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1. Experimental research on the TCV tokamak

Author

B.P. Duval, A. Abdolmaleki, M. Agostini, C.J. Ajay, S. Alberti, E. Alessi, G. Anastasiou, Y. Andrèbe, G.M. Apruzzese, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon-Guerola, F. Bagnato, A. Baillod, F. Bairaktaris, L. Balbinot, A. Balestri, M. Baquero-Ruiz, C. Barcellona, M. Bernert, W. Bin, P. Blanchard, J. Boedo, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, L. Boncagni, M. Bonotto, T.O.S.J. Bosman, D. Brida, D. Brunetti, J. Buchli, J. Buerman, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, D. Busil, J. Caloud, Y. Camenen, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, F. Carpanese, M. Carpita, C. Castaldo, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J.A. Cazabonne, J. Cerovsky, B. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, G. Ciraolo, S. Coda, C. Colandrea, C. Contré, R. Coosemans, L. Cordaro, S. Costea, T. Craciunescu, K. Crombe, A. Dal Molin, O. D’Arcangelo, D. de Las Casas, J. Decker, J. Degrave, H. de Oliveira, G.L. Derks, L.E. di Grazia, C. Donner, M. Dreval, M.G. Dunne, G. Durr-Legoupil-Nicoud, B. Esposito, T. Ewalds, M. Faitsch, M. Farník, A. Fasoli, F. Felici, J. Ferreira, O. Février, O. Ficker, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, L. Fritz, I. Furno, D. Galassi, K. Gałązka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, S. Galeani, C. Galperti, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia-Munoz, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Genoud, R. Gerrú Miguelanez, G. Ghillardi, M. Giacomin, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, C. Giroud, T. Golfinopoulos, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, S. Gorno, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, M. Gruca, T. Gyergyek, R. Hafner, M. Hamed, D. Hamm, W. Han, G. Harrer, J.R. Harrison, D. Hassabis, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, J-P. Hogge, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, A. Huber, E. Huett, A. Iantchenko, P. Innocente, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A.E. Järvinen, J. Kalis, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, K. Kavukcuoglu, J. Kay, Y. Kazakov, J. Keeling, A. Kirjasuo, J.T.W. Koenders, P. Kohli, M. Komm, M. Kong, J. Kovacic, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, R. Kwiatkowski, B. Labit, L. Laguardia, E. Laszynska, A. Lazaros, K. Lee, E. Lerche, B. Linehan, D. Liuzza, T. Lunt, E. Macusova, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, A. Marinoni, L. Martellucci, Y. Martin, P. Martin, L. Martinelli, F. Martinelli, J.R. Martin-Solis, S. Masillo, R. Masocco, V. Masson, A. Mathews, M. Mattei, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, S.Y. Medvedev, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta-Michalik, I.G. Miron, P.A. Molina Cabrera, A. Moro, A. Murari, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, F. Napoli, R.D. Nem, M. Neunert, S.K. Nielsen, A. Nielsen, M. Nocente, S. Noury, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, F. Oliva, D.S. Oliveira, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, P. Oyola Dominguez, O. Pan, E. Panontin, A.D. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Pau, R.O. Pavlichenko, A.C. Pedersen, M. Pedrini, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, C. Perez Von Thun, F. Pesamosca, D. Pfau, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, U. Plank, V. Plyusnin, Y.R.J. Poels, G.I. Pokol, J. Poley-Sanjuan, M. Poradzinski, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, M.J. Pueschel, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, M. Rabinski, R. Ragona, H. Raj, A. Redl, H. Reimerdes, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Riedmiller, S. Rienäcker, D. Rigamonti, N. Rispoli, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rueda Rueda, P.J. Ryan, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, N. Schoonheere, R.W. Schrittwieser, F. Sciortino, A. Selce, L. Senni, S. Sharapov, U.A. Sheikh, B. Sieglin, M. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, E.R. Solano, C. Sozzi, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, A. Stagni, P. Strand, G. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, M. Tardocchi, A. Tema Biwole, A. Tenaglia, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, A. Thornton, A.S. Thrysoe, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, H. Torreblanca, B. Tracey, M. Tsimpoukelli, C. Tsironis, C.K. Tsui, M. Ugoletti, M. Vallar, M. van Berkel, S. van Mulders, M. van Rossem, C. Venturini, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, I. Voitsekhovitch, L. Votta, N.M.T. Vu, Y. Wang, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, C. Wüthrich, D. Yadykin, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, J. Zebrowski, P. Zestanakis, M. Zuin, and M. Zurita

Subjects
TCV, review, plasma, SPC, EPFL, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), recently celebrating 30 years of near-continual operation, continues in its missions to advance outstanding key physics and operational scenario issues for ITER and the design of future power plants such as DEMO. The main machine heating systems and operational changes are first described. Then follow five sections: plasma scenarios. ITER Base-Line (IBL) discharges, triangularity studies together with X3 heating and N2 seeding. Edge localised mode suppression, with a high radiation region near the X-point is reported with N _2 injection with and without divertor baffles in a snowflake configuration. Negative triangularity (NT) discharges attained record, albeit transient, β _N ∼ 3 with lower turbulence, higher low-Z impurity transport, vertical stability and density limits and core transport better than the IBL. Positive triangularity L-Mode linear and saturated ohmic confinement confinement saturation, often-correlated with intrinsic toroidal rotation reversals, was probed for D, H and He working gases. H-mode confinement and pedestal studies were extended to low collisionality with electron cyclotron heating obtaining steady state electron iternal transport barrier with neutral beam heating (NBH), and NBH driven H-mode configurations with off-axis co-electron cyclotron current drive. Fast particle physics. The physics of disruptions, runaway electrons and fast ions (FIs) was developed using near-full current conversion at disruption with recombination thresholds characterised for impurity species (Ne, Ar, Kr). Different flushing gases (D2, H2) and pathways to trigger a benign disruption were explored. The 55 kV NBH II generated a rich Alfvénic spectrum modulating the FI fas ion loss detector signal. NT configurations showed less toroidal Alfvén excitation activity preferentially affecting higher FI pitch angles. Scrape-off layer and edge physics. gas puff imaging systems characterised turbulent plasma ejection for several advanced divertor configurations, including NT. Combined diagnostic array divertor state analysis in detachment conditions was compared to modelling revealing an importance for molecular processes. Divertor physics. Internal gas baffles diversified to include shorter/longer structures on the high and/or low field side to probe compressive efficiency. Divertor studies concentrated upon mitigating target power, facilitating detachment and increasing the radiated power fraction employing alternative divertor geometries, optimised X-point radiator regimes and long-legged configurations. Smaller-than-expected improvements with total flux expansion were better modelled when including parallel flows. Peak outer target heat flux reduction was achieved (>50%) for high flux-expansion geometries, maintaining core performance ( H _98 > 1). A reduction in target heat loads and facilitated detachment access at lower core densities is reported. Real-time control. TCV’s real-time control upgrades employed MIMO gas injector control of stable, robust, partial detachment and plasma β feedback control avoiding neoclassical tearing modes with plasma confinement changes. Machine-learning enhancements include trajectory tracking disruption proximity and avoidance as well as a first-of-its-kind reinforcement learning-based controller for the plasma equilibrium trained entirely on a free-boundary simulator. Finally, a short description of TCV’s immediate future plans will be given.

