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A 7-session narrative medicine (NM) curriculum was designed and facilitated by pediatrics residents for pediatrics residents in order to unpack challenging experiences during clinical training and strengthen relationships with colleagues and patients. The primary facilitator, a resident with a masters degree in NM, provided facilitator training to her co-residents with whom she co-led the workshops in the curriculum. We conducted, transcribed, and analyzed individual interviews of 15 residents, with three resultant themes: reflection on personal and professional identity; connection to others and community building; and reconceptualization of medical practice. Residents shared that they experienced greater solidarity, professional fulfillment, appreciation for multiple facets of their identities, recognition of holding space for vulnerability, and advocacy for marginalized populations. Our study highlights the feasibility and effectiveness of peer-led NM workshops to enhance clinical training through self-reflection, inclusion of persons from underrecognized backgrounds, and promotion of values consistent with humanistic care. IMPACT: A novel narrative medicine curriculum was designed and facilitated by pediatrics residents for pediatrics residents. The curriculum was feasible and acceptable to pediatrics residents and required a facilitator with content and methodology expertise in narrative medicine to train additional facilitators. Three themes emerged from resident interviews: reflection on personal and professional identity; connection to others and community building; and reconceptualization of medical practice on individual and global levels.

Narrative medicine workshops teach close reading to healthcare providers so that they may deeply attend to the particulars of patients' stories and contexts. Through this practice patients are better understood, and stronger bonds are created between provider and patient, leading to more compassionate and effective delivery of healthcare. Narrative medicine sessions also include reflective writing, which helps caregivers process their experiences of working in healthcare. This essay expands on two key narrative medicine proficiencies: narrative competence and narrative humility. Both are related to the ability of healthcare workers to take in and respond to patients' stories from a humble and equitable stance; I suggest a third provider-focused competency called narrative capacity. Narrative capacity refers to an internal space, or emotional bandwidth, that clinicians create to remain solid in the face of repeated stories of suffering, especially in fields like palliative care. Utilizing a work of fiction, personal narratives, and a psychological lens called psychogeotherapy, this essay proposes that narrative capacity is built by adjusting one's way of being in, and expectations from, healthcare encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heeding calls to expand the resources and approaches to psychologically support injured athletes, this study explored the applied value of socio-cultural sports injury narratives for athletes, coaches, and practitioners. Informed by narrative inquiry and pedagogy, six evidence based sports injury narratives were shared and discussed with 69 elite participants (i.e., athletes, coaches, and practitioners) across 11 focus group interviews. A reflexive thematic analysis identified five themes: (1) Forewarned is Forearmed, (2) Building Blocks to Constructing Meaning(s), (3) Fostering Interpersonal Connections, (4) A Common Language, and (5) Promoting Communal Responsibility. Overall, these themes advance empirical understandings of how narratives can inform professional practice by supporting injured athletes across personal (e.g., meaning making), social (e.g., enhancing interpersonal relationships), and cultural (e.g., promoting communal responsibility) levels. Lay Summary: Findings highlight the applied value of socio-cultural sports injury narratives for professional practice. Not only can they assist athletes in navigating their future injury experiences and making sense of their past and current injury experiences, but they can also foster dialogue around injured athletes' experiences, create more interdisciplinary conversations, and promote greater communal responsibility. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Sports injury narratives act as resources that enable athletes to make sense of, construct, and communicate their own injury story. Sport injury narratives enhance relationships between athletes and support networks by facilitating empathy and understanding and promoting more communal dialogue. Sports injury narratives promote a broader duty of care toward injured athletes by raising awareness of how broader socio-cultural contexts constrain and/or enable their experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Plasma‐treated liquids and their medical application have gained momentum in the fields of plasma science in recent years. Most research has been done in the field of cancer treatment. Another new and promising special field of CAP−liquid interaction is hydrogels, which can serve as localized reservoirs for the delivery of long‐lived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and other active ingredients such as chemotherapeutic drugs. Identifying liquids and hydrogel compositions optimal for plasma treatment, for their reservoir function, and from a regulatory point of view for use in medicine, together with the chemical identification of biologically active molecules and interdependencies to plasma operation parameters, are the fundamental challenges in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promise of genomic medicine lies in the opportunity to improve health outcomes via a personalized approach to management, grounded in genetic and genomic variation unique to an individual. However, disparities and inequities mar this remarkable landscape of genomic innovation. Prior efforts to understand these inequities have focused on populations for which genetic testing is relatively protocolized or where test utility varies greatly by ancestry groups, where equitable outcomes are more clearly defined. We therefore consider the current landscape of rare disease genomics, in which diagnostic approaches vary widely and utility remains to be fully understood, and suggest a path forward: how ecosocial theory may be used to guide novel equity‐focused initiatives that incorporate illness narratives to improve population health. We present examples of narrative medicine in rare disease and reimagine the role this discipline may play in genomic sequencing studies, toward incorporation of the unique illness narrative into clinical genetics and genomics practice. Approaches that broaden the definitions of disease and of outcomes of interest will force the field to grapple with its racist history and begin to advance health equity and promote justice so that genomic medicine may truly deliver on its promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This roundtable, recorded at the 2024 Graphic Medicine Conference in Ireland, explores "Graphic History as Pedagogy." The participants Matthew Noe (Boston, USA), Ian Williams (Brighton, UK), Juliet McMullin (Irvine, USA), Soha Bayoumi (Baltimore, USA), and Eugenia Garcia Amor (Badalona, Spain) discussed the role of comics in Graphic Medicine. Inspired by the rising inclusion of graphic works in classrooms, the conversation highlights the potential of comics, especially recent graphic medicine titles, as records of events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, capturing healthcare workers' experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pervasiveness of storytelling is evident. There is no context in which narration does not play a crucial role in the construction of knowledge, the activities of every civilization, the learning of an ethical stance, and the pursuit of happiness and wellbeing. It is necessary to explore some pedagogical reflections on storytelling to uncover its formative potential, especially with reference to the so-called "narrative medicine". In this regard, the contribution to the project The Care Relationship between the Demand for Health and the Desire for Salvation has developed an educational proposal focused on interpersonal relationships for the wellbeing of specialist training doctors at the Gemelli Polyclinic. Using the text Oscar and the Lady in Pink by E.