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O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a expansão da rede de telégrafos em Santa Catarina entre 1866 e 1930 focalizando a análise na formação do sistema regionalde economia e no adensamento do Estado no território. Parte-se do pressuposto deque transportes e comunicações são unidades constitutivas do território e estão ligadasdiretamente às ações do Estado por meio de múltiplas estratégias e interesses. Alémdas considerações finais, o texto está dividido em quatro tópicos. O primeiro discute arelação entre território e comunicações destacando aspectos teóricos e metodológicosque norteiam o artigo. O segundo tópico aborda a formação do sistema regional deeconomia a as comunicações. No tópico seguinte, temos uma trajetória dos telégrafosno mundo e no Brasil e dados abrangentes da Repartição Geral dos Telégrafos. Porfim, o último tema discutido é a trajetória da expansão da rede de telégrafos em SantaCatarina como um dos elementos determinantes na ocupação, definição e construçãodo território. Esse tópico está subdividido em três períodos: 1866 a 1900 (instalação einício da interiorização); 1900 a 1918 (expansão e integração da rede); e 1918 a 1930(formação do sistema e novos serviços de comunicações). As considerações finais versam sobre o futuro da telegrafia pós-1930 diante dos avanços tecnológicos da área dascomunicações., The aim of this article is to describe the expansion of the telegraph networkin Santa Catarina between 1866 and 1930 focusing on the analysis of the regional economic system and the consolidation of the State in the territory. The assumption is thattransport and communications are constitutive units of the territory and are directlylinked to the actions of the State through multiple strategies and interests. In additionto the final considerations, the text is divided into four topics. The first discusses therelationship between territory and communications highlighting theoretical and methodological aspects that will guide the article. The second topic addresses the formation of the regional system of economics to communications. In the next topic, we have a trajectory of the telegraphs in the world and in Brazil and comprehensive data of theGeneral Office of Telegraphs. Finally, the last topic discussed is the trajectory of the expansion of the telegraph network in Santa Catarina as one of the determining factors inthe occupation, definition and construction of the territory. This topic is subdivided intothree periods: 1866 to 1900 (installation and beginning of interiorization); 1900 to 1918(network expansion and integration); and 1918 to 1930 (formation of the system andnew communications services). The final considerations are about the future of post-1930 telegraphy in the face of technological advances in communications.

The aim of this article is to describe the expansion of the telegraph networkin Santa Catarina between 1866 and 1930 focusing on the analysis of the regional economic system and the consolidation of the State in the territory. The assumption is thattransport and communications are constitutive units of the territory and are directlylinked to the actions of the State through multiple strategies and interests. In additionto the final considerations, the text is divided into four topics. The first discusses therelationship between territory and communications highlighting theoretical and methodological aspects that will guide the article. The second topic addresses the formation of the regional system of economics to communications. In the next topic, we have a trajectory of the telegraphs in the world and in Brazil and comprehensive data of theGeneral Office of Telegraphs. Finally, the last topic discussed is the trajectory of the expansion of the telegraph network in Santa Catarina as one of the determining factors inthe occupation, definition and construction of the territory. This topic is subdivided intothree periods: 1866 to 1900 (installation and beginning of interiorization); 1900 to 1918(network expansion and integration); and 1918 to 1930 (formation of the system andnew communications services). The final considerations are about the future of post-1930 telegraphy in the face of technological advances in communications. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a expansão da rede de telégrafos em Santa Catarina entre 1866 e 1930 focalizando a análise na formação do sistema regionalde economia e no adensamento do Estado no território. Parte-se do pressuposto deque transportes e comunicações são unidades constitutivas do território e estão ligadasdiretamente às ações do Estado por meio de múltiplas estratégias e interesses. Alémdas considerações finais, o texto está dividido em quatro tópicos. O primeiro discute arelação entre território e comunicações destacando aspectos teóricos e metodológicosque norteiam o artigo. O segundo tópico aborda a formação do sistema regional deeconomia a as comunicações. No tópico seguinte, temos uma trajetória dos telégrafosno mundo e no Brasil e dados abrangentes da Repartição Geral dos Telégrafos. Porfim, o último tema discutido é a trajetória da expansão da rede de telégrafos em SantaCatarina como um dos elementos determinantes na ocupação, definição e construçãodo território. Esse tópico está subdividido em três períodos: 1866 a 1900 (instalação einício da interiorização); 1900 a 1918 (expansão e integração da rede); e 1918 a 1930(formação do sistema e novos serviços de comunicações). As considerações finais versam sobre o futuro da telegrafia pós-1930 diante dos avanços tecnológicos da área dascomunicações.

