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Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB) is a computerized flight simulator for aviation-related tasks, suitable for non-pilots and available in many versions, including open source. MATB requires the individual or simultaneous execution of 4 sub-tasks: systemmonitoring (SYSMON), tracking (TRACK), communications (COMM), and resourcemanagement (RESMAN). Fully customizable, the design of test duration, number of sub-tasks used, event rates, response times and overlap, create different levels of mental load. MATB can be combined with an additional auditory attention (Oddball) task, or with physiological constraints (i.e., sleep loss, exercise, hypoxia). We aimed to assess the main characteristics of MATB design for assessing the response to different workload levels. We identified and reviewed 19 articles for which the effects of low and high workload were analyzed. Although MATB has shown promise in detecting performance degradation due to increase workload, studies have yielded conflicting or unclear results regarding MATB configurations. Increased event rates, number of sub-tasks (multitasking), and overlap are associated with increased perceived workload score (ex. NASA-TLX), decreased performance (especially tracking), and neurophysiological responses, while no effect of time-on-task is observed. The median duration used for the test is 20 min (range 12--60) with a level duration of 10 min (range 4--15). To assess mental workload, the median number of stimuli is respectively 3 events/min (range 0.6--17.2) for low, and 23.5 events/min (range 9--65) for high workload level. In this review, we give some recommendations for standardization of MATB design, configuration, description and training, in order to improve reproducibility and comparison between studies, a challenge for the future researches, as human-machine interaction and digital influx increase for pilots. We also open the discussion on the possible use of MATB in the context of aeronautical/operational constraints in order to assess the effects combined with changes in mental workload levels. Thus, with appropriate levels of difficulty, MATB can be used as a suitable simulation tool to study the effects of changes on the mental workload of aircraft pilots, during different operational and physiological constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the display information of head-up displays for vehicles has gradually developed from single-depth to multi-depth. To reduce the workload of driving and the number of eye adjustments, researchers use the visual perception of human eyes to realize the image information integrated with the real world. In this study, HoloLens2 is used to demonstrate head-up displays of different depths. An electroencephalogram, an electro-ophthalmogram, and a NASA-TLX questionnaire were used to evaluate the fatigue of drivers during long-term driving. The results showed that a dual-depth head-up display could effectively reduce the driver's workload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the proven benefits of motorized lifting devices in reducing the physical stresses experienced by nurses during patient transfers, the low adoption of these devices remains limited. The study aimed to assess the perceptions of nurses regarding the new motorized lifting device (NEAR-1) in terms of their perceived workload and usability during patient transfers. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the perceptions of nurses (n = 45) and students (n = 6) when performing patient transfers from bed to wheelchair and vice versa using the NEAR-1 compared to an existing floor lift, walking belt, and manual transfer. Participants filled out surveys evaluating the perceived task demands and usability of the NEAR-1, as well as open-ended interviews. The use of the NEAR-1 significantly reduced the mean of all NASA-TLX constructs (p < 0.001) when compared to manual transfer. When comparing with other existing lifting devices, the NEAR-1 (24.4 ± 3.0) recorded the lowest overall score of NASA-TLX perceived workload, followed by the existing floor lift (26.1 ± 11.6), a robotic-assisted transfer device (28.3 ± 6.8) and mechanical floor lift (31.5 ± 9.3). The participants recorded a usability score of 76.86, indicating positive perceptions of the nurses towards the technology. Overall, the NEAR-1 has the potential to reduce the physical stresses on nurses and decrease the likelihood of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The NEAR-1 may represent a promising new intervention for transferring patients that is capable of minimizing the nurses' perceived workload in clinical and non-clinical settings. The NEAR-1 motorized lifting device reduced perceived workload for nurses while handling and transferring patients between a bed and wheelchair. The nurses recorded a usability score of 76.86 for the NEAR-1, reflecting their positive perceptions towards the technology. The new device has the potential to reduce the physical stress on nurses and decrease the incidence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of online motorcycle taxi transportation has received a good response in the community. With this application, it makes it easier for people to order motorcycle taxis more practically. Many online motorcycle taxi drivers have complaints while working, one of which is the obligation to meet life's necessities which causes the physical and mental workload to increase. This study aims to measure the physical and mental workload of online motorcycle taxi drivers in Serang City. Data collection was carried out by measuring heart rate with a Polar H10 and filling out the NASA-TLX questionnaire which was distributed to online motorcycle taxi drivers who were willing to be respondents. Data processing starts from measuring heart rate, with an average %CVL value obtained of 40.08%. This value is included in the physical workload category that requires improvement. Mental workload data, calculated through the NASA-TLX method, averaged 74.20, which is classified as high. To alleviate these workloads, it's suggested to incorporate 90-minute break periods, redesign automatic motorcycles with extra footrests, use energy sprays, implement road congestion detection tools, enhance the quality of ride-hailing apps, and minimize exposure to heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workload (WL) measurement is a crucial foundation for human–machine collaboration, particularly in high-stress multitasking environments such as manned vehicle operations during emergencies, where operators often experience High Workload (HWL) levels, increasing the risk of human error. To address this challenge, this study introduces a novel WL measurement method that combines Task Demand Load (TDL) and Subject Load Capacity (SLC) to quantitatively assess operator workload. This method was validated through experiments with 45 subjects using the Environmental Control and Atmospheric Regeneration (ECAR) system. The statistical results showed that as the designed WL levels increased, the Average Workload (AWL), the NASA-TLX score, and the work time percentage increased significantly, while the task accuracy and the fixation duration decreased significantly. These results also revealed the impact of WL levels on human responses (such as subjective feeling, work performance, and eye movement). In addition, very strong correlations were found between AWL measurements and NASA-TLX scores (r = 0.75, p < 0.01), task accuracy (r = −0.73, p < 0.01), and work time percentage (r = 0.97, p < 0.01). Overall, these results proved the effectiveness of the proposed method for measuring WL. On this basis, this study defined WL thresholds by integrating task accuracy with AWL calculations, providing a framework for the dynamic management of task allocation between humans and machines to maintain operators within optimal WL ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the performance of learning CNC machining in mechanical engineering degree programs by assessing students' mental workload (MWL). Both subjective (NASA-Task Load Index) and objective (increasing ratio of heart rate, IRH) evaluation methods were employed to assess the MWL of 46 students randomly assigned to two groups: a traditional training group and a combined simulation training group. The results demonstrate the significant impact of the training method on students' MWL. Specifically, the MWL and IHR values of the combined simulation training group were 54.3 and 9.2, respectively, while those of the traditional training group were 58.3 and 13.2. Additionally, the correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the IHR value and the MWL score of NASA-TLX. These findings suggest that implementing simulated software and the combined simulation training method effectively reduces students' MWL, thereby promoting active knowledge acquisition. Consequently, students' MWL can be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of technical education with the aim of enhancing training efficiency and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal perspective concerning work demands directly impacts quality health care and patient satisfaction. Little is known about job satisfaction amongst dietitians and nutritionist, while workload has not previously been studied in this population. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using an online questionnaire. Data were collected on sociodemography. Job satisfaction was measured with Spector's Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) (including an added subscore for resource availability) and workload with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Respondents (n = 238) had a median age of 32.0 years (IQR: 27−39 years); 92.4% were female; 95.7% were dietitians, 2.4% were nutritionists and 18.9% had a postgraduate degree. Respondents had practised the profession for a median of 8 years (IQR 3−15 years), and 225 were in dietetic and nutrition-related jobs. Median scores indicated that they were slightly satisfied with their jobs (n = 224) and experienced slightly high workload (n = 224). Most respondents were moderately satisfied with the nature of their work and found it rewarding. The median scores for salaries, promotion opportunities, work environment and availability of resources were low. Total JSS was higher in older and more experienced dietitians and nutritionists than in younger ones (p < 0.05). Those employed in the government sector (n = 100) experienced higher physical demands and levels of frustration, and had lower JJS than those employed elsewhere (n = 124), particularly regarding promotion opportunities and resources availability. Despite being generally positive towards practising their profession, South African dietitians and nutritionists, particularly in the public health sector, experienced only slight job satisfaction, related to salary and promotion issues and lack of resources, and were slightly overworked. Understanding the factors that shape perceptions of work within nutrition and dietetics may assist managers in recruiting and retaining a highly skilled workforce, particularly in developing countries with overburdened healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among healthcare workers is partly attributed to the low adoption of patient transfer assistive devices. This study aimed to evaluate the nurses' perceived workload, technology acceptance, and emotional states during the use of the sliding board (SB) and mechanical intervention in the form of a Motorised Patient Transfer Device (MPTD). The SB and MPTD activities were performed by seven nurses on a simulated patient. The nurses' facial expressions were recorded during the trial. The NASA Task Load Index and technology acceptance questionnaire were also assessed. The MPTD significantly reduced the mean overall NASA-TLX score by 68.7% (p = 0.004) and increased the overall acceptance score (median = 8.30) by 21.2% (p = 0.016) when compared to the SB (median = 6.85). All the subjects reported positive feelings towards MPTD. However, facial expression analysis showed that the nurses had a significantly higher peak density of fear while using MPTD (p = 0.016). Besides, there was no improvement in the negative valence and contempt emotion compared to the SB. Overall, nurses showed positive perceptions and acceptance of MPTD even when they experienced negative emotions. The Motorised Patient Transfer Device (MPTD) reduced the perceived workload of nurses and showed a higher acceptance level compared to the commonly used baseline device (SB). Factors that attributed to the nurses' negative emotions can be used to improve technology and patient transfer processes. More training should be given to familiarise the health practitioners with the new assistive device to reduce their fear of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main contribution of this study was the concurrent application of EEG and eye tracking techniques during n-back tasks as part of the methodology for addressing the problem of mental workload classification through machine learning algorithms. The experiments involved 15 university students, consisting of 7 women and 8 men. Throughout the experiments, the researchers utilized the n-back memory task and the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) subjective rating scale to assess various levels of mental workload. The results indicating the relationship between EEG and eye tracking measures and mental workload are consistent with previous research. Regarding the four-class classification task, mental workload level could be predicted with 76.59% accuracy using 34 selected features. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature by presenting a four-class mental workload estimation model that utilizes different machine learning algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB) is a computerized flight simulator for aviation-related tasks, suitable for non-pilots and available in many versions, including open source. MATB requires the individual or simultaneous execution of 4 sub-tasks: system monitoring (SYSMON), tracking (TRACK), communications (COMM), and resource management (RESMAN). Fully customizable, the design of test duration, number of sub-tasks used, event rates, response times and overlap, create different levels of mental load. MATB can be combined with an additional auditory attention (Oddball) task, or with physiological constraints (i.e., sleep loss, exercise, hypoxia). We aimed to assess the main characteristics of MATB design for assessing the response to different workload levels. We identified and reviewed 19 articles for which the effects of low and high workload were analyzed. Although MATB has shown promise in detecting performance degradation due to increase workload, studies have yielded conflicting or unclear results regarding MATB configurations. Increased event rates, number of sub-tasks (multitasking), and overlap are associated with increased perceived workload score (ex. NASA-TLX), decreased performance (especially tracking), and neurophysiological responses, while no effect of time-on-task is observed. The median duration used for the test is 20 min (range 12–60) with a level duration of 10 min (range 4–15). To assess mental workload, the median number of stimuli is respectively 3 events/min (range 0.6–17.2) for low, and 23.5 events/min (range 9–65) for high workload level. In this review, we give some recommendations for standardization of MATB design, configuration, description and training, in order to improve reproducibility and comparison between studies, a challenge for the future researches, as human-machine interaction and digital influx increase for pilots. We also open the discussion on the possible use of MATB in the context of aeronautical/operational constraints in order to assess the effects combined with changes in mental workload levels. Thus, with appropriate levels of difficulty, MATB can be used as a suitable simulation tool to study the effects of changes on the mental workload of aircraft pilots, during different operational and physiological constraints.

