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1. Increased significance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) senescence trait under water-deficit environment

Author: S. Gurumurthy, J. Singh, P.S. Basu, S.K. Meena, J. Rane, N.P. Singh, and K.K. Hazra
Subjects: Drought tolerance, Leaf senescence trait, Grain filling duration, Stay–green character, Growing degree–day, Subtropical climate, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Characterizing stress–inducing trait(s) and deploying their genetic diversity are crucial for developing stress–tolerant cultivar(s). The study aimed to investigate the genotypic variations in chickpea senescence traits and their significance in yield sustainability under water–deficit stress conditions. Therefore, a panel of eighty–eight chickpea that differ in maturity duration [early–maturing (≤ 100 days) and late–maturing (> 110 days)], were grown under soil water deficit conditions. The parameters viz. days to onset of senescence (DTSI), senescence duration (SD), days to flowering (DF), reproductive period (RP), and days to maturity (DM) were recorded for each genotype and their relations with grain yield were evaluated. The parameter DTSI defines the earliness or delay in the onset of senescence; while SD represents the pace of senescence. Temporal dynamics of senescence were visually scored following a 0–10 scale. The trait senescence duration (SD) exhibited negative correlation with yield, being higher in the late maturing genotypes over the early maturing genotypes. The senescence index [SD/RP], which exhibited a higher genotypic variability over the parameter SD, was found to have a significant negative association with yield. While the index [DTSI/DM] exhibited a strong positive correlation with yield (p
Published: 2022
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2. Machine Learning Differentiation of Autism Spectrum Sub-Classifications

Author: R. Thapa, A. Garikipati, M. Ciobanu, N.P. Singh, E. Browning, J. DeCurzio, G. Barnes, F.A. Dinenno, Q. Mao, and R. Das
Abstract: Purpose: Disorders on the autism spectrum have characteristics that can manifest as difficulties with communication, executive functioning, daily living, and more. These challenges can be mitigated with early identification. However, diagnostic criteria has changed from DSM-IV to DSM-5, which can make diagnosing a disorder on the autism spectrum complex. We evaluated machine learning to classify individuals as having one of three disorders of the autism spectrum under DSM-IV, or as non-spectrum. Methods: We employed machine learning to analyze retrospective data from 38,560 individuals. Inputs encompassed clinical, demographic, and assessment data. Results: The algorithm achieved AUROCs ranging from 0.863 to 0.980. The model correctly classified 80.5% individuals; 12.6% of individuals from this dataset were misclassified with another disorder on the autism spectrum. Conclusion: Machine learning can classify individuals as having a disorder on the autism spectrum or as non-spectrum using minimal data inputs.
Published: 2024
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3. Relative tolerance of photosystem II in spike, leaf, and stem of bread and durum wheat under desiccation

Author: J. RANE, D. SHARMA, S. EKATPURE, L. AHER, M. KUMAR, S.V.S. PRASAD, A.N. NANKAR, and N.P. SINGH
Subjects: desiccation tolerance, fluorescence imaging, genetic variation, high throughput, plant phenotyping., Botany, QK1-989
Abstract: In dryland regions, soil moisture stress often leads to desiccation and causes injury to photosynthetic machinery. Recently, chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF)-based assessment of photosynthetic efficiency under drought stress is gaining attention due to advances in instrument development and methodology optimisation. Our study was designed to explore the use of spike photosynthetic efficiency as a trait to differentiate drought responses in wheat. Bread and durum wheat were assessed for spike, stem, and leaf tissue photosynthetic efficiency in response to progressive desiccation using ChlF imaging. Results showed that durum wheat had higher quantum efficiency and lower photoinhibition of PSII relative to bread wheat across spike, stem, and leaf. Rate of decline in maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII with increased desiccation was seen higher in bread wheat spikes as compared to durum wheat. Our investigation clearly demonstrated that ChlF imaging could be effectively deployed as phenotyping tool to differentiate wheat genotypes for their photosynthetic performance under desiccation.
Published: 2019
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4. Impact of variable tillage based residue management and legume based cropping for seven years on enzymes activity, soil quality index and crop productivity in rice ecology

Author: C.P. Nath, Narendra Kumar, K. Das, K.K. Hazra, C.S. Praharaj, and N.P. Singh
Subjects: Dehydrogenase, Fluorescein diacetate, Microbial biomass carbon, Phosphatases, Soil organic carbon, Yield, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.) – wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence has been witnessed as an unsustainable practice in rice based cropping system. Climate resilient agro-techniques consisting with principles of risk mitigation and adaptation for sustainable agriculture such as zero tillage (ZT) is being adopted in south Asian countries. However, long–term impact of sequential ZT + residues addition in crop rotation after puddled rice (CT–ZT + R) on soil enzymes activity and soil quality index (SQI) are not adequately addressed. Experiment was conducted in split-plot design having four crop establishment techniques: (i) CT in each crop of rotation without residue (CT–CT), (ii) CT in each crop with incorporated residue (CT–CT + R), (iii) CT rice – ZT in post–rainy season crops without residue (CT–ZT), (iv) CT rice – ZT in post–rainy season crops with surface residue mulch (CT–ZT + R) each with three levels of crop rotations: (i) rice–wheat (R–W), (ii) rice–chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (R–C) and (iii) rice–chickpea–mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) (R–C–Mb). CT–ZT + R enhanced 25% soil organic carbon (SOC) and 45% microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) over CT–CT (P R–C > R–W (P
Published: 2021
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5. Forecasting Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval phenology in pigeonpea and chickpea crops using growing degree days

Author: B. KIRAN GANDHI, S.K. SINGH, KRISHNA KUMAR, S. VENNILA, Y. SRUJANA, ARTI KATIYAR, and N.P. SINGH
Subjects: AIC, Boltzmann, BIC, biofix, logistic, regression, Agriculture
Abstract: Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera is a serious insect pest of pigeonpea and chickpea crops, responsible for huge economic losses. Timely forecasting and subsequent sensible management practices of H. armigera would save the crops from economic damage. In the present study, H. armigera larval incidence data was recorded from sixteen pigeonpea and chickpea growing locations (Maharashtra, India) for three seasons (2015, 2016 and 2017). Observed accumulated GDD (from 40 SMW to 7 SMW) revealed, H. armigera completed one generation in 29 days to develop 4 generations across the locations and seasons. After accumulating 86GDD (40 SMW) and 62 GDD (43 SMW), larval ‘biofix’ (initial incidence of larvae) was started in pigeonpea and chickpea, respectively. Logistic regression model estimated accumulated GDD required by H. armigera larvae to reach ETL in pigeonpea (629 GDD) and chickpea (378 GDD), which was same as observed accumulated GDD. Statistical criteria viz., Adjusted r2, AIC and BIC projected logistic regression model as a better performer in most cases. The geographically unique models developed based on biofix and accumulated GDD in this study can be used for timely advisories and sustainable management of H. armigera in pigeonpea and chickpea crops after field validation.
Published: 2020
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6. Combining ability studies for grain yield other agronomic traits in maize (Zea mays L.)

Author: V. Kumar, S.K. Singh, N.P. Singh and, and V. Mahajan
Subjects: maize, inbred lines, combining ability, full diallel, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract: The present study was aimed to investigate combining ability among twelve elite maize inbred lines in a complete diallel mating design for twelve yield and yield contributing traits. Twelve parents along with their 132 F1’s including reciprocals were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among parents for most of the traits studied except for ear diameter. Variance due to GCA and SCA were highly significant for the traits studied indicating importance of both additive and non-additive types of gene action. Preponderance of additive gene action was observed for most of the traits studied except for the grain yield plant-1, number of kernel rows ear-1, number of kernels row-1 and ear length which showed preponderance of non-additive gene action. Parent P10 was the best general combiner for grain yield followed by P9 and P1. Parent P9 was also found to be best general combiner for the all traits studied including grain yield. Parent P10 was also found to be best general combiner for early maturity, number of kernel rows ear-1 and 100 kernels weight. For the trait early maturity parent found to be best general combiners were P10, P3 and Parent P7. Total 79 cross combinations were possessing significant desirable SCA effects for grain yield. The top cross combinations possessing significant desirable SCA effects for grain yield were P2 x P6, P7 x P8, P3 x P7 and P7 x P9 which may be used for obtaining high yielding hybrids in maize.
Published: 2016
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7. Handbook On Freshwater Aquaculture

Author: N.P. Singh & B.Santhosh
Published: 2020

8. Prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus in a tertiary care hospital, East Delhi, India

Author: Charu Jain, Nikita Birahman, Sukhla Das, Swati Sinha, and N.P Singh
Abstract: Background & Aim: Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) is a condition that is known to be caused by enterically transmitting Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV). Usually, they result in self-limiting disease but can be seriously threatening if complications arise. This study was done to determine the prevalence rate of HAV and HEV in a tertiary care hospital in East Delhi, India. Material & Methods: The retrospective and observational study of 2-year duration was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at UCMS and GTBH Delhi, India. A total of 410 samples from patients presenting with a clinical diagnosis of acute hepatitis were considered in the study. The serum samples were analysed for IgM anti-HAV and IgM anti-HEV, respectively, using commercially available ELISA kits. Results: The seroprevalence of HAV and HEV were 2.19% and 0.24%, respectively. No case was found to be reactive for both parameters, indicating no case of co-infection. The majority of clinical samples were from female patients. Conclusion: The incidence of HEV and HAV illnesses suggests that East Delhi has a lower prevalence rate of the reported viral illnesses. This finding suggests one of the following: limited circulation of the agents, good sanitary conditions, and/or protective immunity among the population tested. Nonetheless, we should continue to assess the ongoing conditions and take measures to improve them.
Published: 2023
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9. Delhi's network for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance: The journey, challenges and output from first year