Published
2024
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2. Overview of the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation programme in support of ITER and DEMO

Author

E. Joffrin, M. Wischmeier, M. Baruzzo, A. Hakola, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, B. Labit, E. Tsitrone, N. Vianello, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, JET Contributors, the MAST-U Team, the TCV Team, the WEST Team, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team:, D. Abate, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, C. Albert, F.C.P. Albert Devasagayam, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, J. Alhage, S. Allan, J. Allcock, M. Alonzo, G. Anastasiou, E. Andersson Sunden, C. Angioni, Y. Anquetin, L. Appel, G.M. Apruzzese, M. Ariola, C. Arnas, J.F. Artaud, W. Arter, O. Asztalos, L. Aucone, M.H. Aumeunier, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bagnato, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, P. Balázs, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, A. Balestri, M. Baquero Ruiz, T. Barberis, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, S. Benkadda, T. Bensadon, E. Bernard, M. Bernert, H. Betar, R. Bianchetti Morales, J. Bielecki, R. Bilato, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, P. Blanchard, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, K. Bogar, P. Bohm, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, N. Bonanomi, L. Boncagni, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, M. Bonotto, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, C. Bowman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, R. Brunet, D. Brunetti, V. Bruno, R. Buchholz, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, J. Cai, R. Calado, J. Caloud, S. Cancelli, F. Cani, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, M. Carole, M. Carpita, D. Carralero, F. Caruggi, I.S. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, A. Casolari, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, A. Cathey, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J. Cazabonne, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, A. Celora, J. Cerovsky, C.D. Challis, R. Chandra, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, H. Chen, M. Chernyshova, A.G. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, G. Ciraolo, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, C. Colandrea, L. Colas, S. Conroy, C. Contre, N.J. Conway, L. Cordaro, Y. Corre, D. Costa, S. Costea, D. Coster, X. Courtois, C. Cowley, T. Craciunescu, G. Croci, A.M. Croitoru, K. Crombe, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, T. Czarski, A. Da Ros, A. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Rosa, Y. Damizia, O. D’Arcangelo, P. David, M. De Angeli, E. De la Cal, E. De La Luna, G. De Tommasi, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, G. Derks, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, S. Di Genova, L.E. di Grazia, A. Di Siena, M. Dicorato, M. Diez, M. Dimitrova, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J.J. Domínguez Palacios Durán, P. Donnel, D. Douai, S. Dowson, S. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, L. Dubus, R. Dumont, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, A. Durif, F. Durodie, G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud, B. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, A. Ekedahl, S. Elmore, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, A. Escarguel, B. Esposito, T. Estrada, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, N. Fakhrayi Mofrad, A. Fanni, T. Farley, M. Farník, N. Fedorczak, F. Felici, X. Feng, J. Ferreira, D. Ferreira, N. Ferron, O. Fevrier, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, N. Fil, D. Fiorucci, M. Firdaouss, R. Fischer, M. Fitzgerald, M. Flebbe, M. Fontana, J. Fontdecaba Climent, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, D. Frigione, S. Futatani, R. Futtersack, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, A. Gallo, C. Galperti, M. Gambrioli, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia, M. Garcia Munoz, J. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Gerardin, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru Miguelanez, G. Gervasini, Z. Ghani, F.M. Ghezzi, G. Ghillardi, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, T. Gleiter, M. Gobbin, V. Goloborodko, A. González Ganzábal, T. Goodman, V. Gopakumar, G. Gorini, T. Görler, S. Gorno, G. Granucci, D. Greenhouse, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, O. Grover, M. Gruca, A. Gude, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, J. Gunn, T. Gyergyek, L. Hagg, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, T. Happel, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, D. Harting, N.C. Hawkes, P. Heinrich, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, R. Henriques, S. Heuraux, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, J. Hillairet, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, M. Hölzl, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, N. Horsten, L. Horvath, M. Houry, K. Hromasova, J. Huang, Z. Huang, A. Huber, E. Huett, P. Huynh, A. Iantchenko, M. Imrisek, P. Innocente, C. Ionita