Background and purpose: Getting infected with Covid-19 can affect the physical and mental aspects of people. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the aim of determining the work load, mental and work ability index (WAI) in Covid-19 patients in manufacturing industries. Materials and methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted as a case-control study in 2022 among 406 workers in manufacturing industries (Infected with Covid-19= 203 people, uninfected= 203 people). Demographic information questionnaire was used to collect individual information, NASA Task Load Index (TLX) questionnaire was employed to determine mental workload, and WAI (Work Ability Index) questionnaire was used to determine the ability. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and analytical (T-test and Chi-Square tests) and SPSS software (V.25). Results: Results showed that the average and standard deviation of the workers' age and work experience were 35.48±6.98 and 8.11±6.98, respectively. WAI with an average of 40.49, significantly less than the uninfected workers with an average of 43.29 (P= 0.001). It was also found that the mental workload among infected workers with an average of 67.76 was significantly higher than that of uninfected workers with an average of 63.79 (P= 0.001). Conclusion: The findings revealed that the WAI among workers with a history of covid-19 infection was lower than workers without a history of infection, and the mental workload among infected workers was higher than uninfected workers. It is suggested that necessary executive and organizational measures should be taken into consideration in order to improve the work ability and reduce the mental workload of workers who have a history of being infected with Covid-19..

