especially the number of survey visits, the time of year during which the questionnaire is administered, the recall period, and the composition of the consumption basket defined in the survey. The purpose of this paper is to produce a robust analysis of poverty trends in Niger from 2005 to 2011 by using the 2011 survey as the basis for monitoring poverty and correcting for methodological differences in earlier surveys. The decision to use the 2011 survey as the basis for establishing methodological consistency is rooted in two factors. First, the large variations in poverty estimates obtained in different survey periods are suspected to be due in part to changes in the survey methodology. Second, the 2011 survey coincided with the adoption of Niger’s current growth and poverty reduction strategy, programme de développement economique et social (PDES). The report describes the 2011 survey methodology and the techniques used to make the previous figures compatible with this methodology. It presents the revised poverty figures and discusses their implications. It also offers conclusions and recommendations.

Published
2015

10. An Update on Poverty and Inequality in Albania : Nine Stylized Facts

Author

World Bank

Subjects
MEASURES, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, GROWTH RATES, MEAN GROWTH, POINT ESTIMATES, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, CENTRAL REGION, HIGH POVERTY, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, GINI INDEX, POOR, PROGRAMMATIC POVERTY ASSESSMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, POVERTY RATES, POOR INDIVIDUALS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, PER CAPITA INCOME, WELFARE MONITORING, GROWTH, GINI COEFFICIENT, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, REDUCING POVERTY, PRIMARY EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, HIGHER INEQUALITY, REGIONAL AVERAGE, TRANSFERS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, RURAL POVERTY, MOUNTAIN AREAS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, LABOR MARKET, SAFETY NET, POVERTY SEVERITY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, DISTRIBUTION EFFECT, CONSUMPTION, PUBLIC SECTOR, POVERTY REDUCTION, RISKS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, POVERTY INCREASE, ANNUAL GROWTH, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, POVERTY INCREASES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION, POVERTY GAP, DECLINE IN POVERTY, RURAL POPULATION, POVERTY POVERTY, DATA ISSUES, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, CONSUMPTION DATA, URBAN POVERTY, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, URBAN POOR, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, REGIONS, GROWTH EFFECT, POVERTY ESTIMATES, ACCESS TO SERVICES, HEALTH CARE, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION SHARE, REGIONAL POVERTY, POPULATION GROUP, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, PENSION INCOME, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ECONOMIC SHOCK, PER CAPITA GROWTH, POVERTY INCIDENCE, REGION, GROWTH RATE, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, EDUCATION LEVEL, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, POVERTY LEVELS, COASTAL REGION, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, FOOD POVERTY, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, COASTAL REGIONS, CAPITA INCOME, LABOR FORCE, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, URBAN AREAS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, POVERTY CHANGES, POVERTY RATE
Abstract

This note presents 9 stylized facts that emerge related to the evolution of poverty and inequality over the 2002 to 2012 period, especially from 2008 to 2012, as well as some insights into the drivers of poverty changes. It complements existing work on monitoring and understanding shared prosperity – the second corporate goal of the World Bank along with reducing poverty - in Albania and the Western Balkans. Albania poverty estimates are based on the Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS). The LSMS is conducted by the Albania Statistics Office (INSTAT) with donor funding and has been carried out in 2002, 2005, 2008 and recently in 2012.

Published
2015

11. Poverty and Economic Mobility in the Kyrgyz Republic : Some Insights from the Life in Kyrgyzstan Survey

Author

World Bank Group

Subjects
MEASURES, CITIES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, WELFARE MEASURE, DESCRIPTION, LABOR MIGRATION, JOB, EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS, DRIVERS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, EMPLOYMENT, POOR, INCOME, RURAL POVERTY RATES, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, PRIVATE TRANSFER, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES, WORKERS, JOBS, POVERTY RATES, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY, FEMALE, OCCUPATIONS, OCCUPATION, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, SERVICE SECTOR, OLD AGE, SKILLED WORKERS, URBAN REGIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, POVERTY IMPACT, WORKER, MARKETS, PUBLIC SERVICES, UNEMPLOYED, POVERTY PERSISTENCE, TRANSFERS, GEOGRAPHICAL REGION, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, AGE GROUPS, LABOR MARKET, HOUSEHOLD, RURAL REGIONS, CONSUMPTION, FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, SERVICES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY ERADICATION, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, CHRONIC POVERTY, MARKET, MOBILITY, CLERKS, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, TARGETING, PREVIOUS SECTION, PRIVATE SERVICE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, SERVICE, EMPLOYEE, ECONOMIC MOBILITY, TOTAL POVERTY, POVERTY DYNAMICS, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, PRODUCTION WORKERS, JOB TENURE, POOR FAMILIES, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT RATE, REGIONS, POVERTY ANALYSIS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, COMMUNITY, POOR PEOPLE, HOUSEHOLDS, EMPLOYEES, PROJECT, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, SOCIAL PROTECTION, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, LABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS, REGION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, EMPLOYMENT RATES, PRIVATE SERVICES, UNSKILLED WORKERS, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY THRESHOLD, LABOR, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL, POVERTY LINE, LABOR FORCE, SKILLED OCCUPATIONS, UNSKILLED WORKER, URBAN AREAS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, GENDER, POVERTY RATE
Abstract