Author: Saxena Sonal, Sharma Anuj, Andrews A. Amala, Anita Pandey, Abhilasha Kochhar, Anupama Mittal, Deepali Saini, Devjani De, Navin Dang, Gitali Bhagawati, Iqbal Kaur, Karnika Saigal, N.P. Singh, Namita Jaggi, Naveen Grover, Navin Kumar, Neelam Khanna, Poonam Loomba, Prabhav Aggarwal, Pratibha Kale, Priyanka Katariya, Purabi Barman, Pushpa Nirwan, Ranjana Chhabra, Ravinder Kaur, Renu Gur, Saloni Sehgal, Sandeep Ninawe, Sangeeta Joshi, Sangita Gupta, Sanjay Singhal, Shalini Duggal, Shalini Kakar, Shikhar Saxena, Shilpi Khanna, Shweta Satija, Sonali Bhattar, Sonia Malik, Suchitra Jain, Sumi Nandwani, Sumit Rai, Suryasnata Das, Swati S. Mittal, Tarun Thukral, Vikas Khillan, and Vikas Saini
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Infectious Diseases, General Immunology and Microbiology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, Microbiology
Published: 2023
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10. Electroactive Polymeric Shape Memory Composites for Aerospace Application

Author: Mamata Singh, Taha Gulamabbas, Benjamin Ahumuza, N.P. Singh, and Vivek Mishra
Published: 2022
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11. Analysis of bloodstream infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in a COVID-19 dedicated centre: Six months hospital-based study

Author: Kirti Nirmal, Yasha Mukim, Charu Jain, Shukla Das, and N.P Singh
Abstract: COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been impacting the life and economy across the globe since December 2019 and has caused major disruptions worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic had resurfaced in India in the form of a hard-hitting second wave around April 2021Blood stream infections (BSI) are one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in tertiary care hospitals amongst COVID-19 patients.: This study was conducted to assess the bloodstream infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of in a COVID-19 dedicated tertiary care centre.This retrospective observational study was carried out from April 2021 to September 2021 in a bacteriology laboratory, department of Microbiology, at a dedicated COVID-19 tertiary care centre. Blood Cultures of all COVID-19 confirmed cases were sought for and Bacterial Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility were performed as per the standard guidelines.A total of4200 blood culture samples from COVID-19 positive patients were received during April 2021- September 2021 for analyses of microorganisms and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of blood stream infection. 16.9% samples were grew significant bacteria. Gram-positive isolates outnumbered than Gram-negative organisms (1.36:1). Amongst Gram-negative microorganisms, most commonly isolated bacteria were . (11.8%) and amongst gram-positive organisms, (n=348; 48.9%) was most commonly isolated.The blood culture positivity along with their antimicrobial susceptibility is the need of the hour in order to aid hospitals to formulate and implement antimicrobial stewardship guidelines
Published: 2022
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12. Probiotic potential and antimicrobial activity of bacteria isolated from fermented foods

Author: A.R. Santal, I. Bisla, R. Rani, and N.P. Singh
Subjects: Bioengineering, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Biotechnology
Abstract: Probiotics play a significant role in improving human health and are beneficial for the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from different dairy products collected from different locations of Rohtak and Hisar (Haryana). All these isolates were tested and selected based on their ability to resist low and high pH, ability to survive in the presence of bile salt concentration and their antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria. Investigation on probiotics study supported that they are beneficial to human beings and act as a barrier against pathogenic bacteria.
Published: 2022
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13. Effect of Nanomaterials on the Properties of Binding Materials in the Construction Industry

Author: N.P. Singh
Abstract: The construction industry uses a lot of binding materials. One of the most important binders is cement and concrete. Most used cement in concrete is Portland cement (OPC). Its manufacture consumes lot of raw materials and energy and emits huge amounts of hazardous gases particularly CO2 into the atmosphere. Attempts are being made to overcome the above problems by using blended cements, geopolymer and LC3 cements. However, there are a number of limitations in using alternatives to OPC. In recent years researches are being carried out to use nanomaterials such as nano silica, nano titanium oxide, nano alumina, nano CaCO3, nano clay, nano carbons, etc. in cement and concrete to improve the properties. The basic objectives of using nanomaterials in binding materials are to increase mechanical properties and durability. Nanomaterials, if added in appropriate amounts, accelerate the hydration, increase mechanical properties and decrease the porosity. In addition to improving physical properties, nanomaterials particularly nano TiO2 acts as a cleaning agent. Nano embedded phase change materials perform better. Since it is a new field, little work has been done so far. In the present chapter the effect of different nanomaterials on the properties of OPC, concrete, geopolymer cement and LC3 cement have been discussed at length.
Published: 2023
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14. Forecasting Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval phenology in pigeonpea and chickpea crops using growing degree days

Author: null B. KIRAN GANDHI, null S.K. SINGH, null KRISHNA KUMAR, null S. VENNILA, null Y. SRUJANA, null ARTI KATIYAR, and null N.P. SINGH
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Forestry, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera is a serious insect pest of pigeonpea and chickpea crops, responsible for huge economic losses. Timely forecasting and subsequent sensible management practices of H. armigera would save the crops from economic damage. In the present study, H. armigera larval incidence data was recorded from sixteen pigeonpea and chickpea growing locations (Maharashtra, India) for three seasons (2015, 2016 and 2017). Observed accumulated GDD (from 40 SMW to 7 SMW) revealed, H. armigera completed one generation in 29 days to develop 4 generations across the locations and seasons. After accumulating 86GDD (40 SMW) and 62 GDD (43 SMW), larval ‘biofix’ (initial incidence of larvae) was started in pigeonpea and chickpea, respectively. Logistic regression model estimated accumulated GDD required by H. armigera larvae to reach ETL in pigeonpea (629 GDD) and chickpea (378 GDD), which was same as observed accumulated GDD. Statistical criteria viz., Adjusted r2, AIC and BIC projected logistic regression model as a better performer in most cases. The geographically unique models developed based on biofix and accumulated GDD in this study can be used for timely advisories and sustainable management of H. armigera in pigeonpea and chickpea crops after field validation.
Published: 2021
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15. The Analgesic Efficacy of Intravenous Dexamethasone for Postcesarean Pain: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis

Author: N.P. Singh, J.K. Makkar, N. Yadav, B.G. Goudra, and P.M. Singh
Subjects: Management of Technology and Innovation
Published: 2023
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16. P103 Role of biofilm production in recalcitrant tinea

Author: Seema Gangar, Shukla Das, Vishal Gourav, S.N. Bhattacharya, Deepika Pandhi, and N.P. Singh
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, General Medicine
Abstract: Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Objective To determine the role of biofilm production in dermatophytic isolates from tinea infections of recalcitrant skin lesions of study patients. Methods An observational study conducted in UCMS and GTB Hospital Delhi, in forty clinically diagnosed and mycologically confirmed cases of recalcitrant tinea infection of glabrous skin to analyze the role of biofilm production in dermatophytes. After taking written informed consent from the study population sample collection (skin scraping) was done. The scraping was then mounted in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) for direct microscopic examination followed by culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) media with antibiotics (Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin, Cycloheximide). The fungal growth was then subjected to LPCB mount (Lactophenol cotton blue). The isolates were allowed to form in-vitro biofilms on polystyrene microtiter plates. Quantification of biofilm biomass was done using crystal violet staining and measuring the optical density (OD) at 570 nm and classified as non-adherent/non-producer, weak moderate, and strong biofilm producers. Results Tinea corporis and cruris were the most common clinical types of dermatophytosis. T. mentegrophytes-complex was the most common dermatophyte isolated from the clinical specimens. Majority (86.84%) of isolates formed strong (OD >4 ODc) biofilms. Conclusion There has been an increase in the incidents of chronic and recalcitrant dermatophytosis of skin. The predominance of T. mentegrophytes-complex as observed in our study highlights the importance of the pathogen in causation of current and chronic and recalcitrant dermatophytosis in India. High rate of in-vitro strong biofilm formation by the isolates indicates that these organisms might be forming biofilms in-vivo leading to chronicity and poor response to therapy.
Published: 2022
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17. P339 A study of environmental risk factors in chronic rhinosinusitis