Copyright of Techno.com is the property of Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Noise is one of the environmental factors with mental and physical effects. The workload is also the multiple mental and physical demands of the task. Therefore, his study investigated the relationship between noise exposure and mood states at different levels of workload. The study recruited 50 workers from the manufacturing sector (blue-collar workers) as the exposed group and 50 workers from the office sector (white-collar workers) as the control group. Their occupational noise exposure was measured by dosimetry. The Stress-Arousal Checklist (SACL) and the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) were used to measure mood and workload, respectively. The equivalent noise exposure level of the exposed group at high and very high workload levels was 85 and 87 dBA, respectively. The mean mood score of the exposed group was 76 at very high workload. The correlation coefficient between noise exposure level and mood state based on workload levels ranged from 0.3 at medium workload to 0.57 at very high workload. Noise exposure at high workload levels can increase its adverse effects, so controlling and optimizing the multiple demands of the task in the workplace can be used as a privative measure to reduce the adverse effects of noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-robot collaboration (HRC) is becoming increasingly widespread in today's production systems, as it can contribute to achieving more efficient and flexible production systems. Given the growing importance of HRC, this paper addresses the significance of human workload in HRC. To study workers workload an experiment was conducted using NASA-TLX questionnaire. The experiment featured two scenarios involving the same operation but varying robot motion parameters. Recognizing that individual differences contribute to success of collaboration, the experiment considered worker utilization in relation to robot motion parameters. To ensure the credibility of the experimental results, the robot motion parameters were adjusted to each individual in order to achieve the same conditions and utilization at all participants. Results revealed that worker utilization, in conjunction with robot motion parameters significantly influenced worker workload. The results highlight the need for personalized guidelines in collaborative workplaces that emphasize individual differences in abilities, skills and personalities to increase overall well-being and robot and worker productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance and productivity of individuals and organizations are greatly affected by workload. Excessive workload can be a serious problem for employees and organizations in an increasingly complex and dynamic world of work. Excessive workload can cause stress, burnout, and even workplace accidents, as well as affect the mental and physical health of employees as well as the quality and safety of goods and services produced by the company. Performance is affected by workload, workplace, and fatigue level. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect the level of fatigue of teams working on eksitu dumping activit ies at PT. XYZ. In this study, there were three variables, with their respective sub criteria: workload, fatigue level, and work environment. In this study, the subjects were all members of the eksitu dumping crew operating on the Balikpapan ship, totalling 32 people. To find out if Maslach's burnout inventory method affected worker burnout, the data was analyzed using NASA-TLX and Borg CR10. The results showed that mental load is a component that has an influence on the level of burnout of workers in dumping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The authors used the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and general health questionnaire to analyze the factors influencing the mental health status and the workload of support nurses during the COVID-19 epidemic. Material and Methods The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of 349 support nurses in April–October 2022. Using QuestionStar, a powerful online survey tool, the authors administered surveys to the participants, collected data on the mental health status and workload of support nurses, and analyzed the influencing factors based on the collected data. Results A total of 316 questionnaires were successfully collected, with an effective rate of 98.75%. The proportion of support nurses with mental health problems was 25% and the value of the NASA-TLX questionnaire was: M±SD 68.91±7.28 pts. Multi-factor analysis revealed that the number of children, family support, and nursing support location were the influencing factors of mental health status, while the multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of symptoms, nursing support location, support work type, and total 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) score were the influencing factors of the workload of support nurses. Conclusions Compared to their counterparts in the plains, nurses working in isolated plateau regions who were caring for children and lacked family support, were more likely to have mental health issues. There was a positive correlation between the changes in GHQ-12 and NASA-TLX scores of the study participants. Compared to their counterparts in the plains and the tropical regions, nurses working in plateau regions had a heavier workload. As part of the follow-up measures to prevent and treat patients impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic, it is important to improve the mental health evaluation, consultation, and treatment of the support nurses to guarantee the high quality of the first-line support work. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(6)761–72