-E. Schmitt as a starting point, a narrative tool and a formative reflection were proposed to foster the acquisition of relational skills and the awareness of the virtuous reciprocity that can exist among all those involved in care pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professionalism encompasses interactions with patients and conduct within the workplace. It reflects a code of ethics and values, including altruism, humanization, and cultural understanding. Professionalism is embodied in a combination of skills, knowledge, and behaviors aimed at protecting, respecting, and assisting individuals in a vulnerable situation. Central to professionalism is the ability to care, with its core values articulated as respect, empathy, honesty, and the ethics of care. Literature suggests that professionalism is not a static trait; it can undergo significant "erosion" influenced by various personal and professional factors. The wellbeing of health professionals greatly impacts their behavior, which in turn affects the likelihood of malpractice, the potential for errors, and their ability to collaborate effectively with team members. To address this, the implementation of educational programs that incorporate medical humanities and narrative medicine can be useful. These programs can foster self-reflection among professionals, thereby enhancing their wellbeing and supporting the development and maintenance of professionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Black birthing people in the United States are disproportionately impacted by maternal mortality and more frequently report physical and verbal mistreatment during intrapartum care. Birth plans for prenatal and postpartum care promote autonomy and agency but have not been used as tools to address disparities in perinatal care. Methods: We reviewed the literature on the use of birth plans and communication in the pregnancy care setting. We provide an expert analysis and a recommendation for a comprehensive birth plan that incorporates patient preferences and individualizes patient risks as a communication tool. Results: In this expert opinion we outline how an equity birth plan can address social determinants of health, promote respectful communication and prioritize attention to patient narratives. This instrument can be used to address systemic problems that result in health inequities on a community, provider and institutional level. Conclusions: A birth plan with attention to equity serves as a new paradigm for care which can empower patients and reduce racial inequities in perinatal and postpartum outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an analysis of Folie, aller simple: Journée ordinaire d'une infirmière by Gisèle Pineau, in which the author recounts her work as a psychiatric nurse. After working for thirty years in a psychiatric hospital in Guadeloupe, Pineau moved to the Paris region where she continued to practice nursing. This memoir describes a typical day in a psychiatric hospital, in particular nurses' interactions with mentally ill patients and Pineau's reflections on her activity as a caregiver and on her role as a writer. By examining how Pineau portrays the confined and isolating environment of the psychiatric hospital and brings attention to the lives of those pushed to the margins, I explore the intersection of the literary, care, and the social perspective. Through this, I argue that one way to conceptualize the social novel in the 21st century is through the lens of care writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention is essential to the practice of medicine. It is required for expert and timely diagnoses and treatments, is implicated in the techniques and practices oriented toward healing, and enlivens the interpersonal dimensions of care. Attention enables witnessing, presence, compassion, and discernment. The French philosopher and activist Simone Weil (1909–1943) developed one of the most original and important descriptions of attention in the last century. For Weil, attention is not an attitude of strained focus but of perceptive waiting that leads to the acquisition and integration of knowledge. Contrary to activities often foregrounded in clinical medicine, it requires renunciation of the will, gentle directedness toward the origin of actions, and diminishment of the self. This paper critically examines Weil's concept of attention as it applies to health systems, technical/intellectual work, and interpersonal care, as well as its connection to theology, and considers whether attention might find a home within the contemporary clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper follows through with findings from a longitudinal integrated curriculum (LIC) programme evaluation, which revealed that (1) experiential perspectives and (2) the integration of learning featured weakly in the programme's structure. On examination, these two areas were seen to be linked because, by granting authority to experience, we are called to follow its lead wherever it may take us. Methods: Data was collected from students, clinicians and programme administrators using participatory mapping and discussions and analysed through four lenses, one of which was to identify what seemed to be missing or quiet. Findings: Two features of the LIC model were not explicitly structurally supported in the programme: integration of learning and experiential perspectives. Discussion The authors draw on narrative medicine and visual thinking to propose a novel response to the problem, which locates the clinical educator as embodying a narrative orientation to teaching. A narrative orientation affirms the power of human experience, told through stories, to enable integrative, whole‐person, big picture thinking in the medical education curriculum. Teaching ideas are scaffolded through metaphors of form, space and integration. Conclusion: In pursuit of an authentic integrator of learning in the LIC, we already have within our reach the power to grant human experience the authority to teach us wherever we find it and follow wherever it leads. However, its potential is yet to be realised, and this discussion throws up new questions for practical enquiry: how best to support educators to adopt a narrative orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grief and bereavement impact nearly every individual at some point of their lives, often having short or long-term physical and psychosocial impacts. Yet, these issues are rarely the focus of discussion, intensive therapy programs, or policy initiatives (Corr, 2002; Doka, 2002). This research explores the impacts of a closed group art and narrative therapy program in Ontario for individuals experiencing a grief or bereavement process following the loss of a loved one. It explores the grief experiences of art therapy participants during their time in the program, the nature, extent, and impacts of social and community connections that were made, how the program influenced grief over time, and the overall effectiveness of the program. This study suggests that art and narrative therapy hold great therapeutic potential as a tool to help individuals going through a grief or bereavement process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the integration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) sentiment therapy with modern medical interventions in treating infertility, aiming to enhance the therapeutic outcomes for patients. It posits that infertility encompasses not only physical factors but also significant psychological and emotional dimensions. The synthesis of TCM sentiment therapy and contemporary reproductive medicine signifies a paradigm shift in comprehending the interactions among health, emotions, psychology, and physiology. By analyzing the diagnostic and treatment methods of TCM, this study elucidates how sentiment can enhance modern treatments, thereby promoting a more holistic, patient-centered approach to infertility care. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of fostering a comprehensive understanding of health and disease within medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enrich the specific methods of narrative clinical practice in Chinese medicine and stimulate the innovation of narrative medicine practice in China, we advise that medical professionals should integrate theories and treatments related to acupuncture, massage and positive psychology into their narrative medicine practice, taking into account the current state of clinical practice of acupuncturists and the importance of positive emotions in the field of psychology. This paper elucidates the value of combining acupuncture, massage, and positive psychology from the perspectives of mechanisms and clinical correlations, highlighting their impacts on patients' physical and mental health. To promote the integration of positive psychology with acupuncture and massage, it is proposed to refine the understanding of the efficacy of acupuncture points and develop theories on stimulating positive psychology in acupuncture and massage further more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrative medicine has gained significant attention in recent decades. The similarities between "parallel charts" and "medical cases" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) primarily lie in their authenticity. However, they differ in structure and narrative methods. Furthermore, medical case teaching is a prevalent pedagogical approach in TCM education that practitioners must master. This study explores the connection between TCM medical case teaching and narrative medicine, and concludes that the evolution of modern TCM case teaching aligns with the international standards of narrative medicine while integrating key TCM characteristics to enhance its value. This approach is essential for fostering humanistic sentiments, empathy, and reflective capabilities among future well-rounded TCM practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes the narrative medicine practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of Ben Tun Qi (奔豚气) as an example to illustrate the characteristics of narrative medicine in TCM diagnosis and treatment, and strives to form a simple, easy to implement, and practical process of narrative medicine of TCM, which can help doctors provide more comprehensive, detailed, and humanistic care for diagnosis and treatment activities, and achieve doctor-patient harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the wisdom crystallization and cultural treasure of the Chinese nation. Establishing a positive relationship among doctors, nurses, and patients is essential for promoting the sustainable development of TCM culture. As an important branch of evidence-based narrative medicine, evidence-based narrative of TCM significantly contributes to the co-construction of doctors, nurses and patients. This paper discusses the necessity and clinical practice value of promoting co-construction of doctors, nurses and patients based on the principles of evidence-based narrative TCM. By working together to select optimal diagnosis and treatment options, we aim to enhance patient compliance, alleviate tensions among the parties involved, and establish equitable collaborative relationships. Creating a harmonious medical environment is crucial for promoting the continuous development of this collaborative model in clinical practice, thereby improving patients' overall health, increasing public recognition of TCM, and supporting its sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhu You Shu (祝由术 a form of traditional Chinese spiritual healing) originated and was extensively utilized in China. This paper illustrates the origin, concept and techniques of Zhu You Shu in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and explores the correlation between Zhu You Shu and the three focuses and three elements of narrative medicine. The elements of Zhu You Shu , such as Zhu Shuo Bing You (祝说病由 explaining the original cause of the disease) and Qing Zhi Xiang Sheng (情志相胜 generation and restraint of emotions) share fundamental similarities with narrative medicine. Based on the principles and the interoperability of Zhu You Shu and narrative medicine, the doctor engages in active listening and communication with the patient to establish a trusting relationship. Utilizing the Qing Zhi Xiang Sheng technique, the doctor seeks to understand and regulate the patient's psychological processes. By integrating psychological cues, the aim is to restore emotional balance and enhance the patient's emotional and mental well-being while fostering a lasting emotional bond and providing spiritual support. Zhu You Shu has the potential to enhance the clinical pathway of narrative medicine in TCM. Simultaneously, the progress of narrative medicine will offer more sophisticated contemporary medical theories to assist the advancement of Zhu You Shu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of Chinese narrative medicine, narrative thinking holds equal significance to evidence-based thinking within clinical practice, making substantial contributions to patient safety and medical quality. Ancient Chinese medical theories advocate forging a narrative bond with patients, urging healthcare practitioners to utilize Dao Shu Jie He (道术结合 integration of Dao and techniques) and Yi Dao Yu Shu (以道驭术 guiding techniques with Dao) during diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. In this context, Dao (道) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) corresponds to narrative thinking (叙事思维) while Shu (术) aligns with scientific thinking (科学思维) in evidence-based medicine. This study adopts "narrative Chinese medicine" within the "discourse system of Chinese narrative medicine" as its framework, centering on medical stories that exemplify the application of narrative thinking in ancient Chinese diagnosis and treatment. It delves into the narrative thinking encapsulated in Chinese medicine, such as Guan Wu Qu Xiang (观物取象 observing things and extracting information), Can He Er Xing (参合而行 final examination and decision by integrating the four diagnoses), Xing Shen Bing Zhi (形神并治 body-spirit treatment), Xin Shen Jian Li (心身兼理 mind-body balance) and Bian Zheng Lun Zhi (辨证论治 treatment based on pattern differentiation). The study endeavors to inspire contemporary medical educators and clinicians to acknowledge the value of narrative thinking in TCM and fully incorporate it into daily medical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrative foreclosure is a phenomenon highlighted within the Chinese narrative medicine system, characterized by a state in which individuals become overly suspicious due to certain events in their development, leading to profound concerns about their health and safety. This article employs the logical discourse framework of Chinese narrative medicine to illustrate the experiences of various patients exhibiting typical instances of narrative foreclosure in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) cases, such as Bei Gong She Ying (杯弓蛇影 to see a bow reflected in a cup as a snake), Wu Qiu Zhi Chong (吴球治虫 Wu Qiu treats worms), and Fa Jing Qu She (法靖驱蛇 Fajing drives away snakes). It explores how TCM practitioners leverage narrative wisdom to facilitate patients in dispelling their internal doubts through the concept of Bu Yao Wei Yao (不药为药 healing diseases without medicine). Through these medical cases, the article advocates for the significance of narrative competencies among medical practitioners in diagnosing and treating patients, alongside the use of pharmaceuticals and surgical interventions. Additionally, it outlines the prospects for the future development of narrative approaches in TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is currently no standardised guidance that supports any particular method of debridement. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is often used as a last-resort therapy over more conventional treatments, despite mounting evidence of its benefits. Objectives: This review aimed to critically analyse the systemic and individual barriers to MDT implementation and utilisation. As the primary providers of wound care, discussions are primarily focused on nursing care. Search strategy: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used to conduct a literature search of the studies published between 2012 and 2022 across four databases: CINAHL, Cochrane, British Nursing Index and PubMed. The keywords used for this search were based on the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework. Twenty-three main articles met the inclusion criteria. All the studies were quality appraised using a risk of bias tool and data were extracted using a predesigned form. The evidence base of the four main themes were discussed: (1) effectiveness of MDT compared to conventional treatments, (2) perceptions and stigma, (3) cost, training and accessibility and (4) side-effects. Conclusions: The findings of this review suggest that MDT is an underused and potentially very effective method of debridement compared to conventional treatments. The identified barriers could be mitigated with relatively low-cost solutions. More high-quality research is needed across all the barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion Medical humanities education is an integral component of medical education. However, the current landscape of research on medical humanities education remains incomplete. The purpose of this study is to identify the trends in research on medical humanities education and provide a global overview of the field by analysing various aspects such as sources, authors, literature, and keywords. The aim is to offer insights and recommendations for the future development of medical humanities education.This research utilised bibliometric tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace, SciMAT, and the R software package biblioshiny to analyse literature sources, authors, documents, and keywords. This systematic review methodology allowed for a comprehensive examination of the field. Additionally, the study investigated international collaborations and scientific outputs, shedding light on the global landscape of medical humanities education research.The study included a total of 403 articles published between January 1980 and December 2023 from the Web of Science (WoS) database. The field of medical humanities education experienced an annual growth rate of 9.08% in literature output from 1980 to 2023, indicating its increasing prominence and scholarly interest over time. The research topics within this field have evolved in response to societal and medical developments. Core research themes that have consistently garnered attention from researchers include empathy, ethics, and narrative medicine, reflecting their significance and ongoing relevance in the field.These shifts in research hotspots signify the dynamic nature of the field, adapting to evolving contexts and emerging research domains. By embracing cross‐cultural perspectives and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations, stakeholders in medical humanities education can collectively enrich the field, promote inclusivity, and enhance the overall educational experience for healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical humanities can contribute positively to clinical practice and medical education. Therefore, in many countries, medical schools have been progressively incorporating medical humanities into their curriculum. In Italy, only a few medical schools offer a variety of medical humanities courses, often as elective. What induces Italian medical students to take a medical humanities course has not yet been explored. The aim of this study is to fill this gap by investigating whether academic performance, sociodemographic and psychological variables may influence student motivation. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a medical school and collected data from 260 medical students, from the 3rd to the 6th year of the degree course. The students who chose to take a course in Medical Humanities were compared with those who chose not to take such a course, analysing numeric variables (age, grade point average, psychometric scores) and categorical variables (gender, nationality, educational level, living conditions). Motivations were investigated by open-ended questions and categorized prior to analyses. Results: The two subgroups showed no significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics, except for age, which was lower for the students who chose to take a medical humanities course (p < 0.001). Among the psychometric scores, only the anxiety score differed significantly between the groups, being lower for the students who chose a medical humanities course (p < 0.05). Regarding academic performance, the number of examinations passed was similar between the groups, while the average grade was lower for the students taking the course (p < 0.01). Interest in the humanities and their educational potential were the main reasons for choosing to take a course in medical humanities (76.2%). Concurrent commitments and lack of time were the major obstacles to this choice (39%). Conclusions: Age, anxiety levels and academic performance seem to be inversely associated with the choice to take a medical humanities course. Considering the workload due to curricular activities when planning elective courses could increase student participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Narrative medicine was introduced in China in 2011 and has been applied as a tool for humane medical practice. The prominent problem in the narrative medicine is the lack of adequate attention and devotion. This study aimed to investigate Chinese medical staffs' narrative competence and the influencing factors, confirming whether the level of narrative competence is different in different hospital settings. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1003 medical staffs, including 201 from Children's hospital and 802 from the General hospital. The participants were scored based on the Chinese narrative competence scale, a brief Chinese version of the resilience scale, and a Chinese version of the self-efficacy scale. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0. Results: A total of 1003 medical staff from Children's hospital and General hospital participated in the survey, with a response rate of 94.36%. Our results showed that the score of narrative competence of General hospital and Children's hospital was 149.45±26.22 and 147.10±18.87, respectively, both of which were in intermediate level. Resilience, familiarity with narrative medicine were influencing factors of narrative competence in 2 kinds of hospitals, and whether having written parallel charts before were the influencing factors of narrative competence in General hospital. Besides, our study found that the level of narrative competence (χ2 = 13.672, p≤0.001), resilience score (personal ability dimension, t = 3.439, p≤0.001) and self-efficacy (t = 1.976, p<0.005) are different between General and Children's hospital. Conclusions: Narrative competence is different between General hospital and Children's hospital. Medical staff in General hospital are more familiar with narrative medicine. The competence of medical staff in China needs to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective • This study aimed to explore the proficiency level in medical narrative ability among nurses in VIP wards and identify the influencing factors. The objective was to provide valuable insights for enhancing the training and development of medical narrative skills among nurses in VIP wards, with the ultimate goal of promoting narrative nursing in clinical practice. Methods • A survey was conducted of 94 nurses working in VIP wards at a grade-A tertiary hospital in Zhongshan City, using the Narrative Competence Scale. Results • The findings revealed that nurses' overall medical narrative ability in VIP wards was relatively low, with a total score of (135.31±16.50). The primary factors identified as influential were professional titles and familiarity with narrative medicine or narrative nursing, which played significant roles. Specifically, nurses with higher professional titles demonstrated greater proficiency in medical storytelling. Moreover, nurses more familiar with narrative medicine or narrative nursing tended to exhibit higher levels of medical narrative ability. Conclusion • The results of this study highlight the significant opportunity for enhancing the medical narrative ability of nurses in VIP wards. To address this issue, it is recommended that training programs incorporate knowledge and skills related to narrative medicine and narrative nursing into the core competency development of VIP nurses. Additionally, there is a need to introduce narrative nursing practices gradually into clinical care. These measures will empower nurses to enhance their narrative abilities, providing superior nursing services to patients. Ultimately, such efforts will strengthen nurses' sense of professional value and increase the social benefits of nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite an improved understanding of its pathogenesis, dry eye disease (DED) remains relatively underestimated and its treatment challenging. A better alignment between the clinical evaluation and the patient self-assessment also requires capturing the whole patient experience of DED. This project aimed to unveil this experience through narrative medicine (NM). Methods: The project involved 38 expert centres in Italy and one in San Marino, targeting adult patients with DED, their informal caregivers and their treating ophthalmologists. Written narratives and sociodemographic and quality of life (QoL)-related data were anonymously collected through the project's webpage. Narratives