Author: S. Krishna Singha, Henam Mona, Shukla Das, Neelima Gupta, Lakshmi Vaid, Chirashree Ghosh, and N.P Singh
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, General Medicine
Abstract: Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Objectives Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex disease that incorporates many different conditions. Our aim is to determine the role of environmental risk factors in chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods This was a case-control study where forty cases of CRS in the age group of 18-62 years were recruited from the ENT-OPD of UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, a tertiary care hospital, along with 40 age-appropriate healthy controls. Informed and written consent was obtained from all the subjects. Detailed history and examination along with routine blood and radiological investigations were done. Subjective assessment of disease was done using visual analog scales of SNOT 22 questionnaire, environmental questionnaire, and saccharine test. Objective assessment was done using endoscopic grading according to Lund and Kennedy scoring. CT scores were also obtained using Lund and Mackay staging system. Passive air sampling was done by the settle plate method and Anderson six-stage cascade impactor was used for active air sampling. Blood agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar plates were inserted on the six stages of the cascade impactor, which were later incubated at 35°C and 25°C respectively, for 18-24 hours. Bioaerosol concentrations were calculated and MicroScan WalkAway system was used to identify bacterial and fungal growth. The correlation between total bioaerosol concentration and the symptom score was done by spearman's correlation coefficient; a comparison of mean total bioaerosol concentration between the case and control groups was done by Mann-Whitney U-test. Results The mean total bio-aerosol concentration from active air sampling in the case group was 458.52 CFU/m3 and 437.63 CFU/m3 in control, which was not significant. It was found to be negatively correlated, but not significant with various parameters in case groups like SNOT 22 score, environmental exposure score, saccharine test, smoking, and endoscopic score. A positive but insignificant correlation was found between total bioaerosol concentration and absolute eosinophilic count and CT score. The mean CFU/100 mm3 counted after passive air sampling between case and control group was 34.03 and 30.88 CFU/100mm3 which was not significant. Fungal growths were mostly Aspergillus flavus and A. Niger followed by Cladosporium spp. Conclusion The fungal burden was high in all the households of the case as well as control groups, although, a significant correlation could not be established. The environmental conditions found in this study were found to be conducive to future risk of exacerbation of preexisting fungal infections for which, indoor air quality needs to be monitored.
Published: 2022
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18. Lessons learned after three years of SPIDER operation and the first MITICA integrated tests

Author: D. Marcuzzi, V. Toigo, M. Boldrin, G. Chitarin, S. Dal Bello, L. Grando, A. Luchetta, R. Pasqualotto, M. Pavei, G. Serianni, L. Zanotto, R. Agnello, P. Agostinetti, M. Agostini, D. Aprile, M. Barbisan, M. Battistella, G. Berton, M. Bigi, M. Brombin, V. Candela, V. Candeloro, A. Canton, R. Casagrande, C. Cavallini, R. Cavazzana, L. Cordaro, N. Cruz, M. Dalla Palma, M. Dan, A. De Lorenzi, R. Delogu, M. De Muri, M. De Nardi, S. Denizeau, M. Fadone, F. Fellin, A. Ferro, E. Gaio, C. Gasparrini, F. Gnesotto, P. Jain, A. La Rosa, D. Lopez-Bruna, R. Lorenzini, A. Maistrello, G. Manduchi, S. Manfrin, N. Marconato, I. Mario, G. Martini, R. Milazzo, T. Patton, S. Peruzzo, N. Pilan, A. Pimazzoni, C. Poggi, N. Pomaro, B. Pouradier-Duteil, M. Recchia, A. Rigoni-Garola, D. Rizzetto, A. Rizzolo, F. Santoro, E. Sartori, B. Segalini, A. Shepherd, M. Siragusa, P. Sonato, A. Sottocornola, E. Spada, S. Spagnolo, M. Spolaore, C. Taliercio, P. Tinti, P. Tomsič, L. Trevisan, M. Ugoletti, M. Valente, M. Valisa, F. Veronese, M. Vignando, P. Zaccaria, R. Zagorski, B. Zaniol, M. Zaupa, M. Zuin, M. Cavenago, D. Boilson, C. Rotti, H. Decamps, F. Geli, A. Sharma, P. Veltri, J. Zacks, M. Simon, F. Paolucci, A. Garbuglia, D. Gutierrez, A. Masiello, G. Mico, C. Labate, P. Readman, E. Bragulat, L. Bailly-Maitre, G. Gomez, G. Kouzmenko, F. Albajar, M. Kashiwagi, H. Tobari, A. Kojima, M. Murayama, S. Hatakeyama, E. Oshita, T. Maejima, N. Shibata, Y. Yamashita, K. Watanabe, N.P. Singh, M.J. Singh, H. Dhola, U. Fantz, B. Heinemann, C. Wimmer, D. Wünderlich, K. Tsumori, G. Croci, G. Gorini, A. Muraro, M. Rebai, M. Tardocchi, L. Giacomelli, D. Rigamonti, F. Taccogna, D. Bruno, M. Rutigliano, S. Longo, S. Deambrosis, E. Miorin, F. Montagner, A. Tonti, F. Panin, Marcuzzi, D, Toigo, V, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Dal Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Serianni, G, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candela, V, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, La Rosa, A, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Martini, G, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzetto, D, Rizzolo, A, Santoro, F, Sartori, E, Segalini, B, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Valisa, M, Veronese, F, Vignando, M, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Decamps, H, Geli, F, Sharma, A, Veltri, P, Zacks, J, Simon, M, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Gutierrez, D, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Labate, C, Readman, P, Bragulat, E, Bailly-Maitre, L, Gomez, G, Kouzmenko, G, Albajar, F, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Kojima, A, Murayama, M, Hatakeyama, S, Oshita, E, Maejima, T, Shibata, N, Yamashita, Y, Watanabe, K, Singh, N, Singh, M, Dhola, H, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, Longo, S, Deambrosis, S, Miorin, E, Montagner, F, Tonti, A, and Panin, F
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), iter, Mechanical Engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, nbtf, neutral beam injector, mitica, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics - Accelerator Physics, General Materials Science, spider, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system, to reach the desired performances during its various phases of operation. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities.In order to enable such development, a Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, called SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated developing and char-acterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accel-erator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full perfor-mances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign, in particular events/issues occurred during operation, which led to the identification of improvement opportunities/necessities (e.g. RF discharges, local burns, water leaks, other damages, configuration/design upgrades to maximize chances/margin to quest target parameters).Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of the beam source, accel-erator and the beam line components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants, already installed, are under final testing and commissioning.Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1 MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. 1.2 MV dc insulating tests of high voltage components were successfully completed. The integrated test to confirm 1 MV output by combining invertor systems, DC gener-ators and transmission lines extracted errors/accidents in some components. To realize a concrete system for ITER, said events have been addressed and solutions for the repair and the improvement of the system were developed.Hence, NBTF is emerging as a necessary facility, due to the large gap with existing injectors, effectively dedicated to identify issues and find solutions to enable successful ITER NBI operations in a time bound fashion. The lessons learned during the implementation on NBTF and future perspectives are here discussed.
Published: 2023
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19. Efficacy of Regional Blocks or Local Anaesthetic Infiltration for Analgesia After Caesarean Delivery: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Author: N.P. Singh, D. Monks, J.K. Makkar, A. Palanisamy, P. Sultan, and P.M. Singh
Subjects: Management of Technology and Innovation
Published: 2022
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20. Current Status and Way Forward for Scaling up Productivity of Pigeonpea in Madhya Pradesh: A Review

Author: S.K. Ghritlahre, Archana Singh, I.P. Singh, Farindra Singh, P.K. Katiyar, and N.P. Singh
Subjects: General Energy
Abstract: Madhya Pradesh ranks first both in terms of area (25%) and production (32%) of pulses in India. However, it ranks sixth after Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, West Bengal and Gujarat in terms of productivity. To realize better yield; recommended production and protection technologies have to be followed. Most of the pigeonpea varieties have been developed by traditional breeding either by pedigree method or selection from landraces or by bi-parental mating. After getting stable male sterile and restorer lines, development of hybrid pigeonpea have been major breeding objectives. Availably of genomic tools by decoding the genome sequence, pigeonpea have been equipped with modern genetic and genomic tools for use in the research programmes. Different approached like mining superior alleles by re-sequencing of wild species, fine mapping for drought tolerance, fertility restoration and developing superior lines by genomic selection, identification of candidate genes which are associated with hybrid vigour by using epi-genomics and mitochondrial genome sequencing and identification of candidate genes and functional markers for water-logging tolerance are already in progress. Transgenic approach has also been initiated to develop resistance against pod borer. Collaborative efforts among ICRISAT, IARI and IIPR-Kanpur are on the way for use of different transgenes and promoter options for developing transgenic plants and their evaluations for effectiveness and bio-safety concerns.
Published: 2022
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21. Properties of cementitious systems in presence of nanomaterials

Author: N.P. Singh
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, Cement paste, Durability, Nanomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Calcium carbonate, chemistry, Chemical engineering, 0103 physical sciences, Nano, Cementitious, Mortar, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Nanomaterials have shown tremendous applications in different sectors. Nanomaterials of different size and shape when added in small amounts to cementitious systems like cement paste, mortars and concretes, there is an enormous improvements in their properties. Nanomaterials increase mechanical properties, decrease pore size and pore size distribution, modify microstructure, accelerate hydration reactions, increase durability, etc. Effects on the properties of cementitious system have been discussed. The effect of number of nanomaterials like nanosilica, nanocarbon, nanoclay and nano calcium carbonate on the properties of cementitious systems has been discussed.
Published: 2020
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22. Multiple Shoot Regeneration from Detached Embryonic Axis in Greengram (Vigna radiata) cv.SML 668