As uncertainty visualizations for general audiences become increasingly common, designers must understand the full impact of uncertainty communication techniques on viewers' decision processes. Prior work demonstrates mixed performance outcomes with respect to how individuals make decisions using various visual and textual depictions of uncertainty. Part of the inconsistency across findings may be due to an over-reliance on task accuracy, which cannot, on its own, provide a comprehensive understanding of how uncertainty visualization techniques support reasoning processes. In this work, we advance the debate surrounding the efficacy of modern 1D uncertainty visualizations by conducting converging quantitative and qualitative analyses of both the effort and strategies used by individuals when provided with quantile dotplots, density plots, interval plots, mean plots, and textual descriptions of uncertainty. We utilize two approaches for examining effort across uncertainty communication techniques: a measure of individual differences in working-memory capacity known as an operation span (OSPAN) task and self-reports of perceived workload via the NASA-TLX. The results reveal that both visualization methods and working-memory capacity impact participants' decisions. Specifically, quantile dotplots and density plots (i.e., distributional annotations) result in more accurate judgments than interval plots, textual descriptions of uncertainty, and mean plots (i.e., summary annotations). Additionally, participants' open-ended responses suggest that individuals viewing distributional annotations are more likely to employ a strategy that explicitly incorporates uncertainty into their judgments than those viewing summary annotations. When comparing quantile dotplots to density plots, this work finds that both methods are equally effective for low-working-memory individuals. However, for individuals with high-working-memory capacity, quantile dotplots evoke more accurate responses with less perceived effort. Given these results, we advocate for the inclusion of converging behavioral and subjective workload metrics in addition to accuracy performance to further disambiguate meaningful differences among visualization techniques.

In recent years, the display information of head-up displays for vehicles has gradually developed from single-depth to multi-depth. To reduce the workload of driving and the number of eye adjustments, researchers use the visual perception of human eyes to realize the image information integrated with the real world. In this study, HoloLens2 is used to demonstrate head-up displays of different depths. An electroencephalogram, an electro-ophthalmogram, and a NASA-TLX questionnaire were used to evaluate the fatigue of drivers during long-term driving. The results showed that a dual-depth head-up display could effectively reduce the driver’s workload.