The literature on ride-hailing has experienced rapid growth in recent years, with an accent on industrialized cities, mainly in the United States and Europe. Previous research has identified the characteristics and preferences of ride-hailing adopters in a handful of cities. However, given their marked geographical focus, whether such findings are relevant and applicable to the practice of transport planning and regulation in cities in the Global South remains largely untested. This paper examines ride-hailing in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. We build on statistical modelling informed by the Mexico's household travel survey from 2017 to determine the main drivers for ride-hailing adoption, unpack ride-hailing user characteristics, and understand how they differ from other transport users in the local context. We use findings to discuss the implications of ride-hailing for urban mobility in one of the largest cities in Latin America. Recognizing that the trajectory of adoption and development of app-based urban transport services differs from those followed in the United States and Europe, the paper hypothesizes that ride-hailing usage in a context such as Mexico may be mediated by social issues such as the perception of crime, risk of sexual harassment in public transportation, and lack of flexibility and quality in other modes. Such challenges are frequently experienced by women in this, and similar contexts as documented by the literature. [...]

During the period spanning independence in 1822 to mid-century, Brazil's southeast shifted from specialising in the export of cane sugar to coffee. This paper explores the mechanism underlying this shift by exploiting a wealth of new monthly data on the Brazilian and international coffee and cane sugar markets during the period 1827-40. I argue that the timing of the coffee boom was driven by a rapid increase in foreign market potential associated with the abolition of the tariff on coffee in the United States. I estimate that American tariff reform served to increase coffee exports and African slave imports by around one-fifth. American firms, with indirect links to the slave trade, rapidly became major players in the export market in Rio de Janeiro, while non-American firms, traditionally specialised in Continental European destinations, turned their sights on the American market.

This article presents an historical account of patterns of household fuelwood use in Mexico from 1960 until the present. The results of scenarios outlining the likely evolution of future fuelwood use according to different socio-demographic and technological variables are offered up to 2030 along with the expected environmental impacts. Mexico is an interesting case as it went from importing oil to becoming an oil-exporting country during the historical period under analysis and the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intensified in the residential sector. However, rather than exhibiting a sharp decline in fuelwood use, as would be expected from the energy transition model, we observe that fuelwood use has remained almost constant for more than 40 years. In fact, rather than completely switching to LPG, a large portion of rural and small-town households adopted a fuel-stacking strategy, combining both fuels on a long-term basis. We conclude by examining the implications of the current patterns of fuelwood use and fuel-stacking in terms of future fuelwood consumption, numbers of users and emissions of greenhouse gases. Este artículo presenta un repaso histórico a las pautas de consumo de leña en los hogares mexicanos entre 1960 y la actualidad. Muestra también algunas proyecciones de consumo hasta el año 2030 calculadas en función de algunas variables sociodemográficas y tecnológicas, y se estiman sus posibles impactos ambientales. El caso de México tiene interés ya que el país pasó durante el periodo analizado de ser importador de petróleo a ser exportador de ese recurso energético, al mismo tiempo que el consumo de gas licuado de petróleo (LPG) se intensificaba en los hogares. Pese a ello, en lugar de producirse una caída brusca en el consumo de leña como predice el modelo tradicional de transición energética, observamos que dicho consumo se ha mantenido bastante estable durante los últimos cuarenta años. De hecho, una parte muy considerable de los hogares rurales y de las pequeñas ciudades, en lugar de saltar al uso de LPG, han adoptado una estrategia de uso múltiple que combina el uso de ambos combustibles en el largo plazo. El artículo termina analizando las implicaciones de los patrones de uso de la leña y de la estrategia de su uso múltiple para el futuro, en términos de consumo, de número de usuarios y de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.