Author: Meenal Rathore, Ayushi Tripathi, N.S. Kushwah, and N.P. Singh
Subjects: food and beverages, Soil Science, Plant Science, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Background: Under prevailing regime of climate change and dynamic pest-crop interactions, greengram genetic improvement requires a speedier and precise tool such as genetic transformation to develop improved lines. In this context, an in vitro multiple shoot regeneration system via organogenesis was demonstrated in mungbean cv. SML668, a parent cultivar used in crop improvement programs, using double cotyledonary node (DCN) and detached embryonic axis (EA) explants with 1.0 mg l-1 BAP. Methods: While both the explants responded to in vitro regeneration, number of shoots regenerated was higher with EA (4.02±0.19) than with DCN (3.1±0.08). 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) was found to be most effective for inducing and regenerating multiple shoots, in comparison to all other phytohormones (NAA, IAA and TDZ) and supplements (amino acids) tested. Sub culturing twice on BAP supplemented media followed by two subcultures on basal media was optimal for multiple shoot regeneration. Rhizogenesis was obtained on basal media devoid of any phytohormones in EA explants and in 1.0 mg l-1 IAA for DCN explants. The in vitro regenerated plantlets were successfully hardened in a mixture of soil, sand and vermiculite that flowered, produced pods and viable seeds on maturity. Result: The study revealed that detached embryonic axis was a potential explant for in vitro regeneration in SML668, a cultivar not tested for its in vitro regeneration ability before.
Published: 2022
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23. Cell and chromatin transitions in intestinal stem cell regeneration

Author: Pratik N.P. Singh, Shariq Madha, Andrew B. Leiter, and Ramesh A. Shivdasani
Subjects: Intestines, Mice, Stem Cells, Genetics, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Intestinal Mucosa, Chromatin, Developmental Biology
Abstract: The progeny of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) dedifferentiate in response to ISC attrition. The precise cell sources, transitional states, and chromatin remodeling behind this activity remain unclear. In the skin, stem cell recovery after injury preserves an epigenetic memory of the damage response; whether similar memories arise and persist in regenerated ISCs is not known. We addressed these questions by examining gene activity and open chromatin at the resolution of single Neurog3-labeled mouse intestinal crypt cells, hence deconstructing forward and reverse differentiation of the intestinal secretory (Sec) lineage. We show that goblet, Paneth, and enteroendocrine cells arise by multilineage priming in common precursors, followed by selective access at thousands of cell-restricted cis-elements. Selective ablation of the ISC compartment elicits speedy reversal of chromatin and transcriptional features in large fractions of precursor and mature crypt Sec cells without obligate cell cycle re-entry. ISC programs decay and reappear along a cellular continuum lacking discernible discrete interim states. In the absence of gross tissue damage, Sec cells simply reverse their forward trajectories, without invoking developmental or other extrinsic programs, and starting chromatin identities are effectively erased. These findings identify strikingly plastic molecular frameworks in assembly and regeneration of a self-renewing tissue.
Published: 2022

24. Nanocomposites for dye remediation from aqueous solutions

Author: N.B. Singh, N.P. Singh, A.K. Singh, and Lellouche Jean-Paul
Published: 2022
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25. List of contributors

Author: Ahmed Abdala, Nalluri Abhishek, Pablo E. Antezana, Mian Nabeel Anwar, Preetam Bhardwaj, Ganesh S. Bhusari, Ragini Chahande, Shalini Chahande, Arghya Chakravorty, Ratiram G. Chaudhary, Rupali Ramesh Chaudhary, Prashant B. Chouke, Kanhaiya M. Dadure, Martin F. Desimone, Vidyasagar Devthade, Barun K. Dutta, Gayatri Gaikwad, Lekshmi Gangadhar, Amar P. Garg, Animeshchandra G.M. Haldar, Tianyu Hou, Prashant P. Ingale, Rashmi Jachak, Lellouche Jean-Paul, Shalini Jiwan Chahande, Rajshree B. Jotania, Prerna Khagar, Suraj V. Kombe, Simpal Kumari, Trimurti L. Lambat, Zhi Feng Li, Rupali Mahakhode, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Atul Maldhure, Dhanraj T. Masram, Madakka Mekapogu, Aniruddha Mondal, Sudip Mondal, Sofia Municoy, Pentakota Surya Nagendra, Manjiri S. Nagmote, Pallavi Pantawane, Ajay K. Potbhare, J. Prakash Arul Jose, V.V.S. Prasad, Umesh Pratap, Alok R. Rai, Kesavan Bhaskar Reddy, Siva Sankar Sana, Ratnnadeep C. Sawant, Trupti S. Shrirame, A.K. Singh, Dipti Singh, N.B. Singh, N.P. Singh, Raghvendra Pratap Singh, Subhash Rupchand Somkuwar, Jayshree Thaware, Mayuri S. Umekar, Maduthuri Venkatesh, Atul Wankhade, Sachin T. Yerpude, Laith A. Younus, and Sangesh Zodape
Published: 2022
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26. Mapping of e‐Wallets With Features

Author: Surjeet Dalal, Alisha Sikri, Dac-Nhuong Le, and N.P Singh
Subjects: World Wide Web, business.industry, Computer science, E-commerce, business
Published: 2019
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27. An election system using blockchain

Author: V. Sharma, U. Kumar, N.P. Singh, A. Narla, V. Dhiman, and A. Kumar
Subjects: Blockchain, National level, Verifiable secret sharing, Business, Computer security, computer.software_genre, Decentralization, Transparency (behavior), computer
Abstract: Blockchain is a relatively new technology. Although it is not entirely new, people are not very aware of it because it has not been put into use in most parts of the world. But those who have studied blockchain know about its merits and how it can help replace some old techniques and produce better results. Using blockchain for this purpose leads to several benefits, and helps in conducting elections that are fair, transparent and independently verifiable. In this paper, we present a new method of conducting elections that use the features of blockchain to achieve the desired properties of transparency, privacy and decentralization. We show how our method can be used to implement elections at the national level, especially in countries like India where a huge amount of money is spent on conducting elections.
Published: 2021
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28. Hybrid stomach-intestinal chromatin states underlie human Barrett’s metaplasia

Author: Paloma Cejas, Pratik N.P. Singh, Hwajin Lee, Ramesh A. Shivdasani, Shariq Madha, Paz Polak, Kyungsik Ha, Jason L. Hornick, Kunal Jajoo, and Harshabad Singh
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Epigenomics, Esophageal Mucosa, Cell Plasticity, DNA Mutational Analysis, Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Barrett Esophagus, Epigenome, 0302 clinical medicine, Metaplasia, medicine, Humans, Cell Lineage, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Epigenetics, Esophagus, Hepatology, Stem Cells, Gastroenterology, Intestinal metaplasia, medicine.disease, Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly, Immunohistochemistry, digestive system diseases, Chromatin, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Phenotype, Barrett's esophagus, Mutation, Cancer research, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, medicine.symptom, Single-Cell Analysis, Chromatin immunoprecipitation
Abstract: BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tissue metaplasia is uncommon in adults because established cis-element programs resist rewiring. In Barrett’s esophagus, the distal esophageal mucosa acquires predominantly intestinal character, with notable gastric features, and is predisposed to develop invasive cancers. We sought to understand the chromatin underpinnings of Barrett’s metaplasia and why it commonly displays simultaneous gastric and intestinal properties. METHODS: We profiled cis-regulatory elements with active histone modifications in primary human biopsy materials using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq). Mutations in Barrett’s esophagus were examined in relation to tissue-specific enhancer landscapes using a random-forest machine learning algorithm. We also profiled open chromatin at single-cell resolution in primary Barrett’s biopsy specimens using the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC-seq). We used one- and two-color immunohistochemistry to examine protein expression of tissue-restricted genes. RESULTS: Barrett’s esophagus bears epigenome fingerprints of human stomach and intestinal columnar, but not esophageal squamous, epithelia. Mutational patterns were best explained as arising on the epigenome background of active gastric cis-elements, supporting the view that adjoining stomach epithelium is a likely tissue source. Individual cells in Barrett’s metaplasia co-express gastric and intestinal genes, reflecting concomitant chromatin access at enhancers ordinarily restricted to one or the other epithelium. Protein expression of stomach-specific mucins, CLDN18, and a novel gastric marker, ANXA10, revealed extensive tissue and sub-clonal heterogeneity of dual stomach-intestinal cell states. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal mixed and dynamic tissue-restricted chromatin states and phenotypic heterogeneity in Barrett’s esophagus. Pervasive intra-gland variation argues against stem-cell governance of this phenotype.
Published: 2021

29. Status and Strategies for Development of Pulses in Bundelkhand Region of India: A Review

Author: Uma Sah, G.P. Dixit, Narendra Kumar, Jeetendra Pal, and N.P. Singh
Subjects: Soil Science, Plant Science, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Bundelkhand region of India is primarily agrarian, vulnerable to natural calamities with low levels of industrialization and urbanization. Poor crop productivity, declining and irregular rainfall pattern and poor income levels make livelihood uncertain in the region. Pulse crops assume a special significance to the farm economy in Bundelkhand region as well as daily diets of local habitants. Chickpea, lentil, field pea, urdbean, mungbean and pigeon pea are the major pulse crops cultivated in the region. Data from Department of economics and statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, New Delhi and the studies on pulses development of Bundelkhand region of India were analyzed. Pulses account for 32% of total agriculture produce and occupy about 33.6% of gross cropped area in the region. However, decline in area coverage of pulses has been observed in the region, in contrast to overall increase in gross cropped area in the region. The paper discusses about the various challenges confronting pulses cultivation in the region along with the possible intervention points for bringing out an enhanced pulse production.
Published: 2021
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30. SATB2 preserves colon stem cell identity and mediates ileum-colon conversion via enhancer remodeling