Purpose: To determine if small-sided games (SSGs) could be designed to target specific task loads using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index as well as reporting the influence of the physical and technical demands. Methods: Using a within-session, repeated-measures design, 26 junior rugby league players completed 5 SSGs focused on physical, technical, temporal, cognitive, and frustration task loads. National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index responses were evaluated after each game; the physical demands were recorded using microtechnology; and skill involvement recorded using video analysis. Results: In each SSG, the task load emphasized (eg, physical load/physical game) emerged with a higher score than the other loads and SSGs. The physical demands were lowest during the physical game (effect size = −3.11 to 3.50) and elicited greater defensive involvements (effect size = 0.12 to 3.19). The highest physical demands and attacking involvements were observed during the temporal game. Lower intensity activities were generally negatively associated with physical, performance, temporal, and total load (η2 = −.07 to −.43) but positively associated with technical, effort, cognitive, and frustration (η2 =.01 to.33). Distance covered in total and at higher speeds was positively associated with physical, effort, performance, total load (η2 =.18 to.65), and negatively associated with technical, frustration, and cognitive load (η2 = −.10 to −.36). Attacking and defensive involvements generally increased the respective task loads (η2 =.03 to.41). Conclusion: Coaches and sport scientists can design SSGs specifically targeted at subjective task loads in a sport-specific manner and through manipulation of the physical and technical demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify the association between several contextual match factors, technical performance, and external movement demands on the subjective task load of elite rugby league players. Methods: Individual subjective task load, quantified using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), was collected from 29 professional rugby league players from one club competing in the European Super League throughout the 2017 season. The sample consisted of 26 matches (441 individual data points). Linear mixed modeling revealed that various combinations of contextual factors, technical performance, and movement demands were associated with subjective task load. Results: Greater number of tackles (effect size correlation ± 90% confidence intervals; η2 =.18 ±.11), errors (η2 =.15 ±.08), decelerations (η2 =.12 ±.08), increased sprint distance (η2 =.13 ±.08), losing matches (η2 =.36 ±.08), and increased perception of effort (η2 =.27 ±.08) led to most likely–very likely increases in subjective total task load. The independent variables included in the final model for subjective mental demand (match outcome, time played, and number of accelerations) were unclear, excluding a likely small correlation with technical errors (η2 =.10 ±.08). Conclusions: These data provide a greater understanding of the subjective task load and their association with several contextual factors, technical performance, and external movement demands during rugby league competition. Practitioners could use this detailed quantification of internal loads to inform recovery sessions and current training practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Personal perspective concerning work demands directly impacts quality health care and patient satisfaction. Little is known about job satisfaction amongst dietitians and nutritionist, while workload has not previously been studied in this population. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using an online questionnaire. Data were collected on sociodemography. Job satisfaction was measured with Spector’s Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) (including an added subscore for resource availability) and workload with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Results: Respondents (n = 238) had a median age of 32.0 years (IQR: 27−39 years); 92.4% were female; 95.7% were dietitians, 2.4% were nutritionists and 18.9% had a postgraduate degree. Respondents had practised the profession for a median of 8 years (IQR 3−15 years), and 225 were in dietetic and nutrition-related jobs. Median scores indicated that they were slightly satisfied with their jobs (n = 224) and experienced slightly high workload (n = 224). Most respondents were moderately satisfied with the nature of their work and found it rewarding. The median scores for salaries, promotion opportunities, work environment and availability of resources were low. Total JSS was higher in older and more experienced dietitians and nutritionists than in younger ones (p

The command and control system is the core support of the information warfare system. The convenience and accuracy of its operation and use directly affect the efficiency of combat command and control. In order to continuously optimize the human-computer interaction effectiveness of the command and control system, it is necessary to establish a scientific and reasonable evaluation method. This paper introduces eye movement tracking technology, uses eye movement data such as pupil diameter, number of saccades, number of fixation points, etc., to build a quantitative evaluation model of human-computer interaction search efficiency, operation efficiency, cognitive load, design complexity and attractiveness of command and control system, and uses entropy weight-variance coefficient method to weight each eye movement data to form a comprehensive evaluation result of human-computer interaction effectiveness of command and control system. Based on this method, a comparative experiment is carried out on the command and control system and the command information system, and the results of the SUS system availability scale and NASA-TLX cognitive load scale are compared and analyzed. The results verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the evaluation method.

