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President Abraham Lincoln's tenure is often heralded for its profound influence on the socio-political fabric of the USA, yet its economic implications, particularly through the lens of monetary policy, are equally transformative. As the nation found itself ensnared in the throes of the Civil War, Lincoln's administration faced not only a military insurrection but also an economic quandary of monumental proportions. Lincoln, recognising the limitations of traditional gold-backed currency and the dispersed state banking system, advocated for a bold reconfiguration of national monetary policy. This reconfiguration was predicated on two groundbreaking initiatives: the issuance of 'greenbacks'—legal tender not backed by gold but by the government's promise—and the establishment of a national banking system under the National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864. It is within this context that Lincoln's monetary strategies emerged as a cornerstone for the Union's eventual triumph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee retention is a critical challenge in the banking sector, with high turnover rates leading to significant costs and operational disruptions. This study investigates the mediating role of employee engagement in the relationship between recruitment and selection practices and employee retention at the National Bank of Bahrain (NBB). A quantitative cross-sectional survey approach was employed, with data collected from a random sample of 257 NBB employees across various departments and hierarchical levels. The study utilized structural equation modeling via SmartPLS to analyze the data. Results indicate that recruitment and selection practices significantly influence employee engagement (β = 0.861, p < 0.000) and employee retention (β = 0.455, p < 0.006). Moreover, employee engagement was found to have a significant positive effect on employee retention (β = 0.406, p < 0.018). Notably, the study reveals a significant indirect effect of recruitment and selection on employee retention through employee engagement (β = 0.35, p < 0.019), confirming the mediating role of employee engagement. These findings emphasize the importance of strategic recruitment and selection practices in fostering employee engagement and enhancing retention rates. The study significantly contributes to the literature on human resource management in the banking sector, providing a deeper understanding of employee engagement’s role in retention and offering practical implications for organizations seeking to improve their talent management strategies and reduce turnover.

This study examined the correlation between corporate governance mechanisms and insurance risk in Ethiopian insurance companies. The study employed various multivariate regression approaches, including fixed effects, random effects models, and two-step system GMM. The study analyzed 136 observations from 17 insurance firms, with one omitted due to lack of data. The research used two regression models to examine the link between corporate governance mechanisms and insurance risk. Having independent directors on the board was discovered to have a notable and unfavorable influence on operational risk, whereas the size of the board did not impact operational or liquidity risk. The frequency of board meetings did not show a significant relationship with operational risk, but it did have a notable positive correlation with liquidity risk. Audit committees were found to have a negative and significant influence on both operational and liquidity risk. Gender diversity on the board had an insignificant but negative effect on insurance risk, mainly operational risk. Overall, the study emphasized the importance of independent directors and audit committees in managing risk in Ethiopian insurance companies. This research provides valuable insights for academic policymakers, such as the National Bank of Ethiopia, insurance companies, and other organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a socially, politically, and economically complex community, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes faced numerous financial difficulties. In order to enable the state to function smoothly, revive and develop economic activities, and allow citizens to meet their daily needs, it was necessary to establish a unified financial system. The elements of this system, particularly the establishment (or redefinition) of a central bank, expanding its network by incorporating branches of the Austro-Hungarian Bank to facilitate payment transactions, controlling the kronen and replacing them with new national currency, and implementing measures to stabilize the dinar, will be examined by the authors through the analysis of literature and primary archival sources.

Industry is the most important part of the state's economy. It provides the majority of revenues in the treasury and is the largest employer in the Republic of Bulgaria. For these and many other reasons, it needs the stability of the country's financial system. A central factor for financial stability is the central credit register. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leasing is an activity that refers to movable and immovable goods, in which the lessee determines the subject of leasing that is purchased or produced by the lessor and is given to the lessee for use for an agreed period, in exchange for payment of compensation for the use of the subject of leasing, based on the leasing agreement concluded between the provider and the lessee, according to the conditions specified in it. Leasing is an alternative way of financing where it is necessary to emphasize the use of the leased goods, and not the ownership over them (use but not possess), i.e. the philosophy of leasing arises from the idea of profitable use of an investment goods followed by a flexible method of payment that allows investment without the additional engagement of core capital, successful operation and maximum utilization of funds. In addition to the primary financing function that the leasing activity has for the lessee, if he uses the leased goods for business purposes, leasing in that case can also have an investment function. Regulated by the Law on Leasing, leasing activity in the Republic of North Macedonia has a fairly short lifespan, focusing exclusively on financial leasing. Through analysis, synthesis, and statistics, the authors processed the official data of the Ministry of Finance presented by the National Bank in the period mainly of the last decade, which offers a clear picture of the movements of the use of leasing in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a socially, politically, and economically complex community, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes faced numerous financial difficulties. In order to enable the state to function smoothly, revive and develop economic activities, and allow citizens to meet their daily needs, it was necessary to establish a unified financial system. The elements of this system, particularly the establishment (or redefinition) of a central bank, expanding its network by incorporating branches of the Austro-Hungarian Bank to facilitate payment transactions, controlling the kronen and replacing them with new national currency, and implementing measures to stabilize the dinar, will be examined by the authors through the analysis of literature and primary archival sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate governance is becoming increasingly important and noticeable in the banking system of the Republic of Moldova. The existing serious weaknesses in the national regulatory environment and the ineffective corporate governance in banks of the Republic of Moldova, which led to the famous bank fraud of 2014, have committed the national authorities of the Republic of Moldova to take significant steps in enhancing the corporate governance framework in the banking sector by initiating in 2015 the reform of the national banking legislation. In this context, with the entry into force on January 1, 2018 of the new banking law, the banking sector in Moldova has undergone a major transformation process by implementing a comprehensive set of provisions on corporate governance. To date the current state of corporate governance in the banking sector of the Republic of Moldova and the correlation between corporate governance in banks since 2018 and the performance of the sector have not yet been sufficiently studied. In this context, this paper proposes an analysis of current corporate governance practices and mechanisms in Moldovan banks and the correlation between the quality of corporate governance and bank performance through quantitative and qualitative indicators.