Author: Qiao Zhou, Jason R. Spence, Ramesh A. Shivdasani, Sean Houghton, Xiaofeng Huang, Michael P. Verzi, Kristian Helin, Ellen Scherl, Shahin Rafii, Ying Lan, Jiaoyue Zhang, Wei Gu, Brad W. Warner, Emily J. Onufer, Sezin Dagdeviren, Richard T. Lee, Charles Ng, Yaohui Nie, Hua Wang, Pratik N.P. Singh, Oscar Pellon-Cardenas, Judith Kraiczy, Kushal K. Banerjee, Randy S. Longman, and David Redmond
Subjects: Colon, Stem Cells, LGR5, Ileum, Cell Biology, Biology, digestive system diseases, Small intestine, Article, Cell biology, Organoids, Mice, medicine.anatomical_structure, Enhancer binding, Genetics, medicine, Molecular Medicine, Animals, Stem cell, Intestinal Mucosa, CDX2, Transcription factor, Adult stem cell
Abstract: Adult stem cells maintain regenerative tissue structure and function by producing tissue-specific progeny, but the factors that preserve their tissue identities are not well understood. The small and large intestines differ markedly in cell composition and function, reflecting their distinct stem cell populations. Here we show that SATB2, a colon-restricted chromatin factor, singularly preserves LGR5+ adult colonic stem cell and epithelial identity in mice and humans. Satb2 loss in adult mice leads to stable conversion of colonic stem cells into small intestine ileal-like stem cells and replacement of the colonic mucosa with one that resembles the ileum. Conversely, SATB2 confers colonic properties on the mouse ileum. Human colonic organoids also adopt ileal characteristics upon SATB2 loss. SATB2 regulates colonic identity in part by modulating enhancer binding of the intestinal transcription factors CDX2 and HNF4A. Our study uncovers a conserved core regulator of colonic stem cells able to mediate cross-tissue plasticity in mature intestines.
Published: 2021

31. List of Contributors

Author: Mohsen Akhani, Krishnendu Banerjee, Rakesh Bhambri, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Shubhasmita Biswal, Arkoprovo Biswas, Ognjen Bonacci, Charles V. Camp, Amir H. Gandomi, Sufyan Ghani, Alka Gond, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Devajit Hazarika, A. Joshi, Mayank Joshi, Ali R. Kashani, Amit Kumar, Naresh Kumar, Parveen Kumar, Sunita Kumari, Prabodh Kumar Kushwaha, S.P. Maurya, Tatyana P. Mokritskaya, Sung-Ho Na, V. Nandakumar, B. Padma Rao, Surajit Panda, Mahesh Prasad Parija, Denisse Pasten, P.R. Prasobh, P. Rai, S. Rajappan, Kalachand Sain, Tamur Salik, Chalantika Laha Salui, Hamid Sana, null Sandeep, Neelima Satyam, Anand Singh, N.P. Singh, Omvir Singh, Anatolii V. Tushev, Akshaya Verma, and Senlin Zhu
Published: 2021
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32. Mungbean And High-Temperature Stress: Responses And Strategies To Improve Heat Tolerance

Author: Manu Priya, Aditya Pratap, Debjoti Sengupta, Kadambot H.M Siddique, N.P. Singh, Uday Jha, and Harsh Nayyar
Published: 2020
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33. Performance Enhancement of Wireless Network by Adopting Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Technique

Author: N.P Singh and Gunjit Arora
Subjects: Wireless network, Computer science, Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, Telecommunications link, Key (cryptography), Electronic engineering, Communications system, Power domains, 5G, Efficient energy use
Abstract: Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been achieving remarkable support in the surroundings of next generation communication system. The key advantages of this particular scheme includes high data rates, higher spectral and energy efficiency compared to its various orthogonal schemes. The upcoming next generation (5G) wireless networks requires high data rate as well as higher spectral and energy efficiency with very fast development of Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, power domain based non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme we adopted, which have been compared with already existing orthogonal scheme that is orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) scheme. The simulation results show that the proposed NOMA scheme achieves much more data rate with higher spectral and energy efficiency as compared with existing technique.
Published: 2020
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34. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation in LMN Facial Palsy: A Case Report

Author: Rajni Bharti, N.P. Singh, and Pooja Kumari Digra
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Facial expression, Palsy, Rehabilitation, Proprioception, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Bell Palsy, medicine.disease, stomatognathic diseases, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Synkinesis, Medicine, business, Muscle contracture, Facial symmetry
Abstract: Background: LMN facial palsy changes facial expression and leads to functional problems in facial movement and negative psychological effects on patients. Fortunately, some ofLMN facial palsy problems recover completely, but some others remain with some sequelae like asymmetry, muscle contracture, synkinesis, and hyperkinesias that need rehabilitation. Aim of Study:The main purpose of this case report is to analyze the effect of proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (Rhythmic initiation, repeated stretch, 3 session /week) onLMN Facial palsy. Method: Patient was assessed by HOUSE BRACKMANN GRADING SCALE (HBGS) and then after he was given PNF treatment for a period of one month and once again the patient was reassessed by HOUSE BRACKMANN GRADING SCALE. Result: The finding of the case showed that there was overall improvement in functions of face muscle in LMN Facial palsy patients. Conclusion: The significant result shows the improvement in facial symmetry in bell palsy patients.
Published: 2020
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35. SKIN TAGS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A VALUABLE MARKER

Author: Kshitij Saxena, Harris Ishtiyaq Shaafie, Kunwarjeet Singh, N.P. Singh, and Aliza Zaidi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Skin tags, Acrochordons, business.industry, Connective tissue, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, medicine.disease, Gastroenterology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, Hyperinsulinemia, Medical history, Family history, business
Abstract: INTRODUCTION- Acrochordons [Skin Tag (ST)], are common, small, soft, benign connective tissue tumors of the dermis containing loose fibrous connective tissue. They are usually skin colored or brownish pedunculated papules, may be single or multiple, with smooth or irregular surface, ranging 1 mm to 20 mm in diameter. The ST developing in diabetes mellitus (DM) is due to hyperinsulinemia that is increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) which leads to keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS- Patients presenting with skin tags to the dermatology OPD in Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital from a period of December 2018 to May 2019 were taken into account, 110 cases were enrolled whereas same no. of controls were included in the study. The details of the study were explained to all subjects and informed consent was taken. Detailed history taking and examination was done. The site and number of skin tags was recorded and fasting blood glucose levels of both groups were measured to screen them for DM by WHO criteria (Normal Range
Published: 2020
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36. Genetic transformation

Author: Alok Das, Shallu Thakur, Alok Shukla, Prateek Singh, Jamal Ansari, and N.P. Singh
Published: 2020
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37. Contributors

Author: Jamal Ansari, C. Bharadwaj, Shayla Bindra, Surinder Singh Chandel, Rahul Chandora, S.K. Chaturvedi, Alok Das, G.P. Dixit, P.M. Gaur, null Gayacharan, Soma Gupta, Norah Johal, Gopal Katna, Yogesh Kumar, Ashutosh Kushwah, Nikhil Malhotra, Biswajit Mondal, Harsh Nayyar, S.D. Nitesh, Rajeev Rathour, Aqeel Hasan Rizvi, null Samriti, Ashutosh Sarker, Shiv Sewak, Kamal Dev Sharma, Ravinder Sharma, Subhash Sharma, Neelam Shekhawat, Alok Shukla, Inderjit Singh, Mohar Singh, N.P. Singh, Prateek Singh, Sarvjeet Singh, Shallu Thakur, and Aneeta Yadav
Published: 2020
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38. Concern for the environment and awareness of eco-friendly products: a study of urban Indian consumers

Author: Suman Kharbanda, N.P. Singh, and Kavita Sharma
Subjects: Sociology and Political Science, Geography, Planning and Development, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Environmental Science (miscellaneous)
Published: 2022
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39. Antioxidative potential of Phyllanthus emblica for oxidation stability of biodiesels

Author: Neerja Sharma, Navneet S. Hans, Amit Sarin, Meetu Singh, N.P. Singh, and Harkirat S. Paras
Subjects: Biodiesel, Environmental Engineering, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Chemistry, 020209 energy, General Chemical Engineering, Oxidation stability, 02 engineering and technology, 020401 chemical engineering, Phyllanthus emblica, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Environmental Chemistry, Food science, 0204 chemical engineering, Waste Management and Disposal, General Environmental Science, Water Science and Technology
Published: 2018
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40. Urinary Tract Infection Causing Microbes and their Resistance with Antibiotics

Author: Shalagha Sharma, Yashvant Singh, Jayanand ., N.P Singh, R.S ., and Dev Anand Prakash
Subjects: Resistance (ecology), business.industry, medicine.drug_class, Urinary system, Antibiotics, Medicine, business, Microbiology
Published: 2017
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41. Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))