Strategic planning is crucial for every company to achieve organizational goals, with a focus on effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity in human resource management. Human resource planning involves analyzing workloads in alignment with job descriptions for each position. This research was carried out within PT IMST's Marketing Division, a company operating in the railroad component distribution and trading industry. The primary objective was to examine employee workloads and integrate the findings with job analysis to inform human resource planning. The study revealed that increased market penetration and project demand have led to higher physical and mental workloads for workers. The NASA TLX method was employed to conduct the workload analysis. Based on the research results, it is recommended that the optimal number of personnel be five for each position of Head and Junior Specialist, four for Project Achievement Staff I, three for Project Achievement Staff II, and six for Administrative Staff. To address these staffing needs, human resource planning should prioritize recruiting or adding personnel who possess the requisite qualifications and competencies in accordance with the established positions. By aligning recruitment efforts with the workload analysis and job descriptions, the company can ensure that its workforce is appropriately sized and equipped to efficiently meet market demands and achieve organizational success

Work and intellectually fatiguing environments can significantly influence the health of individuals, which is strictly bound to motor efficiency. In particular, desk workers and university students may have a sedentary lifestyle and a condition of mental fatigue caused by daily routine, which could impair motor efficiency. The assessment is a starting point for enhancing awareness of the individual’s psychophysical condition through the perception of one’s body motor efficiency, motivating to move towards improvement. This way, a submaximal test based on perceived exertion was developed (Cubo Fitness Test, CFT) and validated in previous studies. Hence, two further studies were employed to enhance the consistency and accuracy of this instrument in different conditions. The first study investigated the internal responsiveness of CFT, evaluating if mental fatigue could affect motor efficiency. The second study investigated which perceived intensity (weak, moderate, strong, or absolute maximum) could be more reliable for applying the CFT (as previous research focused the investigation only on moderate intensity). In the first investigation, participants assessed two stimuli (mental fatigue induced with a Stroop color-word task and a neutral condition based on the vision of a documentary) lasting 60 min each. The quality of psychophysical recovery (total quality recovery) and the mood state (Italian Mood State questionnaire) were evaluated before the stimuli. After the fatiguing or the neutral task, the mood state was newly assessed, together with the evaluation of the workload’s characteristics (Nasa TLX) and the CFT motor efficiency. In the second investigation, participants had to perform CFT twice for each at different intensities of Borg’s Scale of perceived exertion. Researchers successfully requested to fill out the NASA TLX questionnaire regarding the perceived workload characteristics of CFT, and the reliability of each intensity was assessed. Results seem to enhance the consistency and the accuracy of the instrument. Indeed, findings evidenced that CFT is not influenced by mental fatigue conditions typical of the intellectual work of desk workers and university students for which this test was specifically conceived. Moreover, moderate and strong perceived intensity are the most adequate conditions to assess motor efficiency in these populations.

The main purpose of manufacturing plants is to produce high quality products with high efficiency. In this study, the employees in the process control tasks out for the realization of quality production with high efficiency in a polyester yarn production facility were ergonomically examined. Accurate determinations must be made in order to quickly resolve raw material, mechanical or electronic errors that reduce the quality during the process. In these determinations, the tension difference graphs read by the sensors are used. The determinations made by the process control personnel with the interpretation of the graphics were written as error notifications and the accuracy rates were calculated by taking them from the electronic environment. In this study, the relationship between the factors that reduce the accuracy rates obtained from different employees and the physiological loads and perceived cognitive workloads of the employees were examined. Smart wristband measurements, REBA and NASA-TLX methods were used. It is aimed to reveal the relationship between physical and cognitive load levels by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. As a result of the ergonomics analysis, it was determined that the employees are exposed to medium and high levels of physical risk. In addition, it was determined that the accuracy rates of the employees' error detection are related to the average heart rate, perceived mental workload and anxiety levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fate of women workers during the pandemic is quite worrying. The role of women's triple burden in these times is getting heavier. Mental workload is a multidimensional construct that demands attention, performance, and skills of workers according to their work environment. This study aims to find out the mental burden felt by female workers during the pandemic. The subjects of this study were female educators at the University of Balikpapan. Five subjects feel a Very high mental burden on work activities during a pandemic, namely subjects 06, 14, 19, 23, and 25. There are 18 subjects who feel a high mental burden including subjects 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 26, 28, 29, 30, and 31. Then, 3 subjects felt a moderate mental load, and 2 subjects felt a low mental load. If average, then the mental workload of female educators at the University of Balikpapan is 56.623 categorized as high. This study also seeks to investigate the correlation between the perceived workload of the subjects and several factors including age, marital status, education level, address, family size, income, COVID-19 survivor status, and family members who are COVID-19 survivors. The result showed that the number of family members is the only significant factor that influences the mental workload.