Copyright of HiSTOReLo: Revista de Historia Regional y Local is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Relevance of the study: Central banks exert their influence on the economy by changing the money supply using appropriate instruments in a free financial market. The combination of these tools gives us the operational framework of the National Bank. Aim of the research: to study the instruments (operational framework) of monetary policy regulation of Georgia, Moldova and Montenegro, to identify problems and to find ways to solve them. Research Methods: Use of comparative analysis method based on the database of the National Bank of Georgia, Geostat and the International Monetary Fund. The impact of Georgia's monetary policy regime and instruments on the country's macroeconomic indicators, such as inflation and GDP growth rates. Analysis of the macroeconomic parameters, monetary policy regime and regulatory instruments of Moldova and Montenegro. Comparative analysis of the operational framework of the monetary policy of Georgia, Moldova and Montenegro and ways to solve the identified problems. Monetary policy only changes the future outlook for inflation, and central banks respond to one-time exogenous factors when those factors are so strong that they reflect long-term inflation expectations. Therefore, further tightening of monetary policy (already tightened) will lead to a slowdown in GDP growth and unemployment. According to current forecasts, the inflation rate in 2022 will remain high. Given that the role of temporary and exogenous factors in inflation remains to be determined, while monetary policy is still in a tightening phase, the National Bank has decided to maintain the current level of interest rates. However, in the face of strong supply shocks, the threat of further growth in inflation is still relevant. Against the background of these inflationary risks, a tightening of monetary policy or an increase in interest rates is probably still expected.

The article examines the purpose, methods and tools of the monetary and credit policy of the National Bank of Ukraine. It is determined that the NBU is the main State-authorized institution in Ukraine, which is responsible for planning and implementing monetary and credit policy. Monetary and credit policy is a complex of measures in the field of money circulation and credit, which are intended to ensure the stability of the monetary unit of Ukraine due to the introduction of regulated by law funds and techniques. It is established that the financial sector is the key element of the national economy; its vital functions ensure the sustainable development of the economy, the creation and distribution of financial resources and services, the accumulation of investment capital, as well as the improvement of macroeconomic and monetary indicators. In today's harsh conditions such as: rising inflation, destruction of transport infrastructure, decline of business, reduction of sown areas, blockade of ports, devaluation of the UAH, growth of the budget deficit, issues of monetary regulation are becoming extremely important. The war projected on the country's economy, has become a difficult challenge for the National Bank in improving and adjusting the current monetary and credit policy, finding innovative mechanisms for its implementation. Carrying out an active foreign policy, attracting funds from the IMF, the World and European Banks, opening a special account to raise funds from individuals - these are some of the tools used by the NBU in wartime. On the other hand, the pressure on the world community is aimed at ending trade relations with the aggressor country, helping to minimize any attraction of funds into the Russian budget, thus depriving them of the opportunity to finance the war. Another important tool is the analysis of the world experience of countries in resolving the postwar crisis, and the adoption of their tools and mechanisms for economic recovery - all this is the purpose of this article