This report focuses on the economic mobility of individuals (and corresponding households) belonging to the bottom 40 percent of the Kyrgyz population. This is indeed the target population chosen by the World Bank Group for the achievement of its second and twin goal of shared prosperity (the first one remaining poverty reduction). Moreover, in the specific case of the Kyrgyz Republic total poverty rates in the period under analysis ranged between 34 and 37 percent, thus making the poverty and bottom 40 percent pools almost identical. For each selected transition group, the report depicts a detailed profile of corresponding main socio-economic characteristics. Four transition groups were in particular identified: (i) those who were found to be stuck in the bottom 40 percent in both 2010 and 2011; (ii) those who managed to move up from the bottom 40 percent in 2011; (iii) those who entered the bottom 40 percent in 2011, and (iv) those who managed to stay in the top 60 percent in both years under analysis. The evidence shows a few significant differences among these four groups in terms of both households’ invariant and individual characteristics.

Published
2015

12. Poverty Profile in Lao PDR : Poverty Report for the Lao Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2012–2013

Author

Pimhidzai, Obert, Fenton, Nina Clare, Souksavath, Phonesaly, and Sisoulath, Vilaysouk

Subjects
MEASURES, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, DISTRIBUTION OF ACCESS, PRICE SUBSIDIES, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, WELFARE MEASURE, FOOD PRICE, BORDER REGIONS, MILK, FOOD EXPENDITURE, POVERTY BY PROVINCE, CENTRAL REGION, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, POOR COUNTRIES, AGRICULTURAL LAND, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, POOR, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, RURAL POVERTY LINES, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, WAGE EARNERS, TOTAL POVERTY LINE, FOOD BASKET, FOOD INSECURITY, POVERTY RATES, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION, RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, CENTRAL REGIONS, POOR INDIVIDUALS, ENROLMENT RATES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, REGIONAL COMPARISON, FARM WORK, WELFARE INDICATORS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, FOOD ITEMS, REGIONAL DECOMPOSITION, FARMERS, REGIONAL TRENDS, EDUCATION POVERTY, LOW POVERTY RATES, LIVING STANDARDS, RURAL COUNTERPARTS, CALORIES PER DAY, LAND OWNERSHIP, DROP IN POVERTY, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, HOUSEHOLD NEEDS, LAND HOLDINGS, POVERTY PROFILE, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, VEGETABLES, DRINKING WATER, FOOD POVERTY LINE, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, SUB-REGION, HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, VULNERABLE GROUPS, INEQUALITY, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, PROSPEROUS REGION, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, POVERTY GAP, DECLINE IN POVERTY, CONSUMPTION POVERTY, POVERTY POVERTY, SUB-REGIONS, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, CONSUMPTION DATA, POVERTY SITUATION, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, TOTAL POVERTY, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POVERTY MEASURES, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, FIREWOOD, RURAL RESIDENTS, MEAT, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD SECURITY, POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAM, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, FARMER, FOOD BUYERS, REGIONS, POOR CHILDREN, POVERTY ESTIMATES, ACCESS TO SERVICES, URBAN REGION, POOR PEOPLE, CASH EXPENDITURE, NUTRITION, REGIONAL POVERTY, ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, COST OF FOOD, REGION, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY LINES, FOOD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, SPATIAL PATTERN, FOOD POVERTY, FOOD PRODUCTS, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, RURAL POVERTY RATE, POVERTY LINE, RURAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, POVERTY HEAD, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, SCHOOLING, GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, POVERTY RATE, FEMALE LITERACY
Abstract

The report starts with an overview of poverty and inequality estimates in chapter one, focusing on the trends in poverty and the distributional pattern of growth between 2002-3 and 2012-13. Chapter two then provides a description of the poverty profile by geographical and household characteristics, both in terms of the levels of poverty and its rate of change. Consumption patterns are presented in chapter three, and other socio-economic characteristics describing the living conditions of households are presented in chapter four, which is then followed by a chapter detailing the conclusions that can be drawn from this initial poverty profile analysis. The annexes provide additional detail. Annex one provides a detailed technical explanation of the methodology for measuring poverty while annex two presents sensitivity analysis for the poverty estimates including the confidence intervals of these estimates. Annex three provides additional tables and figures on poverty and inequality including other measures of poverty.