were analysed through MAXQDA (VERBI Software, Berlin, Germany), NM classifications and content analysis. Results: A total of 171 patients with DED, 37 informal caregivers and 81 ophthalmologists participated in the research. DED was defined as a disabling condition by 19% of patients and 35% of caregivers; 70% of patients reported that a therapeutic alliance is an integral part of DED treatment and 32% hope for more effective therapies. Forty-four per cent of patients assessed their own QoL as good; however, DED emerged as importantly impacting work performance and social events. DED physical, emotional and economic burden and the cruciality of a trusting care relationship represent the main themes that emerged across all narratives, while empathy and effective treatment are among the factors favouring coping with DED. Conclusion: This project marked a pioneering initiative investigating the lived experience of patients with DED through NM, simultaneously involving all viewpoints involved in the care pathway. NM enabled the unveiling of factors favouring the ability to cope with DED and its associated QoL implications and provided valuable insights to improve the therapeutic alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nurses are frequently exposed to trauma both inside and outside of the hospital setting. This trauma exposuremay lead to symptoms that can be harmful to the nurse and make it more difficult for them to provide quality care to patients. Trauma-informed professional development is a strategy that can help nursing professional development practitioners create an environment where recovery after trauma is possible. This article provides definitions and exemplars for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the widely accepted importance of clinician empathy in quality healthcare, no occupational therapy-based pedagogy has consistently demonstrated the ability to improve the level of empathic awareness in students. In an effort to replicate 2020 findings that demonstrated the close reading of literary narratives improves empathic awareness in occupational therapy students (p < 0.001), the study's curriculum and methodology were repeated in 2021 and 2022. Results demonstrated that classes taught fully in-person repeated findings (p < 0.001), while classes taught online (2021) did not (p > 0.001). Study implications include the potential of an in-person curriculum that emphasizes literary narratives to facilitate empathic awareness in occupational therapy students, and the possible limitations of online instruction to foster greater understanding of client needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this narrative essay, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practitioner describes the challenge of treating three survivors of a terror attack, all of whom were presenting various symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD). Working in new and exceptionally demanding circumstances – with thousands of people injured in an extensive and direct terror attack, with relatives taken hostages and entire communities evacuated from their homes – the practitioner looked for an effective treatment strategy to alleviate symptoms of stress response. He found it in the interface between TCM and the function of the autonomic nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the effectiveness of inhalation therapy, uncontrolled or severe asthma remains prevalent challenges in respiratory care Narrative Medicine (NM) offers a linguistic approach to comprehending illness experiences, thereby providing a framework for advancing healthcare. Aim: The primary aim of this study was to gather narratives from individuals grappling with severe or uncontrolled asthma and their Healthcare Professionals (HCPs), in order to explore the intricate interplay among quality of care, quality of life, psychological and social determinants, and adherence patterns. Methods: A cross-sectional NM study was conducted in Italy from February to December 2023, encompassing 135 patients with uncontrolled or severe asthma (54.7% male; mean age: 56.7 years) and 47 HCPs (64.9% male; mean age: 54.3 years). A mixed-method approach was adopted to scrutinize themes, language nuances, emotional expressions, and narrative classifications. Results: Patients with uncontrolled or severe asthma reported an average illness duration of 4.46 years, with exacerbations occurring over the past 20.9 months. Pulmonologists (83% of HCPs) played a predominant role in diagnosing and treating the disease in 96.1% of patients. Additionally, participants with severe asthma reported higher healthcare needs. The most reported emotions were fatigue (25.96%) and a sense of suffocation (11.53%). Upon commencing treatment, while experiencing physical improvement, patients predominantly expressed feelings of "submission/dependence" on medication (28%), followed by "fear" (21%) and "serenity/joy" (21%). HCPs, primarily pulmonologists (83%), emphasized the importance of raising awareness among specialists and General Practitioners (GPs), disseminating information, optimizing prescriptions, implementing phenotyping, tailoring therapy, and considering paediatric needs. Conclusion: These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of patient perspectives, facilitate personalized interventions, and underscore the factors influencing therapeutic adherence in uncontrolled or severe asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Medical humanities can contribute positively to clinical practice and medical education. Therefore, in many countries, medical schools have been progressively incorporating medical humanities into their curriculum. In Italy, only a few medical schools offer a variety of medical humanities courses, often as elective. What induces Italian medical students to take a medical humanities course has not yet been explored. The aim of this study is to fill this gap by investigating whether academic performance, sociodemographic and psychological variables may influence student motivation. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in a medical school and collected data from 260 medical students, from the 3rd to the 6th year of the degree course. The students who chose to take a course in Medical Humanities were compared with those who chose not to take such a course, analysing numeric variables (age, grade point average, psychometric scores) and categorical variables (gender, nationality, educational level, living conditions). Motivations were investigated by open-ended questions and categorized prior to analyses. Results The two subgroups showed no significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics, except for age, which was lower for the students who chose to take a medical humanities course (p

Purpose: Barriers to communication and inaccurate provider assumptions about patient priorities limit the delivery of comprehensive, high-quality, patient-centered care (PCC) to people with Parkinson’s (PWP). This study aimed to analyze priorities of PWP using a qualitative, unstructured single-question survey and to test associations with validated quality of life (QOL) measures. Methods: During appointments at a subspecialty, interdisciplinary clinic, PWP (n = 139) provided written responses to the prompt: “What is important for your care team to know about you?” Patient Health Questionnaire, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Hoehn and Yahr scales were obtained through retrospective chart review. Key qualitative themes were identified through grounded theory analysis, and associations with quantitative health measures were tested with correlation analyses. Results: Common themes included participant health (eg, PD-related goals and comorbidities), non-illness identities (eg, family or community role), and the psychosocial impact of PD (eg, losing independence and uncertainty). Positive sentiments (n = 73), such as motivation and optimism, were more common than negative sentiments (n = 45), such as loss and fear. There was moderate concordance between worsened mental health and uncertainty (rho = 0.206, p = 0.02) and inverse concordance between worsened mobility and gratitude (rho = -0.174, p = 0.04). Conclusions: The range of priorities that PWP want to share with their care team is more diverse than that of common provider assumptions, is correlated with clinical outcomes such as mental health and mobility, and may not be captured by existing QOL assessment tools. An open-ended, qualitative prompt should be incorporated into routine specialist care for PWP as a valuable QOL indicator.