This article assesses the consumption of tobacco in Santiago de Chile from the last third of the eighteenth century until the first decades of the republican era. Evidence indicates a rather favourable standard of living in Bourbon America, in contrast with the less optimistic view portrayed by Allen, Murphy and Schneider (2012). The methodology employed here consisted of compiling the trading values of the tobacconist profession, including prices and volumes of tobacco sales, in order to visualize the effective consumption of the population through the use of documentary sources from the Chilean general tobacco administration. The results show that tobacco consumption increased in Santiago during this extended period, in line with population growth and despite the rise in the average price of tobacco. In terms of volume, legal consumption of tobacco exceeded 3 pounds per capita per year at the end of the colonial period, while in the early republican decades it dropped to 2 pounds. This evolution can be explained due to the transformation of the consumption pattern in Santiago, where the colonial preference for less elaborated tobacco gave way to a greater assortment of refined products after the revolutionary period that began in 1810. More importantly, access to tobacco would have been universal, since on average it cost only 2.5% of the annual income of the least qualified workers. Este trabajo muestra el consumo de tabaco en Santiago de Chile desde el último tercio del siglo xviii hasta las primeras décadas republicanas, y con ello destaca un positivo elemento del nivel de vida de esta sociedad, en contraste a la visión menos optimista de Allen, Murphy y Schneider (2012) para la América borbónica en general. En base a registros contables de la administración del Estanco, se compilan los valores de comercio del segmento de estanqueros, incluyendo precios y volúmenes de ventas de tabaco, para visualizar el consumo efectivo de la población santiaguina. Los resultados muestran que el valor de consumo de tabaco en este periodo aumentó, en línea con el crecimiento demográfico de Santiago y pese al alza de sus precios medios. En cuanto al volumen, este consumo superó las tres libras per cápita por año a fines del periodo colonial, mientras que en las primeras décadas republicanas bajó a niveles de dos libras. Esta evolución se explicó por el cambio de la pauta de consumo santiaguina, cuya preferencia colonial por tabacos de menor elaboración para labores de humo perdió terreno ante un mayor surtido de productos refinados después del periodo revolucionario de la década de 1810. Más importante aún, el acceso al tabaco debió ser universal, toda vez que su gasto significó solo un 2,5% del ingreso anual de un trabajador con la menor calificación de la época.

This paper provides the first survey of slave prices for Santiago de Chile, c. 1773-1822. It also establishes the main determinants of slave prices during this period. We gathered and analysed over 3,800 sale operations. Our series confirm the usual inverted U-shape when prices are plotted against age, and that age was a very important determinant of slave prices. We also found that: female slaves were systematically priced over male slaves, quite contrary to what happened in most other markets; the prime age of Santiago slaves was 16-34, a younger range than for most other places; male slave prices moved in the same direction as real wages of unskilled workers; and the impact of the free womb law on market prices in 1811 was dramatic. Este es el primer estudio de precios de esclavos para Santiago de Chile, c. 1773-1822. Reunimos más de 3,800 contratos de compraventa, una serie que confirma la forma de U invertida habitual en la relación entre precio y edad. También se encontró que: las mujeres esclavas eran siempre más costosas que los esclavos varones, al contrario de lo sucedido en varios otros mercados; la edad óptima de esclavos en Santiago fue de 16-34, un rango etáreo menor que lo común en otros lugares; los precios de esclavos hombres se movían en la misma dirección que los salarios reales de los trabajadores no calificados; y la libertad de vientres produjo un impacto dramático en los precios de mercado en 1811.

The previously successful British merchant houses on the west coast of South America faced significant problems between the two world wars. Earlier historians have referred to difficulties such as the volatility of commodity prices, the organisation and structure of the firms, and changes in patterns of trade. This paper, instead, compares their different experiences on the basis of archives from the merchants and their banks, concluding that their response to crisis differed, depending on the manner and extent of diversification, their core expertise, the quality of their management, and the support of their banks. The outcomes varied from outright failure to continued growth, with the two largest firms struggling to survive and adapt to the new business environment., Las casas comerciales británicas situadas en la costa occidental de Sudamérica, que habían experimentado tanto éxito antes de 1914, tuvieron que enfrentarse a nuevos problemas significativos durante el período de entreguerras. Los historiadores que las estudiaron con anterioridad analizaron dificultades tales como las fluctuaciones de precios de los bienes primarios, la organización y estructura de estas empresas, y los cambios en la distribución geográfica del comercio. En contraste, este artículo compara sus experiencias individuales tanto sobre la base de sus propios archivos como en los de sus banqueros. Llega a la conclusión de que sus respuestas ante estos problemas fueron muy diferentes, según la manera y el alcance de su diversificación entre los distintos ramos industriales, sus recursos técnicos, la calidad de sus gerentes, y el apoyo que recibieron de sus bancos. En consecuencia, los resultados oscilan entre el fracaso total y el crecimiento regular y sostenido. Las dos empresas más grandes de la época antes de 1914 enfrentaron muchas dificultades para sobrevivir y adaptarse al nuevo ambiente comercial durante la entreguerra.