Published
2014

13. Republic of Niger : Trends of Poverty, Inequality, and Growth, 2005-2011

Author

World Bank

Subjects
MEASURES, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, ANTIPOVERTY POLICIES, AVERAGE GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, RURAL SECTOR, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, INEQUALITY DYNAMICS, TRANSACTION COSTS, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION, HIGH POVERTY, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, GINI INDEX, POOR, PERSISTENT POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, RURAL ECONOMY, INCOME, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, POVERTY RATES, FOOD PRICES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, PER CAPITA INCOME, GROWTH, HUMANITARIAN AID, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES, RAPID GROWTH, FARMERS, REDUCING POVERTY, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, LIVING STANDARDS, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, RURAL COUNTERPARTS, REMOTE RURAL AREAS, ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY, DROP IN POVERTY, DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL WORKERS, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, RISKS, MEASURING POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS, MATERNAL MORTALITY, ANNUAL GROWTH, WELFARE INDICATOR, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, RURAL INCOMES, HIGH GROWTH, POVERTY GAP, DECLINE IN POVERTY, RURAL POPULATION, OUTPUT GROWTH, GROWTH ELASTICITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, CONSUMPTION DATA, URBAN POVERTY, IRRIGATION, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, PRO-POOR, POOR POLICY, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, SMALLHOLDER FARMERS, POVERTY DYNAMICS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, DROUGHT, NATIONAL POVERTY, WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS, AVERAGE GROWTH, INCOME POVERTY, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, FOOD SECURITY, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, DROUGHT YEARS, FARMLAND, HEALTH CARE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HEALTH BUDGET, POOR PEOPLE, DIVERSIFICATION, RURAL COMMUNITIES, POVERTY DATA, NEGATIVE IMPACT, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SHOCKS, PUBLIC POLICY, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, POVERTY INCIDENCE, LIVESTOCK SECTOR, REGION, GROWTH RATE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, PUBLIC POLICIES, INCOME GROUPS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL, RURAL POVERTY RATE, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, CAPITA INCOME, POVERTY INDICATORS, UPPER INCOME GROUPS, CONSUMER GOODS, HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, URBAN AREAS, CHILD MORTALITY, LONG RUN, POVERTY RATE
Abstract

The ability to accurately monitor poverty trends is crucial to ensure the adoption of effective antipoverty policies and to assess progress toward the achievement of national development goals. In Niger, efforts to assess poverty dynamics between 2005 and 2011 are complicated by methodological differences in the three household surveys conducted over the period, in 2005, 2007-08 and 2011. While Niger’s overall poverty rate has dropped significantly between 2005 and 2011, changes in the poverty incidence are highly uneven across location types. Among the major causes of persistent poverty are the country’s minimal economic diversification and extremely limited agricultural infrastructure, which leave the majority of Nigerien households dependent on highly vulnerable farming and livestock production. In addition, the country’s extremely high rate of population growth presents a serious obstacle to sustainable poverty reduction. Not only does Niger have one of the highest population growth rates in the world, but fertility correlates inversely with income level. In other words, the fastest-growing segments of the population are also the poorest, and as a result, the declining trend in the national poverty rate is continuously offset by a steady increase in the absolute number of Nigeriens living in poverty. In addition, the relationship between population growth and rural-urban migration has important implications for poverty trends. Urban fertility rates are lower than rural rates and have been declining over time, while rural fertility rates remain both extremely high and relatively stable. Over the long run urbanization may have the added benefit of slowing nationwide population growth. However, this dynamic will be greatly accelerated by an independent improvement in conditions associated with lower birth rates in rural areas, including sustained increases in household incomes, broad improvements in education indicators, especially among women, and expanded access to healthcare facilities and family planning services.