Workload (WL) measurement is a crucial foundation for human–machine collaboration, particularly in high-stress multitasking environments such as manned vehicle operations during emergencies, where operators often experience High Workload (HWL) levels, increasing the risk of human error. To address this challenge, this study introduces a novel WL measurement method that combines Task Demand Load (TDL) and Subject Load Capacity (SLC) to quantitatively assess operator workload. This method was validated through experiments with 45 subjects using the Environmental Control and Atmospheric Regeneration (ECAR) system. The statistical results showed that as the designed WL levels increased, the Average Workload (AWL), the NASA-TLX score, and the work time percentage increased significantly, while the task accuracy and the fixation duration decreased significantly. These results also revealed the impact of WL levels on human responses (such as subjective feeling, work performance, and eye movement). In addition, very strong correlations were found between AWL measurements and NASA-TLX scores (r = 0.75, p < 0.01), task accuracy (r = −0.73, p < 0.01), and work time percentage (r = 0.97, p < 0.01). Overall, these results proved the effectiveness of the proposed method for measuring WL. On this basis, this study defined WL thresholds by integrating task accuracy with AWL calculations, providing a framework for the dynamic management of task allocation between humans and machines to maintain operators within optimal WL ranges.

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Featured Application: The present work has applications in the field of primary and secondary education. The work describes how educators can take advantage of digital comics creation for the learning of applied science in school. The study has implications not only for educators of applied sciences but also those of other educational disciplines. The study also outlines directions for future research to further clarify the appropriate instructional approach that could render digital comics an effective educational method. The use of comics and their creation is an especially promising tool to enable students to construct new knowledge. Comics have already been adopted in many applied sciences disciplines, as the combination of text and images has been recognized as a powerful learning tool. Educational activities and tools, however, must not create an overload on students' working memory that could hinder learning. In the current study, we investigated, through pre-test and post-test performance, the effect of digital comics creation on students' efforts to construct new knowledge. Furthermore, through the multidimensional NASA-TLX, we assessed the cognitive load imposed on students. The results were in favor of digital comics creation, ranking it as an efficient instructional activity. Specifically, the students' performance after digital comics creation improved and the imposed load on students was normal. Also, studying the weighing procedure between the NASA-TLX dimensions, frustration and temporal demand were found to be the most aggravating dimensions. Finally, implications for teachers and future research recommendations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship framework between electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and subjective perception during pilots' missions was established to improve pilots' training efficiency and flight safety. Primarily, this study constructs a real flight scene through virtual reality (VR) and then obtains EEG data in simulated scenes. Researchers use VR technology to build a mission simulation room and then acquire EEG data from participants wearing EEG acquisition devices in the simulated room. The experimental process is divided into flight simulation and a questionnaire survey. Based on the participants' EEG analysis, the researchers verified the changes of β rhythm under a high-difficulty operation mission. In addition, this study infers the mechanism of affecting pilots' mental workload under high-difficulty operation by analyzing the correlation between subjective questionnaire results and β rhythms. The results showed that in the context of pilots performing flight missions in the aircraft space environment, the pilots' mental load had the most excellent rhythmic relationship with the regions representing β rhythm. Therefore, a comprehensive experimental framework constructed in this study based on virtual simulation space to analyze the relationship between EEG and NASA-TLX subjective questionnaire provides a set of more accurate reference information for the design of a pilot training system based on pilot training efficiency and flight safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine workload, thermal discomfort and heat‐related symptoms among healthcare workers (HCWs) in an Australian ED during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: A cross‐sectional study design was employed among HCWs in an ED at a metropolitan hospital in Brisbane, Australia. Respondents provided demographic information including their self‐reported age, sex, height, weight, role (e.g. doctor, nurse), and whether they wore personal protective equipment (PPE) during their shift, rated as either Full PPE, Partial PPE, or usual uniform or scrubs. The workload of HCWs was assessed with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's task load index (NASA‐TLX). Thermal discomfort was evaluated using scales from the International Organisation for Standardisation. Responders rated their subjective heat illness using the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire. Results: Fifty‐nine HCWs completed the survey (27 male, 31 female, one prefer not to answer). Overall workload from the NASA‐TLX was 64.6 (interquartile range [IQR] 56.5–73.3) for doctors, 72.5 (IQR 63.3–83.3) for nurses and 66.7 (IQR 58.3–74.17) for other staff, representing moderate to high ratings. Eighty‐one percent reported thermal sensation to be slightly warm, warm, or hot, and 88% reported being uncomfortable, ranging from slightly to extremely. Ninety‐seven percent reported at least one heat‐strain symptom. More than 50% reported light‐headedness or headache and approximately 30% reported feeling dizzy, faint, or weak. Conclusions: ED HCWs experience thermal discomfort when wearing PPE. Combined with their workloads, HCWs experienced symptoms related to heat strain. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to managing heat strain among HCWs when wearing PPE in an ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the display information of automotive head‐up displays has gradually developed from single depth to multiple depths. To reduce the driver's workload and reduce the number of eye adjustments, the researchers used the human eye's visual perception to realize the image information that blends with the real world. The results of the study showed that the dual‐depth head‐up display was effective in reducing driver workload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, surgeon training has changed dramatically. Surgical skills are now taught in a surgical skills laboratory instead of the operating room. Simulation-based training helps medical students improve their skills, but it has not revolutionized clinical education. One critical barrier to reaching such a desired goal is the lack of reliable, robust, and objective methods for assessing the effectiveness of training sessions and the development of students. In this paper, we will develop a new comparative analysis approach that employs network models as the central concept in establishing a new assessment tool for the evaluation of the surgical skills of trainees as well as the training processes. The model is populated using participants electromyography data while performing a simulation task. Furthermore, using NASA Task Load Index score, participants’ subjective overload levels are analyzed to examine the impact of participants’ perception of their mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration on how participants perform each simulation task. Obtained results indicate that the proposed approach enables us to extract useful information from the raw data and provides an objective method for assessment the of surgical simulation tasks and how the participants’ perception of task impacts their performance.