Author: Stanaway, J.D. Afshin, A. Gakidou, E. Lim, S.S. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adane, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, A. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, S. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Ali, K. Ali, S.M. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antó, J.M. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Ataro, Z. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Ball, K. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barac, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Bekru, E.T. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bjørge, T. Blacker, B.F. Bleyer, A. Borschmann, R. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brauer, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briko, A.N. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Buchbinder, R. Burnett, R.T. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahill, L.E. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Cárdenas, R. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castillo Rivas, J. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Causey, K. Cercy, K.M. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chang, K.-L. Charlson, F.J. Chattopadhyay, A. Chattu, V.K. Chee, M.L. Cheng, C.-Y. Chew, A. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chimed-Ochir, O. Chin, K.L. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Cirillo, M. Cohen, A.J. Collado-Mateo, D. Cooper, C. Cooper, O.R. Coresh, J. Cornaby, L. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cousin, E. Criqui, M.H. Cromwell, E.A. Cundiff, D.K. Daba, A.K. Dachew, B.A. Dadi, A.F. Damasceno, A.A.M. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Darby, S.C. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das Gupta, R. Das Neves, J. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. De la Cruz-Góngora, V. De La Hoz, F.P. De Leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Degenhardt, L. Deiparine, S. Dellavalle, R.P. Demoz, G.T. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Deshpande, A. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Deveber, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Dinberu, M.T. Ding, E.L. Diro, H.D. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebert, N. Ebrahimi, H. Ebrahimpour, S. Edvardsson, D. Effiong, A. Eggen, A.E. El Bcheraoui, C. El-Khatib, Z. Elyazar, I.R. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Er, B. Erskine, H.E. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Estep, K. Fakhim, H. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farid, T.A. Sá Farinha, C.S.E. Farioli, A. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzaei, M.H. Fatima, B. Fay, K.A. Fazaeli, A.A. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Ferrara, G. Ferrari, A.J. Ferreira, M.L. Filip, I. Finger, J.D. Fischer, F. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fukumoto, T. Fullman, N. Fürst, T. Furtado, J.M. Futran, N.D. Gall, S. Gallus, S. Gamkrelidze, A. Ganji, M. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Gardner, W.M. Gebre, A.K. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelano, T.F. Geleijnse, J.M. Geramo, Y.C.D. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadimi, R. Ghadiri, K. Ghasemi Falavarjani, K.G. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghimire, M. Ghosh, R. Ghoshal, A.G. Giampaoli, S. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Gillum, R.F. Ginawi, I.A. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Godwin, W.W. Goli, S. Gómez-Dantés, H. Gona, P.N. Gopalani, S.V. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Grams, M.E. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C. Guo, Y. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Gutiérrez, R.A. Gutiérrez-Torres, D.S. Haagsma, J.A. Habtewold, T.D. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Hagos, T.B. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Hao, Y. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haro, J.M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hawley, C.N. Hay, S.I. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Heibati, B. Heidari, B. Heidari, M. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Heredia-Pi, I. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, F. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Higazi, T.B. Hilawe, E.H. Hoek, H.W. Hoffman, H.J. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hoy, D.G. Hsairi, M. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Hu, H. Huang, J.J. Hussen, M.A. Huynh, C.K. Iburg, K.M. Ikeda, N. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Irvine, C.M.S. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jackson, M.D. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. James, S.L. Jassal, S.K. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Jonas, J.B. Jonnagaddala, J. Jorjoran Shushtari, Z.J. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jürisson, M. Kabir, Z. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Kanchan, T. Kant, S. Kar, C. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B.K. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi, N. Karimi, S.M. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassebaum, N.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemi, Z. Kazemi Karyani, A. Kefale, A.T. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kesavachandran, C.N. Khader, Y.S. Khafaei, B. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, G. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khater, M.M. Khazaei, M. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, C.-I. Kim, D. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kivimäki, M. Knibbs, L.D. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krohn, K.J. Kromhout, H. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kuzin, I. Kyu, H.H. Lachat, C. Lad, D.P. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lalloo, R. Lallukka, T. Lami, F.H. Lang, J.J. Lansingh, V.C. Larson, S.L. Latifi, A. Lazarus, J.V. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leili, M. Leshargie, C.T. Leung, J. Levi, M. Lewycka, S. Li, S. Li, Y. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liao, Y. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Linn, S. Liu, S. Lodha, R. Logroscino, G. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lucas, T.C.D. Lunevicius, R. Ma, S. Macarayan, E.R.K. Machado, Í.E. Madotto, F. Mai, H.T. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manda, A.-L. Manguerra, H. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marks, A. Martin, R.V. Martins, S.C.O. Martins-Melo, F.R. März, W. Marzan, M.B. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Mathur, P. Matsushita, K. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Meier, T. Mekonnen, F.A. Melaku, Y.A. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mensah, G.A. Mensink, G.B.M. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Mini, G.K. Mirarefin, M. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitiku, H. Moazen, B. Mohajer, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Momeniha, F. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Mozaffarian, D. Mruts, K.B. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Naik, N. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Neal, B. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, N.B. Nichols, E. Nie, J. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nishi, N. Nixon, M.R. Nojomi, M. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Obermeyer, C.M. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olsen, H.E. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, K.L. Ong, S.K. Oren, E. Orpana, H.M. Ortiz, A. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Øverland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakhare, A.P. Pakpour, A.H. Pana, A. Panda-Jonas, S. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patil, S.T. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paudel, D. Paulson, K.R. Paz Ballesteros, W.C. Pearce, N. Pereira, A. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Petzold, M. Pham, H.Q. Phillips, M.R. Pillay, J.D. Piradov, M.A. Pirsaheb, M. Pischon, T. Pishgar, F. Plana-Ripoll, O. Plass, D. Polinder, S. Polkinghorne, K.R. Postma, M.J. Poulton, R. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Purwar, M.B. Qorbani, M. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, Z. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Raju, S.B. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rath, G.K. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reddy, K.S. Rehm, C.D. Rehm, J. Reiner, R.C. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Reynales-Shigematsu, L.M. Rezaei, S. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Rivera, J.A. Roba, K.T. Rodríguez-Ramírez, S. Roever, L. Román, Y. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Roth, G.A. Rothenbacher, D. Roy, A. Rubagotti, E. Rushton, L. Sabanayagam, C. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salam, N. Salamati, P. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, D.D. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Sánchez-Pimienta, T.G. Sanders, T. Sang, Y. Santomauro, D.F. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarmiento-Suárez, R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saylan, M. Sayyah, M. Schaeffner, E. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Seedat, S. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serre, M.L. Serván-Mori, E. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shaddick, G. Shafieesabet, A. Shahbazi, M. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shamah Levy, T. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharifi, H. Sharma, J. Sharma, M. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shin, M.-J. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shoman, H. Shrime, M.G. Shupler, M.S. Si, S. Siabani, S. Sibai, A.M. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Skirbekk, V. Smith, D.L. Smith, M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Somayaji, R. Soofi, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Spinelli, A. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Starodubov, V.I. Steckling, N. Stein, D.J. Stein, M.B. Stevanovic, G. Stockfelt, L. Stokes, M.A. Sturua, L. Subart, M.L. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sykes, B.L. Szoeke, C.E.I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Takahashi, K. Tandon, N. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thankappan, K.R. Theis, A. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, H.J. Thomas, M.L. Thomas, N. Thurston, G.D. Tilahun, B. Tillmann, T. To, Q.G. Tobollik, M. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Touvier, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Truelsen, T.C. Truong, N.T. Tsadik, A.G. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Tymeson, H.D. Tyrovolas, S. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Valdez, P.R. Van Donkelaar, A. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Venkateswaran, V. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vu, G.T. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Waller, S.G. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.H. Weldegebreal, F. Werdecker, A. Werkneh, A.A. West, J.J. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wong, T.Y. Wu, S. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Yadgir, S. Yadollahpour, A. Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zavala-Arciniega, L. Zhang, A.L. Zhang, H. Zhang, K. Zhou, M. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators
Abstract: Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2019

42. Peer review of 'Comparative proteomics analysis of Tibetan hull-less barley under osmotic stress via data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry'

Author: N.P. Singh
Abstract: This is the open peer reviewers comments and recommendations regarding the submitted GigaScience article and/or dataset.
Published: 2019
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43. An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effects of Adenosine on Intraocular Pressure in Conscious Albino Rabbits

Author: Anjan Khadka, Rashmi Shrestha, and N.P. Singh
Subjects: Intraocular pressure, genetic structures, business.industry, Schiøtz tonometer, Glaucoma, medicine.disease, 030226 pharmacology & pharmacy, Adenosine, eye diseases, Combined approach, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Anesthesia, medicine, Optic nerve, sense organs, Water loading, business, Dexamethasone, medicine.drug
Abstract: Introduction: Glaucoma is a common problem globally which can lead to irreversible blindness. It is characterized by progressive optic nerve damage. Though its definition doesn’t include elevated intraocular pressure but it is known that elevated intraocular pressure is the main culprit behind development of glaucoma. There are various medical and surgical treatment for glaucoma but none are without risk. None of the existing modalities leads to desired control of intraocular pressure and combined approach is needed for the treatment. The study is aimed to evaluate the activity of adenosine, a vasoactive agent, on intraocular pressure in rabbits as the search of newer agents for treatment and prevention of glaucoma.Methods: The study was carried out in albino rabbits using two experimental models viz. water loading model (acute) and steroid induced model (chronic) to induce glaucoma. Intraocular pressure lowering effects of adenosine was studied in both models. IOP was measured with Schiotz tonometer. The intraocular pressure measurement was converted in to mm of Hg by using a IOP conversion chart.Results: Adenosine significantly prevented the acute rise in intraocular pressure in water loading acute model of glaucoma and significantly reduced intraocular pressure in chronic dexamethasone induced glaucoma model. The maximum mean difference in IOP between control and adenosine treated eyes were 15.29% in intragastric tap water loading model. The maximum IOP reduction was 33.52% in chronic model induced by dexamethasone (0.1%).Conclusion: Adenosine reduces the intraocular pressure in rabbits with experimentally induced glaucoma. This activity of adenosine needs to be confirmed and validated through further experimental and clinical studies.
Published: 2016
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44. Resonant and normal modes behavioral studies of shielded dielectric spherical shell resonator