Published
2014

14. Philippines : Fostering More Inclusive Growth

Author

World Bank

Subjects
ADMINISTRATIVE REGION, SECTOR ACTIVITIES, HEALTH INSURANCE, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EXPORT MARKETS, GROWTH EPISODE, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE LEVELS, UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, MALNUTRITION, ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION, REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, PER CAPITA INCOME, PUBLIC SPENDING, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, WAR, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA, FARMERS, MARKET CAPITALIZATION, SKILLED WORKERS, CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS, HEALTH SERVICE, DAILY WAGE, REGIONAL AVERAGE, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, LONG-TERM GROWTH, POVERTY LEVEL, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, INCOME INEQUALITY, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, POVERTY REDUCTION, LAND REFORM, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, MATERNAL MORTALITY, ANNUAL GROWTH, HUNGER, POOR WOMEN, TARGETING, CAPITAL REGION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, URBAN POVERTY, PRO-POOR, AGRARIAN REFORM, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, AVERAGE GROWTH, UNSKILLED LABOR, POVERTY ESTIMATES, FOOD PREPARATION, EXCHANGE RATE, HEALTH CARE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, NUTRITION, POPULATION SHARE, REGIONAL POVERTY, NATURAL DISASTERS, REGIONAL CONTRIBUTION, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, PER CAPITA GROWTH, CHRONICALLY POOR, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY LINES, CHILD HEALTH SERVICES, EDUCATION LEVEL, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, INCOME GROUPS, NON-INCOME DIMENSIONS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT, RURAL, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY INDICATORS, REGIONAL STANDARDS, IMPROVEMENT OF INCOME, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, INCOME GROWTH RATE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, CHILD MORTALITY, RURAL FARMERS, ESTIMATES OF POVERTY, FAMILY INCOME, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, SCHOOLING, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, AVERAGE GROWTH RATE, HIGH CONCENTRATION, PUBLIC SERVICE, FARM SECTOR, COPING BEHAVIORS, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, CHILD HEALTH, NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE, PROVIDER PAYMENT, HIGH POVERTY, AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, POOR, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, SAFETY NETS, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, FARM SIZE, FINANCIAL CRISIS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTI-POVERTY, HEALTH OUTCOMES, GINI COEFFICIENT, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, INTEGRATION, HEALTH ORGANIZATION, RAPID GROWTH, REDUCING POVERTY, REMOTE RURAL AREAS, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, BASIC EDUCATION, WAGE GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION, GROWTH PROCESS, SANITATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, LAGGING REGIONS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, INCOME ELASTICITY, LABOR MARKET, POVERTY SEVERITY, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, PUBLIC SECTOR, DEBT, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, MATERNAL HEALTH, MEASURING POVERTY, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, REFORM POLICIES, INEQUALITY, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, POVERTY INCREASES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY, POVERTY GAP, BASIC FOOD COMMODITIES, GROWTH ELASTICITY, POOR CLIENTS, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, WELFARE PROGRAM, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, TOTAL POVERTY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, POOR FAMILIES, CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS, FAMILY PLANNING, ACCESS TO SERVICES, REGIONAL PATTERNS, HUMAN CAPITAL, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, AUTONOMOUS REGION, SOCIAL PROTECTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, FOOD COMMODITIES, POVERTY INCIDENCE, GROWTH RATE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PATTERN, POVERTY THRESHOLD, COPING MECHANISMS, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, INCOME QUINTILE, LABOR FORCE, SAVINGS, HEADCOUNT RATIO, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, URBAN AREAS, LONG RUN, POVERTY RATE, HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY
Abstract

The main report is organized into three parts: part one provides the overall context by describing the level and evolution of poverty and inequality in the Philippines and by analyzing the factors that could be weakening the link between economic growth and poverty reduction. It also provides a brief profile of the poor. Part two addresses the first strategic component for fostering inclusive growth, which refers to the enhancement of income opportunities and ensuring greater labor mobility for the poor. It begins by reviewing recent economic developments, with particular attention to employment generation, and evaluates the potential of key economic sectors to generate growth and productive employment. Part two then turns to the related challenge of ensuring labor mobility, identifying signs of labor market segmentation and factors that may be responsible for labor market rigidities which inhibit the fluid movement of workers toward the most productive activities. Part three discusses the other main component of fostering inclusive growth, which is to ensure that workers and households are well-equipped to take advantage of productive employment opportunities. It reviews the current state of health, education, and social protection in the Philippines and proposes measures for strengthening social service delivery.