ATC (Air Traffic Control) is considered one of the most demanding jobs. This profession is considered a job with high mental workload due to its high-stress level and great responsibility. This study designed a suitable work system to improve operator performance by measuring the mental workload and the physical environment using the NASA-TLX method and safety concept by considering variables affecting the operator’s perfor­mance. This study also searched for the impact of mental workload on the work environment, the mental workload on performance, and the work environment on performance. Questionnaires were distributed to operators, and validation and verification tests were carried out using SPSS. At the PLS method's processing stage, the variables used in this study consisted of the dependent (Y) and independent (X) variables. The dependent variables in this study were performance and the physical environment of work of the operator. Meanwhile, the independent variable was mental workload. Based on the mental load calculation, an average WWL (weighted workload) score of 80 to 90 was obtained, and the factors affecting mental workload are performance aspects and mental demand. Based on the results of structural modelling with the PLS method, there was a significant influence between mental workload on the work environment, the mental workload on perfor­mance and the work environment on operator performance. The proposed work system design used an ergonomic approach, safety and regulation of Ministry of Health to get an ergonomic work system, regulate the equal distribution of workloads, create a safe and comfortable working environ­ment, and improve operator performance. The design focused on the ATC tower's workstations and work environments. Supervisor has accepted the design.

Covid-19 with a very fast transmission rate and requires serious treatment from medical personnel, especially nurses in hospitals, which results in long-term psychological disorders. This research analyzes the psychological workload of nurses for Covid-19 patients at Polewali Mandar District Hospital. This research is qualitative research with a case study approach in which data is collected using the NASA-TLX questionnaire through interviews. The sample in this study was nurses for Covid-19 patients at the Polewali Mandar District Hospital by purposive sampling, totaling 45 people. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis to analyze the psychological workload of nurses for Covid-19 patients through WWL calculations. The calculation of the NASA-TLX score, overall the nurses of Covid-19 patients at Polewali Mandar Hospital was in the category with a moderate level of psychological workload with an average WWL (weighted workload) of 63.32. Based on the graph, the six elements in the final score that affect the NASA-TLX calculation are Mental Demand (MD) with an average score of 239, and Temporal Demand (TD) with an average score of 164. It is concluded that psychological workload plays an important role in a very large role in carrying out work, especially for Covid-19 nurses at Polewali Hospital.

Excessive work fatigue felt by workers due to the addition of working hours or overtime, a less ergonomic work environment is felt by employees who work at PT. XY, workers complained about the large demands of the tasks they received with insufficient rest time, some workers remained focused and concentrated for a long time resulting in physical and psychological workloads on workers. To resolve the problem, a questionnaire was distributed to the entire population of 40 powder production workers using the NASATLX method with a focus on 6 indicators, namely mental needs, physical needs, time requirements, work performance, effort, and frustration levels as well as the KEP/75/M.PAN/7/2004. The purpose of this research is to analyze the workload of powder production workers, determine the dominant indicators based on the NASA-TLX method and determine the optimal number of workers based on KEP/75/M.PAN/7/2004. From this study, the results of the workload of 40 workers were 9 workers in the rather high category, 30 workers in the high category, and 1 worker in the very high category. The number of workers 40 is optimal but the workload is not good enough.

A new Coronavirus disease 2019 has spread globally since 2019. Consequently, businesses from different sectors were forced to work remotely. At the same time, research in this area has seen a rise in studying and emerging technologies that allow and promote such a remote working style; not every sector is equipped for such a transition. The manufacturing sector especially, has faced challenges in this respect. This paper investigates the mental workload (MWL) of two groups of participants through a human-machine interaction task. Participants were required to bring a robotised cell to full production by tuning system and dispensing process parameters. Following the experiment, a self-assessment of the participants’ perceived MWL using the raw NASA Task Load Index (RTLX) was collected. The results reveal that remote participants tend to have a lower perceived workload compared to the local participants, but mental demand was deemed higher while performance was rated lower.