This article examines the technological origins and changes of the Colombian fique (henequen) industry throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It argues that the industry was established and reached significant levels of growth, in part due to the input of Colombian intellectuals, entrepreneurs, and scientists who examined global developments, disseminated useful knowledge, and sought to adapt suitable crops, practices, and technologies to Colombia’s particular needs, settings, and social traits. These individuals looked mainly at Mexico. This history challenges the traditional assumption that Latin American countries generally developed a technological dependence on the North Atlantic nations. Mid-nineteenth-century Mexican inventions turned out to be particularly useful to Colombians seeking to foster small productive units in rural areas. The Colombian fique industry developed initially as “patrimonio de los pobres” (“heritage of the poor”). Attempts to introduce sophisticated, expensive technologies proved futile., Este artículo examina el origen de la industria fiquera colombiana y el cambio tecnológico dentro de esa industria a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Sostiene que esta industria se estableció y pudo alcanzar niveles significativos de crecimiento en parte porque algunos intelectuales, empresarios y científicos colombianos examinaron desarrollos globales, difundieron conocimiento útil y buscaron adaptar cultivos, practices y tecnologías adecuadas a las necesidades y rasgos sociales particulares de Colombia. Estos individuos observaron principalmente a México. Esta historia desafía el supuesto tradicional de que los países latinoamericanos generalmente desarrollaron una dependencia tecnológica en las naciones del Atlántico Norte. Invenciones desarrolladas en México a mediados del siglo XIX resultaron ser particularmente útiles para los colombianos que buscaban fomenter pequeñas unidades productivas en las áreas rurales. La industria del fique colombiana se desarrolló inicialmente como “patrimonio de los pobres”. Los intentos de introducir tecnologías sofisticadas y costosas resultaron inútiles.

espanolEste articulo presenta, por primera vez, series continuas de valor de las importaciones y exportaciones de Honduras para el periodo 1880-1930, alargando las series anteriores de Notten (2012) de las que se disponia hasta ahora. Las nuevas series se construyeron sobre la base de las estadisticas oficiales de sus principales socios comerciales (Estados Unidos, Gran Bretana, Alemania y Francia) corregidas a partir de fuentes propias hondurenas y complementarias. Los criterios de correccion aplicados se basaron en los resultados de un ejercicio previo de validacion de fiabilidad. Los datos obtenidos permiten delimitar una nueva cronologia del comercio exterior de Honduras, donde la “era de las exportaciones” se inicio antes del boom bananero que tuvo lugar entre 1903 y 1930. EnglishThis article presents, for the first time, a continuous series of value of Honduran exports and imports for the period 1880-1930, extending the series previously available from Notten (2012). The new series were constructed based on the official statistics of the main trading partners of Honduras (United States, Great Britain, Germany and France) corrected from Honduran and complementary sources. The correction criteria applied are based on the results of a previous reliability validation exercise. The data obtained allow to delimit a new chronology of the foreign trade of Honduras where the “export age” began before the banana export boom that took place between 1903 and 1930.