Published
2011

15. Poverty Status in Afghanistan : A Profile Based on National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 2007/08

Author

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Economy and World Bank

Subjects
RURAL FEMALE, BEVERAGES, WELFARE MEASURE, CARPET WEAVING, FOOD PRICE, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, CENTRAL REGION, DIETARY DIVERSITY, URBAN HOUSEHOLDS, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, AGRICULTURAL WAGE LABOR, FOOD POVERTY RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, CURRENT POVERTY, CENTRAL REGIONS, MALNUTRITION, POVERTY RATES, PREPARED FOODS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, MEAN VALUE, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION LEVEL, BASIC NEEDS, BASIC CONSUMPTION NEEDS, LIVESTOCK ASSETS, SPATIAL DIFFERENCES, FARMING ACTIVITIES, SUGAR, POVERTY PROFILE, MOUNTAINOUS AREAS, RURAL POOR, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, FOOD SUPPLY, VEGETABLES, CANDY, POVERTY LEVEL, RURAL FARM, FRUIT, DRINKING WATER, MONITORING POVERTY, SUBSISTENCE FARMERS, POVERTY REDUCTION, SPICES, RURAL DIVIDE, PULSES, NON-FOOD GOODS, OVERALL POVERTY LINE, CROP PRODUCTION, NONFOOD EXPENDITURES, REAL TERMS, REGIONAL VARIATION, FOOD GOODS, RURAL REHABILITATION, RURAL POPULATION, POVERTY POVERTY, RURAL FOOD, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, POVERTY SITUATION, SPATIAL VARIATION, OPIUM, POVERTY STATUS, FIREWOOD, FOODS, POVERTY INDICES, CHILD LABOR, BASIC CONSUMPTION, POVERTY ESTIMATES, REGIONAL DIVERSITY, POOR PEOPLE, DIVERSIFICATION, CONSUMPTION PATTERN, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, CORRELATES OF POVERTY, EXPENDITURE DISTRIBUTION, NON-FOOD ITEMS, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, FOOD BUNDLE, FOOD ITEM, UTILITY LEVEL, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY LINES, AGRICULTURAL WAGE, WFP, CEREALS, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, HOUSING, ACCESS TO FACILITIES, EGGS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, RURAL, NONFOOD ITEMS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY HEAD, WINTER MONTHS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, SCHOOLING, CALORIC INTAKE, HIGHER INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INFANT MORTALITY RATES, POOR POPULATION, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER, FOOD EXPENDITURE, RURAL LABOR, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SUBSISTENCE, BREAD, POOR, SAFETY NETS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, NON-FOOD NEEDS, LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES, FOOD PRICES, CHANGES IN POVERTY, FOOD QUALITY, STRAW, FARM PRODUCTIVITY, FOOD ITEMS, RISK MANAGEMENT, CONSUMPTION QUINTILES, NON-FOOD CONSUMPTION, LIVING STANDARDS, STANDARD ERRORS, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, SANITATION, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, EGG, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, WINTER SEASON, SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, MATERNAL HEALTH, MEASURING POVERTY, CALORIE INTAKE, CLEAN WATER, FOOD QUANTITY, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FAMILY MEMBERS, CONSUMPTION MEASURES, AGRICULTURE, WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME, POVERTY GAP, INFANT MORTALITY, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, FOOD EXPENDITURES, ACCESS TO MARKETS, IRRIGATION, UNDERSTANDING OF POVERTY, FOOD NEEDS, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, NATIONAL POVERTY, AGGREGATE POVERTY, MEAT, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, POVERTY ANALYSIS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, HEADCOUNT INDEX, FOOD STOCKS, POVERTY GAP INDEX, DAIRY, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POVERTY REDUCTION IMPACT, POVERTY INCIDENCE, FOOD AID, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, FOOD ALLOWANCES, POVERTY THRESHOLD, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, CONFLICT, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, FOOD POVERTY, FOOD SHARE, VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, CALORIC REQUIREMENT, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, OFFICIAL POVERTY, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, URBAN AREAS, POVERTY RATE, POOR PERSON
Abstract

Poverty reduction is one of the three key objectives of the Afghanistan national development strategy. The poverty profile is an important element in the information kit of the policymaker that helps focus policy to attain this objective. A poverty profile is standard methodology to describe the extent and nature of poverty in a country or region. It assesses the magnitude of poverty and its distribution across geographic and socioeconomic domains, provides information on the characteristics of the poor, illustrates the heterogeneity among the poor, and identifies correlates of poverty. The report describes the multidimensional nature of poverty by encompassing the nonmonetary dimensions of poverty, particularly education and health status, and vulnerability to shocks. Tables in the report are also disaggregated by region, income sources, gender, and many socioeconomic characteristics. In addition to providing a picture of the many dimensions of poverty, it is important to also recognize that the poverty estimates in this report are the first nationally representative, seasonally smoothed estimates of wellbeing for Afghanistan. Because previously no such existing estimates were available, the provision of these estimates in this report is new analysis that substantially fills key knowledge gaps in our understanding of the poverty situation in Afghanistan.

Published
2010

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