Author: R.A. Yadav, N.P. Singh, D.P. Yadav, and M.K. Maurya
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Dielectric resonator antenna, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, Dielectric resonator, Radius, Dielectric, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Spherical shell, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Resonator, Quality (physics), Optics, Normal mode, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract: Electromagnetic theory has been used to derive characteristic equations for the shielded dielectric spherical shell resonator with a concentric metallic sphere at the center. Expressions for the quality factors have also been derived. Using these expressions for the characteristic equations and quality factors numerical computations have been carried out for the resonant frequencies and the quality factors for the TEnml and TMnml modes using numerical methods. It is found that as the outer radius b of the shielded dielectric spherical shell resonator is increases, the resonant frequency for a given mode decreases. It has also been observed that the quality factor increases as the outer radius b of the dielectric resonator increases. As a result of high quality factor there is fractional increase in the energy stored in the dielectric sphere is more compared to the fractional increase in the total power loss through the metal surfaces and the dielectric volume, which improves the spectral characteristics.
Published: 2016
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45. Effect of losartan and atenolol on insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic hypertensive patients

Author: Sandesh M. Bharati and N.P. Singh
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, hypertension, losartan, Diastole, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Insulin resistance, Internal medicine, insulin resistance, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Pharmacology, Plasma glucose, Group study, business.industry, Insulin sensitivity, medicine.disease, Atenolol, Endocrinology, Losartan, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Homeostasis, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, medicine.drug, circulatory and respiratory physiology, Research Paper
Abstract: Objective: To study the effects of losartan and atenolol on glucometabolic parameters in nondiabetic hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: In a prospective, open-label, parallel group study, nondiabetic patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomized to either losartan (titrated from 50 to 100 mg/day, n = 20) or atenolol (titrated from 25 mg to 100 mg/day, n = 20) for period of 24 weeks. At baseline, 12 and 24 weeks fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) apart from lipid parameters, mean systolic, and diastolic blood pressures levels were determined. Results: At the end of study, losartan significantly (P < 0.05) reduced FPG, FPI, and HOMA-IR compared to atenolol and baseline. While atenolol increased the HOMA-IR levels significantly compared to the baseline. Conclusions: Losartan improved the insulin sensitivity while atenolol worsened it. Losartan is better than atenolol for its effects on the glucose-insulin metabolism.
Published: 2016

46. Effect of losartan and amlodipine on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic hypertensive patients

Author: N.P. Singh and Sandesh M. Bharati
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Angiotensin receptor, medicine.drug_class, business.industry, Insulin, medicine.medical_treatment, Diastole, Calcium channel blocker, Pharmacology, medicine.disease, Impaired glucose tolerance, Endocrinology, Insulin resistance, Losartan, Internal medicine, medicine, Amlodipine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background: Hypertensive patients show higher insulin levels than normotensive controls. Hypertension is linked to impaired glucose tolerance and resistance to the action of insulin. Untreated hypertensive patients are at risk of developing new onset diabetes mellitus. Different antihypertensive drugs affect the insulin sensitivity distinctly. Few studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker on the glucose insulin metabolism, but other studies have failed to demonstrate the insulin resistance lowering effect of losartan. Amlodipine, a long acting calcium channel blocker is considered to have neutral effects on the glucose-insulin metabolism. Methods: In a prospective, open-label, parallel group study, non-diabetic patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomized to either losartan (titrated from 50 to 100 mg /day, n=20) or amlodipine (titrated from 5 to 10 mg/ day, n=20) for period of 24 weeks. At baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) apart from lipid parameters, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures levels were determined. Results: Intragroup comparison shows that both losartan and amlodipine significantly reduced the HOMA-IR index (P < 0.05, 24 weeks vs. baseline). Losartan reduced HOMA-IR more than amlodipine but this reduction was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Losartan and amlodipine lowered insulin resistance in patients of mild to moderate hypertension.
Published: 2016
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47. CASE REPORT-NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA/ DEVIC'S DISEASE: A RARE DISEASE

Author: Icha G, Anika chhabra, Kabir Bansal, and N.P. Singh
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Neuromyelitis optica, business.industry, Medicine, Disease, business, medicine.disease, Dermatology, Rare disease
Abstract: Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder or Devic’s disease are autoimmune diseases that manifest clinically with 6 core symptoms, which include acute optic neuritis, transverse longitudinal segment myelitis, and acute brainstem syndrome.{1}Neuromyelitis optica is characterized by attacks of optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. It is often confused with multiple sclerosis. Early discrimination between NMO and MS is important because the two diseases have different natural histories and treatment regimens. Despite the absence of a definitive therapeutic strategy for NMO syndrome, methylprednisolone pulse therapy is recommended in acute phase. Treatment strategies in relapse phases are aimed at preventing relapses, and increasing evidences show a better clinical response of immunosuppressive therapy than immunomodulating therapy. We report a case of NMSOD in a patient of age 55 , with transverse myelopathy as the initial manifestation. The patient presented with acute gait disturbance and hypoesthesia in right lower limb since 10 days . After thorough physical examination and various lab investigations and imaging, the patient received high dose methylprednisolone. The patient’s serum was positive for anti-AQP4 antibodies .During the course of treatment , patient again presented with complaint of blurred vision in the ER after 1 year. Diagnosis of NMSOD was established. After combining methylprednisolone and immunosuppressant therapy , the patient’s medical condition was stable and relapses were prevented.
Published: 2020
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48. Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))

Author: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators Roth, G.A. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Aremu, O. Arnlov, J. Arora, A. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Bacha, U. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Banach, M. Banerjee, K. Bannick, M.S. Banoub, J.A.M. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Barnighausen, T.W. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Bassat, Q. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bejot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Blacker, B.F. Basara, B.B. Borschmann, R. Bosetti, C. Bozorgmehr, K. Brady, O.J. Brant, L.C. Brayne, C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Callender, C.S.K.H. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cano, J. Car, M. Cardenas, R. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carter, A. Carvalho, F. Castaneda-Orjuela, C.A. Castillo Rivas, J. Castle, C.D. Castro, C. Castro, F. Catala-Lopez, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chang, J.-C. Charlson, F.J. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chimed-Ochir, O. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Cohen, A.J. Cooper, L.T. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Cousin, E. Cowie, B.C. Criqui, M.H. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Crump, J.A. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dadi, A.F. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dang, A.K. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das, S.K. Gupta, R.D. Neves, J.D. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis, A.C. Davis Weaver, N. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. De La Hoz, F.P. De Neve, J.-W. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B.B. Denova-Gutierrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dicker, D. Dinberu, M.T. Ding, E.L. Dirac, M.A. Djalalinia, S. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Donnelly, C.A. Dorsey, E.R. Doshi, P.P. Douwes-Schultz, D. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimi, H. Ebrahimpour, S. Edessa, D. Edvardsson, D. Eggen, A.E. El Bcheraoui, C. El Sayed Zaki, M. El-Khatib, Z. Elkout, H. Ellingsen, C.L. Endres, M. Endries, A.Y. Er, B. Erskine, H.E. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esmaeili, R. Esteghamati, A. Fakhar, M. Fakhim, H. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farinha, C.S.E. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Ferrari, A.J. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Fischer, F. Fitzmaurice, C. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fornari, C. Frank, T.D. Fukumoto, T. Fuller, J.E. Fullman, N. Furst, T. Furtado, J.M. Futran, N.D. Gallus, S. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gardner, W.M. Gebre, A.K. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gebremichael, B. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelano, T.F. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Geramo, Y.C.D. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghasemi Falavarjani, K. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghimire, M. Gibney, K.B. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Gillum, R.F. Ginawi, I.A. Giroud, M. Giussani, G. Goenka, S. Goldberg, E.M. Goli, S. Gomez-Dantes, H. Gona, P.N. Gopalani, S.V. Gorman, T.M. Goto, A. Goulart, A.C. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Gutierrez, R.A. Gyawali, B. Haagsma, J.A. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Hagos, T.B. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, R.J. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, M. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, F. Heydarpour, P. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Hoek, H.W. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Husseini, A. Hussen, M.M. Hutfless, S. Idrisov, B. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Irvine, C.M.S. Islam, N. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Jalu, M.T. James, S.L. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jenkins, K.J. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Johnson, C.O. Johnson, S.C. Jonas, J.B. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jurisson, M. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi-Sari, H. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassebaum, N.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kazemi, Z. Kazemi Karyani, A. Kazi, D.S. Kefale, A.T. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kesavachandran, C.N. Khader, Y.S. Khafaei, B. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khater, M.M. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kibret, G.D. Kidanemariam, Z.T. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, D. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kivimaki, M. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kocarnik, J.M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kutz, M.J. Kuzin, I. Kyu, H.H. Lad, D.P. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lallukka, T. Lam, J.O. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Latifi, A. Lau, K.M.-M. Lazarus, J.V. Lebedev, G. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leili, M. Leshargie, C.T. Li, S. Li, Y. Liang, J. Lim, L.-L. Lim, S.S. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Lonsdale, C. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lunevicius, R. Ma, S. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. MacLachlan, J.H. Maddison, E.R. Madotto, F. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Maghavani, D.P. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Manda, A.-L. Mandarano-Filho, L.G. Manguerra, H. Mansournia, M.A. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marczak, L. Marks, A. Marks, G.B. Martinez, G. Martins-Melo, F.R. Martopullo, I. Marz, W. Marzan, M.B. Masci, J.R. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Mathur, P. Matzopoulos, R. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. McMahon, B.J. Mehata, S. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonnen, T.C. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Mini, G.K. Mirabi, P. Mirarefin, M. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitiku, H. Moazen, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mohan, V. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Velasquez, I.M. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Mumford, J.E. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Nair, S. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Natarajan, G. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, T.H. Nichols, E. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Shiadeh, M.N. Nowroozi, M.R. Nyasulu, P.S. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olivares, P.R. Olsen, H.E. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, K.L. Ong, S.K.S. Oren, E. Orpana, H.M. Ortiz, A. Ortiz, J.R. Otstavnov, S.S. Overland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Ozdemir, R. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pakpour, A.H. Pana, A. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandian, J.D. Parisi, A. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paulson, K.R. Pereira, A. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Piel, F.B. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Pishgar, F. Polinder, S. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Pujar, A. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Qorbani, M. Quintana, H. Quistberg, D.A. Rade, K.W. Anwar Rafay, A.R. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rai, R.K. Rajsic, S. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rao, P.C. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Razo-Garcia, C. Reddy, K.S. Reiner, R.C. 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Abstract: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Published: 2018

49. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Lozano, R. Fullman, N. Abate, D. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, N.D. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. Abyu, G.Y. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aghayan, S.A. Agius, D. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Akalu, T.Y. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alam, T. Albujeer, A. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Alhabib, S. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Almasi, A. 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Pakhare, A.P. Pan, W.-H. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandian, J.D. Papantoniou, N. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paudel, D. Paulson, K.R. Pearce, N. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pervaiz, A. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Pletcher, M. Pond, C.D. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Pyakurel, M. Qorbani, M. Quansah, R. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.S. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, S.U. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Ram, U. Rana, S.M. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rasella, D. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Razo-García, C. Reddy, K.S. Reiner, R.C. Reis, C. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Reynales-Shigematsu, L.M. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Rios-Blancas, M.J. 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Vujcic, I.S. Wagner, G.R. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wassie, M.M. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Werkneh, A.A. West, T.E. Westerman, R. Whisnant, J.L. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Wilner, L.B. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolde, H.F. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wu, S. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Xu, R. Yadollahpour, A. Jabbari, S.H.Y. Yakob, B. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yearwood, J.A. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yirsaw, B.D. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yonga, G. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zavala-Arciniega, L. Zegeye, D.T. Zegeye, E.A. Zeleke, A.J. Zendehdel, K. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, A.L. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Zoeckler, L. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J.J. Lim, S.S. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2018

50. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Murray, C.J.L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Kulikoff, X.R. Srinivasan, V. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdoli, N. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Abejie, A.N. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abreu, D.M.X. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Almasi, A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Arian, N. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Assadi, R. Atey, T.M.M. Atique, S. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basaleem, H. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, E. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Biswas, T. Bizuneh, H. Bleyer, A. Basara, B.B. Bosetti, C. Boufous, S. Brady, O.J. Bragazzi, N.L. Brainin, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Brewer, J.D. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Burstein, R. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cano, J. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Rivas, J.C. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Çavlin, A. Cerin, E. Chalek, J. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chattopadhyay, A. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chin, K.L. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christopher, D.J. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Claro, R.M. Collado-Mateo, D. Constantin, M.-M. Conti, S. Cooper, C. Cooper, L.T. Cornaby, L. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Cukelj, P. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dachew, B.A. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Gupta, R.D. Neves, J.D. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis Weaver, N. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. De Leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Dicker, D. Ding, E.L. Dinsa, G.D. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Dolan, K.A. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimpour, S. Edvardsson, D. El Bcheraoui, C. El-Khatib, Z. Elyazar, I.R. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Ermakov, S.P. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esmaeili, R. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Estep, K. Fakhim, H. Farag, T. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. SáFarinha, C.S.E. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Fay, K.A. Fazeli, M.S. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Feizy, F. Fenny, A.P. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Fischer, F. Flor, L.S. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fornari, C. Fürst, T. Fukumoto, T. Fuller, J.E. Fullman, N. Gakidou, E. Gallus, S. Gamkrelidze, A. Ganji, M. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia, G.M. Garcia-Gordillo, M.Á. Gebre, A.K. Gebre, T. Gebregergs, G.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gelano, T.F. Gelaw, Y.A. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Gething, P. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghadiri, K. Falavarjani, K.G. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghiasvand, H. Ghimire, M. Ghoshal, A.G. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goli, S. Gomez, R.S. Gómez-Dantés, H. Gona, P.N. Goodridge, A. Gopalani, S.V. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C.C. Guo, J. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Hagos, T.B. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Hao, Y. Harb, H.L. Haririan, H. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, B. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, F. Hibstu, D.T. Hole, M.K. Rad, E.H. Hoogar, P. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseini Chavoshi, M.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hsairi, M. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Iburg, K.M. Igumbor, E.U. Ikeda, C.T. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irenso, A.A. Irvani, S.S.N. Isehunwa, O.O. Islam, S.M.S. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Jalu, M.T. James, S.L. Jassal, S.K. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Jonas, J.B. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Kapil, U. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi, S.M. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kassebaum, N.J. Kastor, A. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemi Karyani, A. Kebede, S. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kereselidze, M. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaeipour, Z. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Kibret, G.D. Kidanemariam, Z.T. Kiirithio, D.N. Kilgore, P.E. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kivimäki, M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Krishan, K. Krishnaswami, S. Krohn, K.J. Defo, B.K. Bicer, B.K. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kumsa, F.A. Kutz, M.J. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lang, J.J. Lansky, S. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Lee, J.B. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Leta, S. Levi, M. Li, S. Li, X. Li, Y. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lunevicius, R. Mabika, C.M. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Madotto, F. Mahmood, T.A.E. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Mamun, A.A. Manamo, W.A. Manda, A.-L. Mangalam, S. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marina, S. Martins-Melo, F.R. März, W. Marzan, M.B. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Masiye, F. Mason-Jones, A.J. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McGrath, J.J. Mehata, S. Mehendale, S.M. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehrzadi, S. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonnen, T.C. Meles, H.G. Meles, K.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengesha, M.M. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miangotar, Y. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Mini, G.K. Mirabi, P. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Moazen, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mokdad, A.H. Mola, G.D. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Montañez, J.C. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Mori, R. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Murphy, T.B. Muller, K. Murthy, G.V.S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Naik, P. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Ncama, B.P. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, T.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nomura, S. Noroozi, M. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nyandwi, A. Nyasulu, P.S. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, S.K. Ortiz, A. Osgood-Zimmerman, A. Ota, E. Otieno, B.A. Otstavnov, S.S. Owolabi, M.O. Oyekale, A.S. Mahesh, P.A. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandey, A.R. Park, E.-K. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Patil, S.T. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paudel, D. Pedroso, M.M. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Pierce, M. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Polanczyk, G.V. Postma, M.J. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Purwar, M.B. Qorbani, M. Quansah, R. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.S. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Ur Rahman, S. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Ray, S.E. Razo-García, C. Reiner, R.C. Reis, C. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Roberts, N.L.S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Moghaddam, S.S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salahshoor, M. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saldanha, R.D.F. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Santos, I.S. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarmiento-Suárez, R. Saroshe, S. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Schaeffner, E. Schelonka, K. Schneider, I.J.C. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Seedat, S. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Sibai, A.M. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silpakit, N. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Sliwa, K. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Starodubov, V.I. Steiner, C. Stewart, L.G. Stokes, M.A. Strong, M. Subart, M.L. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tandon, N. Tassew, A.A. Tassew, S.G. Taveira, N. Tawye, N.Y. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekle, M.G. Temsah, M.-H. Terkawi, A.S. Teshale, M.Y. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thakur, J.S. Thankappan, K.R. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, N. Thomson, A.J. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Toyoshima, H. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tripathy, S.P. Truelsen, T.C. Truong, N.T. Tsadik, A.G. Tsegay, A. Tsilimparis, N. Car, L.T. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Uzun, S.B. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Vaidya, G. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wu, S. Wyper, G.M.A. Xu, G. Yamada, T. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yentür, G.K. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeleke, M.M. Zenebe, Z.M. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, X. Zhao, X.-J. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Zoeckler, L. Lopez, A.D. Lim, S.S. GBD 2017 Population Fertility Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2018

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