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Purpose: This work aimed to define the histopathological severity of fluorinated, brominated and chlorinated pyrethroid insecticides on endocrine pancreas of mice. Methods: Fourty male mice (Mus musculus) were categorized into four groups and each group containing ten animals. 0.1mL dose of corn oil was given to the vehicle contro (VC) group animals for three days. This group was kept as a reference group. The 0.1mL corn oil containing 5mg/kg dose of each insecticide such as Cypermethrin (CYP), Deltamethrin (DLT) and Lambda cyhalothrin (LC) was given to three group of mice for three days, followed by three days of none treatment. Dissection procedure was carried out at 7th day. Results: All the micrometric results and histopathological alterations have shown that pyrethroid insecticides were highly toxic to endocrine pancreatic tissues. The various histopathological sign such as strip arrangements of endocrine cells in islets, endocrine cellular necrosis mainly in the central and pericentral areas of islets and increased vacuolation in surviving endocrine cells etc. In three insecticides treated groups, there were significantly decline in the relative abundance of endocrine cells per unit area (1230µm²) such as CYP (8.8±0.25) DLT (7.5±0.23) and the LC (7.5±0.23) as compare to control group (9.7± 0.24). It indicates that type II pyrethroid insecticides are generally pancreo-toxic and they specifically target the islets of langerhans cells. Conclusions: The severity of the mentioned pathological sign in LC and DLT groups indicated that these non-dietary halogenated (fluorinated and brominated respectively) pyrethroid inflict more severe histopathological impacts on the endocrine pancreas as compare to the simple chlorinated type II pyrethroid the CYP. The findings reflects that these otherwise consider comparatively safer or less toxic insecticides for the non-target organisms like mammals have come out to be highly toxic to the endocrine tissues particularly the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are being used for the treatment of various livestock ailments by the local peoples since earliest times. It is a recognized fact that plants are an important source of ethnoveterinary medicines. From the last decade, ethnoveterinary practices have gained tremendous importance due to the discovery of some effective ethnoveterinary products. Ethnoveterinary practices are more common in developing countries including Pakistan due to different socioeconomic factors. The studies showed that many medicinal plants used for the treatment of Lumpy skin disease (LSD). Ethno-pharmacological content was obtained from 200 people with knowledge and experience of using plants as medicines for this disease in different areas of Sargodha and Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan. The field study was carried out from January-2023 to June-2023. All the data was collected by evaluation and interviews by calculating Use value (UV). The result from this study shows that 20 medicinal plants that belong to fifteen families greatly represented by Family Meliaceae were significant in treating LSD. This study indicated that the ethno-medicinal practices and knowledge are still used in District Sargodha and Khushab plants that support health care and help in the improvement of alternative system of medicines. These results gave commencing information on the significance use of medicinal plants. It can be tested for use in the future that leading to new discoveries of medicines in the treatment of LSD and other diseases of cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nigella sativa, a medicinal plant, known for its diverse bioactive compounds, including antioxidants and phytohormones, have shown potential in mitigating salt stress in various plant species. Amongst naturally occurring plant growth stimulants, it has attained enormous attention being rich in thymoquinineand carvacrol in seeds for scavenging free radicals. This research aimed to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa seed extract (NSE) as foliar spray (0, 50, 100 and 150g seeds per liter each) on wheat growth under salt stress (0mM, 75mM and 150mM). Results revealed that salinity decreased growth attributes and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments. On the other hand, salinity stress boosted the contents of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, glycinebetaine, leaf free proline, Na+ and Cl-. Foliar application of NSEameliorated the negative effects of salinity to considerable extent by enhancing growth traits, chlorophyll contents, glycinebetaine and prolineand decreased Na+, Cl-, malondialdehyde andhydrogen peroxide. This research provides valuable insights into the potential use of NSE as natural and sustainable solution to alleviate salt stress in wheat crop. These findings contribute to the development of eco-friendly strategies for enhancing crop resilience in saline environments, ultimately addressing the global challenge of food security in the face of increasing soil salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predator-prey interactions in plant-associated ecosystems play a crucial role in shaping ecosystem dynamics and stability. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the implications of these interactions, highlighting the intricate web of relationships among predators, herbivores, and plants. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining predator-prey interactions for ecosystem stability and functioning. Trophic cascades initiated by predator-prey interactions have been shown to regulate herbivore populations, indirectly benefiting plant communities. However, human activities can significantly impact predator populations and trophic cascades, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts to preserve these important ecological dynamics. The integration of molecular techniques and modeling approaches can enhance our understanding of trophic cascades in plant-associated ecosystems. Conservation strategies aimed at promoting predator diversity and enhancing plant fitness are essential for maintaining ecosystem stability and promoting sustainable management of plantassociated ecosystems. Further research is needed to investigate the complex dynamics of predator-prey interactions and trophic cascades, as well as to develop effective conservation strategies to preserve these important ecological dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper provides an overview of the advancements and applications of genetic engineering techniques in livestock, providing an in-depth look at how genetic engineering has improved animal health, productivity, and sustainability in agriculture. In the introduction, genetic engineering is presented as an important tool for improving animal health, productivity, and sustainability in agriculture. Several genetic engineering tools and methods are discussed in the paper, including transgenic technology and genome editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9. A special focus is placed on the application of genetic engineering to livestock, specifically disease resistance and control, improved productivity, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, the review discusses the role of genetic engineering in improving animal health by introducing disease-resistant genes and eliminating diseasecausing genes. Genetically engineered vaccines and enhanced biosecurity measures are also discussed in detail as well. A further examination of how genetic engineering can enhance livestock productivity is also included in the review, including the introduction of growth-promoting genes and the manipulation of metabolic pathways. As part of the program, nutritional content and allergenicity can also be enhanced in milk and meat products. As well as highlighting the importance of genetic engineering in promoting sustainable agriculture, the review also discusses how genetic engineering can reduce environmental impacts on agriculture. It is intended to reduce methane emissions and nitrogen and phosphorus waste, as well as optimize resources and land use through improved feed conversion efficiency and disease resistance in order to reduce the need for antibiotics. In this article, ethical and regulatory issues are discussed, including ethical concerns, current regulations, and guidelines for genetic engineering in livestock. At the conclusion of the review, future directions and challenges are discussed, emphasizing the need for continued research and responsible implementation in order to improve animal health, productivity, and sustainability in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main focus is to study the three districts of Punjab as well as the nearby areas where Kajli breed exists. DNA quality and quantity was tested by 1% agarose gel. DNA and amino acid content was also analyzed from the blood samples. Majority of amino acids of different breeds are similar to each other which showed that their origin is similar from Urial. However, Alanine content in sheep located from Sargodha was higher than those located with other areas. . It is suggested that the minute difference in these breeds is due to different kinds of breeding that is done in different areas of Pakistan. Sequence of the cytochrome b gene was visualized by the use of Chromas software. Position of band in similar region showed that all the breed belongs to similar origin. Populations of Mianwali, Khushab and Sargodha regions are clustered into one group. The cluster patterns were concordant with their geographic localities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Strontium ranelate 2 g (granule form) oral suspension, is an anti-osteoporotic treatment which is available in European countries. • Repeated administration of strontium ranelate (4 g day−1) was found to be clinically and biologically well tolerated by healthy post menopausal women volunteers. • Strontium is a bivalent cation with strong affinity for bone and which in certain conditions has a metabolism similar to that of calcium. In terms of importance, calcium has a major role in the electrophysiology of cardiac muscle and ECG abnormalities are known to be due to changes in plasma calcium concentrations. • Although no signal was observed in pre-clinical or clinical studies, the safety of strontium ranelate in accordance with the ICH - E14 guidelines needed to be assessed in order to characterize the effect on QTc of repeated oral doses of strontium ranelate (4 g day−1). WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This thorough QT/QTc study directly compared supratherapeutic repeat doses of strontium ranelate (4 g day−1 for 15 days) with placebo on the largest time-matched mean QTc variation (from baseline to under treatment values) in healthy subjects. • The largest time-matched difference in QTcI compared with placebo was observed at 1 h post dose (mean [90% CI] 7.54 [5.17, 9.90] ms). • Supratherapeutic (4 g day−1) repeated doses of strontium ranelate did not produce any clinically significant prolongation in QTc. • The findings of this study clearly indicate that administration of strontium ranelate at the therapeutic dose of 2 g will not cause prolongation of QT that is of any clinical concern. AIMS The study was performed to assess the safety of strontium ranelate in accordance with the ICH, E14 guidelines for QT/QTc studies. Its primary objective was to compare supratherapeutic repeated dosing of strontium ranelate (4 g day−1 for 15 days) with placebo on the largest time-matched mean QTc variation, from baseline to under treatment values, in healthy subjects. METHODS Ninety-six healthy male and female subjects (27.7 ± 7.5 years) were included to receive 1 day of placebo followed by 15 days of supratherapeutic repeated dosing of strontium ranelate (4 g day−1), in a 4 month, randomized, placebo (16 days) and positive-controlled (single dose of moxifloxacin 400 mg preceded by 15 days of placebo), double-blind, double dummy, crossover design. Measurement of QT interval was performed automatically on the ECGs with subsequent manual onscreen over-reading by cardiologists using electronic callipers. RESULTS The largest time-matched difference in QTcI (individual QT correction for heart rate) between moxifloxacin 400 mg and placebo was observed at 2 h post dose (mean [95% CI] 10.62 [7.90, 13.35] ms). For strontium ranelate (4 g day−1) the largest time-matched difference in QTcI compared with placebo was observed at 1 h post dose (mean [90% CI] 7.54 [5.17, 9.90] ms). No subject had a QTc greater than 480 ms during the study. Both moxifloxacin and strontium ranelate were well tolerated in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrate that the administration of supratherapeutic repeated oral doses of strontium ranelate (4 g day−1 for 15 days) does not lead to a prolongation of the QT/QTc interval above the threshold of regulatory concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]