Corporate governance is becoming increasingly important and noticeable in the banking system of the Republic of Moldova. The existing serious weaknesses in the national regulatory environment and the ineffective corporate governance in banks of the Republic of Moldova, which led to the famous bank fraud of 2014, have committed the national authorities of the Republic of Moldova to take significant steps in enhancing the corporate governance framework in the banking sector by initiating in 2015 the reform of the national banking legislation. In this context, with the entry into force on January 1, 2018 of the new banking law, the banking sector in Moldova has undergone a major transformation process by implementing a comprehensive set of provisions on corporate governance. To date the current state of corporate governance in the banking sector of the Republic of Moldova and the correlation between corporate governance in banks since 2018 and the performance of the sector have not yet been sufficiently studied. In this context, this paper proposes an analysis of current corporate governance practices and mechanisms in Moldovan banks and the correlation between the quality of corporate governance and bank performance through quantitative and qualitative indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems of Economy is the property of Research Centre for Industrial Developmen Problems of Nas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Mohsen Foroughi was one of the first-generation Iranian modernist architects who joined Iranian architecture in the 1940s. His knowledge of architecture obtained in one of the most important French architectural schools—École des Beaux-Arts—allowed him to create valuable works by combining the spirit of Iranian architecture with modern values. His interest in education led to the establishment of the foundations of architecture teaching in Iran, based on the lessons taught in Europe. Purpose of the study: The article addresses the works of Mohsen Foroughi, combining modern architecture with the vernacular Iranian architecture. His most significant works include the building of the Senate, the Department of Law at the University of Tehran, the National Bank of Tehran’s Bazaar, and the Saadi Tomb in Shiraz. The article looks at the development of intellectual flows of the time that evolved into social relationships. Methods: In the course of the study, we use descriptive analysis and analysis of library resources. Results: The main characteristics of Foroughi’s work are balance, symmetry, and application of the main elements of traditional Iranian architecture. By better understanding of his works, architects can be more successful in creating today’s architectural projects.

The paper provides a review of the activities of the Ministry of Finance and the National Bank of Yugoslavia in the period from 1931 to 1941, during which the 50-dinar banknote was prepared, printed and, after almost ten years of waiting, put into circulation for a short amount of time. The preparations for the production of the 50-dinar banknote, which bears the date 1 December 1931, began at the beginning of the same year. The banknote was made for the event of an emergency situation in the country, when silver coins disappear from circulation, to replace those coins, and to enable unhindered cash circulation. It was released on 8 April 1941, when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was already at war, in the total amount of 30,792,000 pieces. The National Bank only put a small part of that into circulation, and destroyed a larger part, but the occupying forces also used it for payments in the country. The withdrawal from circulation was carried out by the Serbian National Bank in the occupied Serbia, from 14 to 22 October 1941.

The 20-dinar golden coin bearing the image of King Aleksandar I Karađorđević was minted at the Paris Mint in 1927. Although it was declared as legal tender, it was not released into circulation in the usual way and it could only be purchased at the National Bank at the value of other golden coins. According to a report from the National Bank from 1926 and many catalogues, one million golden coins were minted, as was planned, but a catalogue by D. Jovanović from 1970 states that significantly fewer coins were minted. The coins are imprinted with the year 1925; their structure is 900% gold and 100% copper, and each weighs 6.45161g, with a diameter of 21mm. They were withdrawn from circulation as of 28.6.1931.

Copyright of Economy & Market Communication Review / Casopis za Ekonomiju i Trzisne Komunikacije is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bankarstvo Magazine is the property of Association of Serbian Banks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reforma (1694-5158) is the property of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses the operations of the National Bank at the beginning of the World War One when Serbia was still free. The National Bank was subjected to unfavorable legislation at the beginning of the World War One and this has prevented its normal functioning and greater contribution to the war efforts. Major difficulties were caused by limited money contingent and debt moratorium, which practically made impossible to finance economy, banks and the population. For this reason the Bank was formally transformed into an exchange office of governmental foreign currency, and basically into a printing press for inflationary money for the needs of the State. This was undoubtedly useful duty in the wartime, but with negative consequences. The restricted operations of the National Bank, as well as related measures (suspension of convertibility, the ban of food and gold export, price control), in conjunction with an ongoing war effort, contributed to the great economic crisis in 1915. Rigorous measures made sense in the short run at the beginning of the war and they were imposed because „it was general belief (in Serbia) that war cannot last long, because of high cash needs and huge military movements“ according to the report of Finance Ministry of 1925. However, these measures were maintained for too long, causing negative effects on economic affairs. It is not clear why they were not changed sooner. The Finance Minister Paču clearly saw the problems but, already sick and near the end of his life, may not have had the energy to convince the Prime Minister Pašić who was occupied with important military and political issues.The National Bank did not play particularly positive role in the World War One. The Government was mostly responsible for this because it did not allow necessary changes of the National Bank’s regulation on the eve of and during the war and also for implementing the problematic package of economic and financial policies during the war.