Abstract Storytelling events in medical education settings are a powerful way to share stories, build community, promote resilience, and foster well-being, but many educators are unsure how to go about creating an event. This paper outlines practical tips to empower readers to plan and carry out a successful, impactful storytelling event.

Abstract Background The origin of Narrative Medicine dates back to more than 20 years ago at an international level. Narrative Medicine is not an alternative to evidence-based medicine, however these two approaches are integrated. Narrative Medicine is a methodology based on specific communication skills where storytelling is a fundamental tool to acquire, understand and integrate several points of view related to persons involving in the disease and in the healthcare process. Narrative Medicine, henceforth NM, represents a union between disease and illness between the doctor’s clinical knowledge and the patient’s experience. According to Byron Good, “we cannot have direct access to the experience of others’ illness, not even through in-depth investigations: one of the ways in which we can learn more from the experience of others is to listen to the stories of what has happened to other people.” Several studies have been published on NM; however, to the best of our knowledge, no scoping review of the literature has been performed. Objective This paper aims to map and synthetize studies on NM according to theory, clinical practice and education/training. Method The scoping review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. A search was conducted in PubMed, APA PsycNet and Jstor. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility and methodological quality of the studies and extracted the data. This review refers to the period from 1998 to 2022. Results A total of 843 abstracts were identified of which 274 papers were selected based on the title/abstract. A total of 152 papers in full text were evaluated and 76 were included in the review. Papers were classified according to three issues: ✘ Nineteen studies focused on the definition and concept of NM (Theoretical). ✘ Thirty-eight papers focused on the collection of stories, projects and case reports (Clinical practice). ✘ Nineteen papers focused on the implementation of the Narrative Medicine approach in the education and training of medical doctors (Education and training). Conclusions This scoping review presents an overview of the state of the art of the Narrative Medicine. It collect studies performed mainly in Italy and in the United States as these are the countries developing the Narrative Medicine approach in three identified areas, theoretical, clinical practice and education and training. This scoping review will help to promote the power of Narrative Medicine in all three areas supporting the development of methods to evaluate and to measure the Narrative Medicine approach using key performance indicators.

Abstract Introduction Despite an improved understanding of its pathogenesis, dry eye disease (DED) remains relatively underestimated and its treatment challenging. A better alignment between the clinical evaluation and the patient self-assessment also requires capturing the whole patient experience of DED. This project aimed to unveil this experience through narrative medicine (NM). Methods The project involved 38 expert centres in Italy and one in San Marino, targeting adult patients with DED, their informal caregivers and their treating ophthalmologists. Written narratives and sociodemographic and quality of life (QoL)-related data were anonymously collected through the project’s webpage. Narratives were analysed through MAXQDA (VERBI Software, Berlin, Germany), NM classifications and content analysis. Results A total of 171 patients with DED, 37 informal caregivers and 81 ophthalmologists participated in the research. DED was defined as a disabling condition by 19% of patients and 35% of caregivers; 70% of patients reported that a therapeutic alliance is an integral part of DED treatment and 32% hope for more effective therapies. Forty-four per cent of patients assessed their own QoL as good; however, DED emerged as importantly impacting work performance and social events. DED physical, emotional and economic burden and the cruciality of a trusting care relationship represent the main themes that emerged across all narratives, while empathy and effective treatment are among the factors favouring coping with DED. Conclusion This project marked a pioneering initiative investigating the lived experience of patients with DED through NM, simultaneously involving all viewpoints involved in the care pathway. NM enabled the unveiling of factors favouring the ability to cope with DED and its associated QoL implications and provided valuable insights to improve the therapeutic alliance.

Primary health care provided by general practitioners is an important safeguard for the achievement of universal health coverage. With the continues progress of new medical reform, the number of primary care settings, general practitioners and outpatient visits have increased significantly compared with one decade ago. General practitioners, as the main body of implementation of general practice, coincides with the concept of narrative medicine in terms of patient-centeredness and attention to both psychological and social factors of the patients. Narrative medicine is medicine practiced by clinical workers who have narrative ability, with strong theory and weak practice in our country at present. From the perspective of general practitioners, this paper presents the positive influence of narrative medicine practice in primary care on general practitioners in the form of parallel medical records.