La historiografía ha prestado menos atención a las importaciones que a las exportaciones argentinas entre el último cuarto del siglo XIX y los umbrales de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Ello puede explicarse, por un lado, porque las segundas tuvieron un rol más evidente en el crecimiento de la economía y, por el otro, por el alto grado de desagregación de los datos de las primeras. En este trabajo, hacemos una crítica de las estadísticas oficiales argentinas como fuentes disponibles para la reconstrucción de las importaciones. Luego, reestimamos la balanza comercial usando la serie de exportación corregida por nosotros. Finalmente, proponemos una agenda de investigación en base a los vacíos historiográficos y el potencial de la información estadística. Historiography has payed less attention to imports than exports from the last quarter of the nineteenth century to the beginning of World War I. On the one hand, this is explained by the crucial and more visible part that exports played in fostering economic growth. On the other, the reason why imports have been less studied is the high level of disaggregation of the data available. In this paper, we analyse the official Argentine statistics as the main source for a reconstruction of imports. Then, we recalculate the balance of trade using our corrected export series. Additionally, we propose a research agenda based on gaps in the specialised literature and the possibilities given by the use of the official statistics. Fil: Rayes, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Instituto de Geografía, Historia y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Geografía, Historia y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina

espanolEste ensayo se plantea como proposito introducir el numero de la RHE-JILAEH que se dedica a la reconstruccion de estadisticas historicas del comercio de paises latinoamericanos. Comenta las percepciones tempranas sobre la calidad y utilidad de las estadisticas historicas del comercio y la manera en que analisis mas recientes han superado la desconfianza que prevalecia hasta el ultimo tercio del siglo XX. Luego, el ensayo resume los distintos criterios y metodologias que se han utilizado para valorar la exactitud y confiabilidad de las estadisticas comerciales con el fin de hacerlas utiles para el proposito de reconstruir nuevas series, mas completas y precisas, o re-estimar las existentes. La introduccion concluye con una breve descripcion del contenido de este volumen EnglishThis essay aims to introduce an issue of the RHE-JILAEH dedicated to the reconstruction of historical trade statistics of Latin American countries. It comments on the early perceptions of the quality and utility of historical trade statistics and on the way in which more recent analyses have overcome the distrust that prevailed until the last third of the 20th century. It then summarises the different criteria and methodologies that have been used to assess the accuracy and reliability of trade statistics in order to make them useful for the purpose of reconstructing new, more complete and precise trade series or re-estimating those available. The introduction ends with a brief description of the contents of this volume.

This paper aims to evaluate the accuracy of official Bolivian foreign trade statistics. Results show large discrepancies between Bolivian records and those of its main trade partners during the First World War. Whereas the gap decreased thereafter, it stayed particularly high in the case of exports. This seems to be explained by mistakes in the geographical assignment by the trade partners rather than by an overvaluation of official Bolivian figures. This suggests that landlockness may have had a significant negative effect on the accuracy of trade statistics fromthe, a priori, more reliable countries. The study also helps to revisit the debate concerning the effect that tin exploitation had on the rest of the Bolivian economy during the first half of the 20th century. Este artículo analiza la fiabilidad de las estadísticas bolivianas de comercio exterior. Se observan grandes diferencias entre los datos bolivianos y aquellos de sus principales socios comerciales durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Si bien las brechas se redujeron posteriormente, permanecieron particularmente elevadas en el caso de las exportaciones. Ello parece deberse más a una mala asignación geográfica por parte de los socios comerciales que a una sobrevaloración de las exportaciones bolivianas. Esto sugiere que la mediterraneidad afectó negativamente la calidad de las estadísticas de aquellos países a-priori más confiables. El estudio permite también revisitar el debate en torno al efecto que tuvo la explotación del estaño sobre el resto de la economía boliviana durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. This research has benefited from financial support from the Science and Innovation Ministry of Spain through the project Market integration and its spatial impact: Latin American regions in the very long term (1890-2010) (ECO2015-65049-C2-2-P; MINECO/FEDER, UE). Peres-Cajías also thanks financial support from the Swedish Research Links/Vetenskapsrådet through the project Sustainable Development, Fiscal Policy and Natural Resources Management: Bolivia, Chile and Peru in the Nordic countries’ mirror (2016-05721).