The development of Serbian banking during the 19th century was a gradual process that underwent two distinctive stages with the turning point in 1878 when Serbia became an independent state by the international agreement concluded at the Berlin Congress. In the first stage, until 1878, necessary political, economic and institutional preconditions had been formed for the rise of banking that led to the creation of the first organized credits and banks. During the second stage, decisive programme of economic and institutional development and modernization resulted in the mushrooming growth of banks. Apart from the Privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Serbia (National Bank), as a bank of note issue, there were state banks and privately-owned banks mostly in the form of joint-stock companies. From 1894, farmers started to establish farm cooperative societies as institutions that met their credit needs with a much more favourable terms than banks. Analyses suggests that banks in the Kingdom of Serbia during 1878-1914 period better served the development of trade, building of the infrastructure (railroads) and industry than credit needs of the farmers who were the main economic agent of the country representing 85% of the total population.

The development of Serbian banking during the 19th century was a gradual process that underwent two distinctive stages with the turning point in 1878 when Serbia became an independent state by the international agreement concluded at the Berlin Congress. During the second stage, after 1878, a decisive programme of economic development and modernization resulted in the mushrooming growth of banks and creation of the national banking system that consisted of the Privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Serbia (National Bank) as a bank of note issue, private banks, state banks and farm cooperative societies. The majority of private banks were small joint-stock unit and universal banks which developed basic banking (discounting, savings deposits, passive and active current accounts, cashless payments, Lombard credits, trade in securities) and non-banking activities (establishment of industrial firms and conducting domestic and foreign trade). Relations between banks and the National Bank had been intensified until 1908 on voluntary basis, primarily by the National Bank's everyday credit operations, undertaken rules and measures. From 1908, however, these relations were regulated by the new Act on the National Bank (1908) through the instrument of interest rate ceiling (Article 6e) and thus became obligatory for both parties. Unfortunately, implementation of this new instrument led to deteriorating of relations between the banks and the National Bank, thus preventing the National Bank to continue with strengthening its role as a central bank. The Serbian National Bank succeeded in achieving two main aims of a central bank - monetary stability and helping in development of national trade and production, particularly industry. However, it was limited in achieving stability of the banking system because it could not fully perform its lender of the last resort function. This function was constrained, not by unwillingness or incapability of the National bank, but by its two legal obligations - to maintain legal cover and to respect limited issue of the silver notes, i.e. credits in silver. Thus, two systemic banking crises that took place in 1908 and 1912 were successfully managed by the concerted actions of the National Bank and the Serbian state.

Copyright of Gastroenterology & Hepatology is the property of Gastro-Hep Communications, Inc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the session of the National Bank's Board of Directors, held on 12 December 1914 in Niš, the Governor, Georg Weifert, in his address, gave the consent to issue the new type of a 50-dinar banknote in silver, which had already been sent to the Banque de France in Paris for printing. It was at this session that the closer details about this banknote were disclosed: it was to be painted by Beta Vukanović, and to be printed in the still unspecified amount, with the first delivery of 100,000 pieces planned for 2 January 1915. The first batch of the 50-dinar banknotes bearing the date of 1 August 1914 was received at the National Bank in Kruševac in the first half of March 1915. It remained in circulation from 25 March 1915 officially until 31 March 1934. There was a total of 1,025,000 printed pieces in the nominal value of 51,250,000 dinars, without a single recorded counterfeit copy. This war banknote was, however, short-lived. Prepared hastily with some mistakes in the inscription, it was met with a surprisingly huge opposition among the people who nicknamed it pegavac (spotted fever), which is why the National Bank immediately stopped its further releases into circulation. Thus, it was actually withdrawn from circulation already in 1915.

The central bank takes a central position in the banking system of every country. In the time first banks, for which the state vouched were founded (for example Swedish Riksbank - 1668 or The Bank of England - 1694), the intention couldn't have been for those banks to deal with the functions of a modern central bank: regulating and financial support of the total bank system of a country. The aim was much simpler and came down to advantages that that the state could pull out from the patronage over this chosen bank no matter whether the bank was in state or private ownership. The privileged bank was mostly offered monopoly advantage in issuing banknotes on certain areas of a country or it was proclaimed for the only shareholder bank in a country which was allowed to issue banknotes. So putting the job of issuing banknotes, that is guarding and managing gold reserves under the patronage of one institution had positive consequences for the functioning of the total economy and enabled the state to participate in the gain from issuing money and to achieve its immediate effect in controlling total gold reserves of a country. Central banks, due to the patronage of the state, gain political strength to ensure additional amount of money through rediscounting commercial promissory notes and with that become 'bank of banks'. Business banks get the commitment to keep the largest part of their liquid assets at the central bank, but they gain the financial support of the central bank in the periods when their liquidity is bad.

There were two issues of silver 50-para, 1- and 2-dinar coins minted in the Parisian minting house marked with the year 1915 and bearing the image of King Petar I Karadjordjevic. Minted during the I World War, these two issues of silver coins only differed in that the first one had the specified name of the engraver (Schwarte), whereas the second issue had the engraver's name left out. These coins were used as the official legal tender until 28 June 1931.