Storytelling events in medical education settings are a powerful way to share stories, build community, promote resilience, and foster well-being, but many educators are unsure how to go about creating an event. This paper outlines practical tips to empower readers to plan and carry out a successful, impactful storytelling event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to identify and illustrate the most used psychological techniques in the field of cystic fibrosis (CF) and to help clinicians choose the most appropriate strategy among various possibilities. The disease and its medical treatments can be difficult to tolerate and can cause anxiety about health status or feelings of hopelessness and stress. The prevalence of depression and anxiety is 2.3 times higher in adults with CF than in community samples. A strong correlation has been identified between elevated psychological distress and unfavorable health outcomes, including, among others, impaired lung function, reduced BMI, an increased incidence of pulmonary exacerbations, and an elevated risk of transplantation. The use of psychological interventions is useful in addressing these common distresses in CF patients. Aware of the necessity of identifying efficacious interventions for all levels of depression and anxiety in CF patients, this study presents an overview of the research on psychological interventions for patients with CF, in order to complement the treatments suggested by the international guidelines on mental health in CF cases. In fact, the aim of this study is to conduct a review and quantitative synthesis of the psychological intervention techniques that are currently available for individuals with CF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Narrative Medicine complements the clinically centered approach, which focuses on the analytical and sanitary aspects, with the illness- and disorder- centered models, which deal respectively, with personal coping and social perception of a condition. Hypermobile Ehlers- Danlos Syndrome and Behçet's Disease are two rare multisystemic chronic disease experienced a myriad of clinical symptoms, psychological distress, and poor quality of life. The purpose of this report is to describe application of a multidisclipinary rehabilitation intervention according to the narrative medicine. Case description and Intervention: a 35-year-old woman with a 23-year history of Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Behçet's Disease was admitted. A multimodal rehabilitation approach was implemented and described through the patient's feelings and expected short-, medium-, and long- terms goals. Moreover, she reported her feeling with periodical interview by her therapist. History patient: The patient was seen for 32 weeks. A decreased pain, as well as improved function was recorded immediately post-intervention. Conclusion: Narration is not just an interpretation of the illness experience, but the result of reshaping the interpretations of the story that both patient and health professional. This discipline provides enrichment of care, especially when combined with rehabilitation in chronic disease, by paying attention to and using even in the therapeutic phase the stories of patients, family and health care personnel, giving the opportunity to define a tailored effectiveness rehabilitation approach at the light of the different points of view of the subjects. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Narrative Medicine might play a key role in an interpretation of the illness experience to implement a multidisciplinary tailored rehabilitation approach. Narrative Medicine can help understand discomfort and difficulty associated with rehabilitation activities, thereby enhancing patient motivation and participation in interdisciplinary care. The Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome is a heterogeneous group of heritable connective tissue disorders representing a challenge in rehabilitation. Behçet's Disease is a rare multisystemic chronic disease experiencing an impaired function and a poor quality of life. A patient-oriented multimodal rehabilitation showed to be a useful approach in the case with both diseases, with a reduction of pain and an improvement of functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of narrative interventions in health care is an effective way to communicate connection between patients and clinicians. The electronic health record (EHR) is a primary mode of communicating patient information across clinical teams. Thus, incorporating a person-centered cocreated narrative with patients into the EHR is an opportunity to share a person's cultural values, beliefs, and preferences; provide connection; and foster positive patient-clinician interactions. This study of a person-centered narrative intervention was a randomized controlled trial to test intervention effects on the person's (patient) perceptions of the quality of communication with their nurses and their psychosocial and existential well-being. This article describes the clinical team's experiences and reach of the cocreated person-centered narrative integration into the patient's EHR. The data collected included (1) exit interviews (n = 14), (2) a usability survey (n = 8), and (3) data collected from the EHR for clinicians (n = 600) who accessed the uploaded narratives. Overall, the System Usability Scale and nurse participant's experiences provided confirmation that the person-centered narrative intervention was usable. There were also interprofessional groups of clinicians in the health care system who accessed the narratives. Future research should continue to identify core components and implementation strategies of EHR-integrated person-centered narratives in complex health care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility and impact of a narrative medicine group for patients receiving palliative care. Methods: This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of a six-session, physician-led narrative medicine group for patients receiving palliative care. Ten patients were recruited by their outpatient providers. Symptom severity and patient dignity scores were collected pre-intervention, at the mid-point, and post-intervention using the Patient Dignity Inventory (PDI) and Edmonton Symptom Assessment Survey (ESAS). Qualitative reports of pain, expectations, and anticipated challenges were collected before the intervention. Participant interviews were conducted after the intervention to assess overall experience in the group, challenges experienced, recommendations for future endeavors, and general feedback. Results: No significant changes in PDI or ESAS scores were observed at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks. Participants reported overall satisfaction, with 8 of 9 participants stating they "strongly agree" they would participate in the group again and recommend the group to others. Qualitative responses indicated benefits in the realms of relating to other patients, subjective reduction in pain, and relieving feelings of isolation. Significance of results: A narrative medicine group for ambulatory patients receiving palliative care appeared to be both beneficial and feasible when delivered through a virtual format. A randomized trial with a larger sample is needed to fully assess the impacts of engaging in narrative work on symptom burden, survival, and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Growing evidence suggests that clinician exposure to narrative medicine (NM) may help bolster resilience and mitigate burnout. The value of formal longitudinal training in NM for hospice and palliative medicine (HPM) trainees remains understudied. Methods: A 1-year longitudinal NM curriculum for HPM fellows was pilot-tested for feasibility, acceptability, and exploratory impact. Six monthly 45-minute sessions included reading literature, reflective writing, and sharing creative work. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through a pre-intervention survey and post-intervention survey administered immediately upon completion of the curriculum. Longitudinal impact was assessed with a post-intervention survey administered three months after completion of the curriculum. Results: All HPM fellows (n = 6) attended at least 5/6 sessions during the 1-year pilot, suggesting intervention feasibility. Participant engagement and self-reported comfort with NM exercises supported intervention acceptability. Post-intervention, participants described the positive influence of NM practice on their clinical practice and stated an intention to integrate NM skills in their future HPM careers. Three months following the intervention, participants had a sustained increase in their comfort level with NM. All participants felt that the NM sessions had been relevant to their life as HPM fellows and anticipated using NM moving forward in their practice of HPM. Discussion: This novel NM curriculum was feasible and acceptable to implement in a 1-year HPM fellowship. Longitudinal impact showed sustained increase in trainee comfort and interest in using NM in their future clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The origin of Narrative Medicine dates back to more than 20 years ago at an international level. Narrative Medicine is not an alternative to evidence-based medicine, however these two approaches are integrated. Narrative Medicine is a methodology based on specific communication skills where storytelling is a fundamental tool to acquire, understand and integrate several points of view related to persons involving in the disease and in the healthcare process. Narrative Medicine, henceforth NM, represents a union between disease and illness between the doctor's clinical knowledge and the patient's experience. According to Byron Good, "we cannot have direct access to the experience of others' illness, not even through in-depth investigations: one of the ways in which we can learn more from the experience of others is to listen to the stories of what has happened to other people." Several studies have been published on NM; however, to the best of our knowledge, no scoping review of the literature has been performed. Objective: This paper aims to map and synthetize studies on NM according to theory, clinical practice and education/training. Method: The scoping review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. A search was conducted in PubMed, APA PsycNet and Jstor. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility and methodological quality of the studies and extracted the data. This review refers to the period from 1998 to 2022. Results: A total of 843 abstracts were identified of which 274 papers were selected based on the title/abstract. A total of 152 papers in full text were evaluated and 76 were included in the review. Papers were classified according to three issues: ✘ Nineteen studies focused on the definition and concept of NM (Theoretical). ✘ Thirty-eight papers focused on the collection of stories, projects and case reports (Clinical practice). ✘ Nineteen papers focused on the implementation of the Narrative Medicine approach in the education and training of medical doctors (Education and training). Conclusions: This scoping review presents an overview of the state of the art of the Narrative Medicine. It collect studies performed mainly in Italy and in the United States as these are the countries developing the Narrative Medicine approach in three identified areas, theoretical, clinical practice and education and training. This scoping review will help to promote the power of Narrative Medicine in all three areas supporting the development of methods to evaluate and to measure the Narrative Medicine approach using key performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, taking a cue from the image provided by Walter Benjamin, I argue that the work of the psychiatrist can be compared to that of the ragpicker who collects what others consider to be 'waste', rescuing it from oblivion and transforming it into a key resource for treatment. I review two 'logics of discovery'- phenomenologically inspired structural psychopathology and that of narrative psychopathology - whose purpose is to complement mainstream diagnostic approach based on 'ticking boxes'. I try to identify the shortcomings of these two methodologies, in particular the confirmation bias that can cause selective inattention to anything that does not fit into the expected structure or narrative. I highlight the heuristic importance of these 'fragments' that are in danger of remaining on the fringes of the clinician's attention who is too focused on 'making ends meet,' showing how in certain psychopathological conditions - e.g. early schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder, marked by fragmentation - inattention to fragments can impede understanding and treatment. I argue for the importance in psychiatry of an 'emergentist' logic of discovery, of a kind of psychopathological knowledge 'co-produced' with patients, and of fragment-oriented listening in order not to lose the richness of patients' own accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Then a fifth-year medical student, I learned on December 7, 2017, that I suffer from Crohn's disease. This particular status offered me a writing opportunity and enabled me to carry out this embedded research: to present an "insider" account with student eyes and analyze it with my experience as a novice caregiver. The aim of this work is to question the nature of the interactions that develop between the future sick carer and the medical world, and to analyze their impact on care. The first article dealt with the announcement of the diagnosis; this one addresses communication, intimacy and, finally, the empowerment of the cared-for person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apamarga Kshara is a traditional Ayurvedic powder formulation composed of the herb Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera) and processed alkaline materials. It is renowned in Ayurveda for its therapeutic properties and is used in various medicinal preparations to treat a range of health conditions. This blend holds promise in Ayurvedic medicine for its purported healing properties. A comprehensive analysis can shed light on its effectiveness and applications in holistic healthcare. 'Kshara' pertains to both 'Paka' (preparation) and 'Vidhi' (application). Its effectiveness among the sharper and auxiliary instruments is notable, as caustic alkali facilitates excision, incision, and scarification, helping to balance the three doshas and serving specific medical functions. Among the parasurgical techniques, Agni (cauterisation), Kshara (caustic alkali), and Jalauka (leeches) are all significant. However, Kshara is the most prominent because procedures such as excision and incision cannot be achieved with Agni and Jalauka. It is particularly used for targeted treatments, such as in the case of Arsha caused by Pitta dosha. The objective of present review is to compile data on the primary phytochemicals present in Apamarga Kshara and its pharmacological effects. Kshara, an Ayurvedic concoction featuring Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera) and processed alkaline substances, underscores its significance in Ayurvedic healing. The approach taken in present review involves a detailed analysis of the Sushruta Samhita. Acharya Sushruta detailed the properties of Apamarga Kshara, including its abilities to cut (Chedan), pierce (Bhedan), scrape (Lekhan), dry (Shoshan), and balance the three Doshas. Apamarga Kshar is particularly effective in managing digestive disorders, skin conditions, and urinary tract infections due to its ability to neutralise excess acidity and support detoxification. The preparation involves processing the ash of the plant with specific alkaline substances, resulting in a powerful remedy with diverse medicinal applications. Apamarga Kshar is particularly effective in managing digestive disorders, skin conditions, and urinary tract infections due to its ability to neutralise excess acidity and support detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]