In order to understand Uruguay's long-run economic evolution it becomes crucial to interpret its export performance during the First Globalization. The lack of accuracy of official figures, especially official prices used, calls for an adjustment of Uruguayan export series. We have used empirical evidence to test the accuracy of quantities and values of export records, first, according to import partners' records and, second, according to international market prices. Results show a general undervaluation of official export values during the period along with severe distortions in the registers caused by transit trade. We reconstructed new Uruguayan export f.o.b values and an export price index which present a more unstable and less dynamic export evolution than that of neighbouring Argentina. Para entender la evolución económica uruguaya de largo plazo se vuelve crucial interpretar su desempeño exportador durante la Primera Globalización. La falta de precisión de los datos oficiales, especialmente los precios oficiales utilizados, demanda un ajuste de la serie de exportaciones de Uruguay. Hemos usado evidencia empírica para contrastar la precisión de los registros de cantidades y valores de las exportaciones, en primer lugar con respecto a los registros de los socios importadores y luego con relación a los precios de mercado internacionales. Los resultados muestran una subvaloración general de los valores oficiales de exportación durante el período a la vez que severas distorsiones en los registros causadas por el comercio de tránsito. Reconstruimos nuevos valores f.o.b. de exportaciones para Uruguay y un índice de precios de exportación, los cuales muestran una evolución de las exportaciones más inestable y menos dinámica que la presentada por su vecino Argentina. Antonio Tena-Junguito and Henry Willebald are thankful for the financial support of the «Proyecto Ministerio Ciencia y Tecnología de España MCI: ECO2011-25713».

To date, research on the economic history of Brazil during the nineteenth century has relied on official foreign trade statistics, the accuracy of which has repeatedly been put into question. This paper provides insights into the accuracy of the official series by examining the accuracy of the export and import series for Brazil during the nineteenth century. We re-estimate the official import series using trading partner sources, and find that the official series was marginally under-valued during certain periods of the nineteenth century. Furthermore, we provide new upper- and lower-bound estimates of the export series by testing different assumptions regarding the size of the cif-fob factor adjustments. Finally, we introduce a new import price index for the period 1827-1913.

The objective of this paper is to explain, from a cliometric perspective, the determinants of the growth of Argentina's exports between 1880 and 1929. To do this, we have constructed a gravity model with the principal products exported each year by Argentina to its most important trading partners. In this way, we believe that this study constitutes a relevant and original contribution to the analysis of economic growth from a historical perspective and specifically in explaining the factors determining the export success of the settler countries during the first wave of globalisation. Our results show that Argentina's export-led growth must be explained from both the supply and demand sides. We also find that the reduction in transatlantic transport costs boosted exports.

This paper presents findings from the Regional Project on Child Development Indicators, PRIDI for its acronym in Spanish. PRIDI created a new tool, the Engle Scale, for evaluating development in children aged 24 to 59 months in four domains: cognition, language and communication, socio-emotional and motor skills. It also captures and identifies factors associated with child development. The Engle Scale was applied in nationally representative samples in four Latin American countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru. The results presented here are descriptive, but they offer new insight regarding the complexity of child development in Latin America. The basic message emerging from this study is that child development in Latin America is unequal. Inequality in results appears as early as 24 months and increases with age. There is variation in inequality. For example, correlations with the socio-economic characteristics of the home and maternal education are stronger for cognition, and language and communication than for motor development. The environment within which children develop and the adult-child interactions predominant within this environment - referred to in this study as the nurturing environment - is important for all domains of child development utilized in this study, although stronger associations appear for cognition, language and communication, and socio-emotional development. For all domains measured by the Engle Scale, the nurturing environment bears a statistically stronger correlation than the socio-economic endowment of the home or maternal education. Gaps between the development of children in the top and low extremes in these factors matter. By 59 months, the development of a poor and under-nurtured child will lag by as much as 18 months behind her richer and more nurtured peers. For this child it will be more difficult to recognize basic shapes like triangles or squares, count to 20, or understand temporal sequences. She will also have gaps in her basic executive functioning and socio-emotional skills, including empathy and autonomy. She will not likely be ready for school and may not have success once there. Notably, however, if this same child, in the same poor household, were to benefit from a nurturing environment, her level of development would rise and would start to approach levels found in children in richer but less nurtured households. The nurturing environment thus appears to mitigate the negative association lower levels of wealth have with the domains of development included in this study.

The Urban Network and Territory research, developing in the Directory of Studies and Regional, Urban and Environmental Policies (Dirur) of the Ipea, comes following the activities focused on dynamic analysis, characterization and prospect about the urban agglomerations and the urban-regional system. With focus 2000-2014 period, highlights the changes in relations between the territories, demographic profile, productive and functional of the municipalities and their relations with the outside world, as well as in the configuration and trend of socio-spatial organization of the South American continent, in order to contribute to the development of strategies to support the formulation and implementation of territorial development policy (urban and regional) national and regional scale, In addition to subsidizing studies, research and policies of that order in scales of the subcontinent and the States of the Federation. This research is justified since over the last decade, the process of urbanization in the country and the continent have intensified. The creation of new towns, the growth of small and medium-sized cities, the population density in areas already consolidated and the occupation of pioneer fronts are some of the phenomena that characterize the ongoing process. For understanding the nature of the process of urbanization, the phenomena mentioned above need to be more clearly identified and characterized in detail, and enlarged its analysis, especially with regard to the functional role of urban centres, productive restructuring which took place (in particular the processes of industrial de-concentration and expansion of the agricultural frontier), the demographic dynamics of the cities and towns and economic infrastructure , and existing urban social-including logistic networks.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the technical efficiency of 44 Brazilian port terminals that handled containers in 2016. The evaluation will first proceed by identifying the main benchmarks. It will then provide an analysis of variables that may have an effect on technical efficiency as well as the nature of their relationship with the latter--namely: container movement and specialized terminals. Design / Research methods: In this work we apply the techniques of Data Envelopment Analysis and Free Disposal Hull. Output-oriented models were constructed, using three inputs - berth depth, berth length and number of berths, and three outputs - number of containers handled, medium board measured in container handled per hour of mooring, and medium consignment rate measured in container throughput per ship. Conclusions / findings: The main results show that half of the terminals have an inefficient infrastructure, with capacity larger than necessary to meet current demand for transportation of containers. In addition, there is a strong relationship between the efficiency and size of a terminal port and between the efficiency and degree of specialization. Moreover, the private use terminal of (TUP) Itacal and public quay OCRIM can serve as benchmarks for most of the terminals. Originality / value of the article: Relatively few works in the literature tried to measure technical efficiency for developing countries. Besides that, none of the works found regarding Brazilian ports have shown the scenario after promulgation of the Port’s Law in 2013, and only a few used container cargo as focus. This article is of interest for scientists of the sector, exporters/importers, and Brazilian Government officers interested in observing the effects of public policies aimed at the sector. We also suggest future work concerning the sector's improvements which can follow from our findings.

Este artículo documenta e interpreta el comercio español en algodón americano que se desarrolló entre los años 1740 y 1790. Siguiendo un análisis historiográfico concerniente a este comercio, aporta datos sobre la cantidad importada, el Estado, con o sin pepita, en que se introducía, sus orígenes en el imperio americano, las medidas para su transporte marítimo, sus costes de flete y los precios pagados en España. Muestra que el crecimiento de este comercio está relacionado con un incremento en la demanda para el algodón en rama durante los primeras etapas de la industrialización catalana cuya satisfacción fue facilitada por las reformas introducidas en el sistema colonial hispánico. This article documents and interprets the Spanish trade in American cotton which developed between the 1740s and 1790s. Following an analysis of the historiography concerning the trade, it provides data on the quantities imported, the state, ginned or unginned, in which it was imported, its origins in the American empire, the shipping arrangements made for its transport, the charges for its freight and the prices which were paid for it in Spain. It shows the growth of the trade to be related to growing demand for raw cotton during the early stages of Catalan industrialization, the meeting of which was facilitated by the reforms introduced in the Hispanic colonial system. Publicado

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la dinámica del comercio internacional de cereales en el primer tercio del siglo XX. Para ello se estudiará su evolución a lo largo de ese periodo, comparándola también con la del comercio del conjunto de productos agrarios y alimentos. Además, se examinará la composición por productos de este comercio. Para el trigo, maíz y arroz se estudiará el funcionamiento de sus mercados, con especial atención a los flujos de importación y exportación entre consumidores y productores. Para comprender mejor el funcionamiento del mercado de estos productos, se examinará la evolución de su oferta, demanda y precios. The aim of this paper is to analyse the dynamics of international trade in cereals in the first third of the twentieth century. To this end we will study its evolution over this period, comparing it also with the general trade of food and agricultural products. In addition, we will examine the structure of this trade. For wheat, maize and rice we will examine the operation of their respective markets, with special attention to the import and export flows between consumers and producers. To better understand the functioning of the market for these products, we will examine the changes in supply, demand and prices.