Schrittwieser, H. Isliker, P. Ivanova, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, S. Jachmich, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, T. Jensen, I. Jepu, S. Jessica, T. Johnson, A. Juven, J. Kalis, J. Karhunen, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, P.V. Kazantzidis, W. Kernbichler, HT. Kim, D.B. King, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, A. Kit, T. Kiviniemi, F. Kjær, E. Klinkby, A. Knieps, U. Knoche, M. Kochan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, L. Kogan, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Komm, M. Kong, B. Kool, S.B. Korsholm, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, J. Kovacic, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska Strzeciwilk, K. Koziol, M. Kozulia, A. Krämer Flecken, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, U. Kruezi, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, H. Kumpulainen, M.H. Kushoro, R. Kwiatkowski, M. La Matina, M. Lacquaniti, L. Laguardia, P. Lainer, P. Lang, M. Larsen, E. Laszynska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, M.Y.K. Lee, S. Leerink, M. Lehnen, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, Y. Liang, A. Lier, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, A. Listopad, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland Smith, D. Liuzza, T. Loarer, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, N. Lonigro, R. Lorenzini, C. Lowry, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, A. Ludvig Osipov, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, P. Maget, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, A. Mancini, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, M. Markl, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, S. Marsden, L. Martellucci, P. Martin, C. Martin, F. Martinelli, L. Martinelli, J.R. Martin Solis, R. Martone, M. Maslov, R. Masocco, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, M.L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, G. McArdle, R. McDermott, K. McKay, A.G. Meigs, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, S. Menmuir, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta Michalik, D. Milanesio, F. Militello, A. Milocco, I.G. Miron, J. Mitchell, R. Mitteau, V. Mitterauer, J. Mlynar, V. Moiseenko, P. Molna, F. Mombelli, C. Monti, A. Montisci, J. Morales, P. Moreau, J.M. Moret, A. Moro, D. Moulton, P. Mulholland, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, Y. Nakeva, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, M.F. Nave, R.D. Nem, A. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, M. Nocente, R. Nouailletas, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, R. Ochoukov, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, C. Olde, F. Oliva, D. Oliveira, H.J.C. Oliver, P. Ollus, J. Ongena, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, R. Otin, P. Oyola Dominguez, D.I. Palade, S. Palomba, O. Pan, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, A. Parrott, K. Paschalidis, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Patel, B. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, B. Pegourie, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez Von Thun, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, Y. Peysson, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, U. Plank, B. Ploeckl, V. Plyusnin, A. Podolnik, Y. Poels, G. Pokol, J. Poley, G. Por, M. Poradzinski, F. Porcelli, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, I. Predebon, G. Pucella, M. Pueschel, P. Puglia, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, A. Quercia, M. Rabinski, L. Radovanovic, R. Ragona, H. Raj, M. Rasinski, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Refy, M. Reich, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, O. Renders, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Richou, S. Rienacker, D. Rigamonti, F. Rigollet, F.G. Rimini, D. Ripamonti, N. Rispoli, N. Rivals, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, C. Roach, G. Rocchi, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, J. Romazanov, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rosato, R. Rossi, G. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, J. Ruiz Ruiz, P. Ryan, D. Ryan, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, L. Sanchis, A. Sand, J. Santos, K. Särkimäki, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, P. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, R. Schrittwieser, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, F. Sciortino, M. Scotto D’Abusco, S. Scully, A. Selce, L. Senni, M. Senstius, G. Sergienko, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, U. Sheikh, G. Sias, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, C. Silva, A. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, J. Simpson, L. Singh, S. Sipilä, Y. Siusko, S. Smith, A. Snicker, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, M. Sos, C. Sozzi, F. Spineanu, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, C. Srinivasan, A. Stagni, Z. Stancar, G. Stankunas, J. Stober, P. Strand, C.I. Stuart, F. Subba, G.Y. Sun, H.J. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, T. Szepesi, G. Szepesi, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, G. Telesca, A. Tenaglia, A. Terra, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, E. Tholerus, B. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thornton, A. Thrysoe, Q. TICHIT, W. Tierens, A. Titarenko, P. Tolias, E. Tomasina, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, A. Tookey, M. Toscano Jiménez, C. Tsironis, C. Tsui, A. Tykhyy, M. Ugoletti, M. Usoltseva, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, SI. Valvis, M. van Berkel, D. Van Eester, S. Van Mulders, M. van Rossem, R. Vann, B. Vanovac, J. Varela Rodriguez, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, M. Vecsei, L. Velarde Gallardo, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, G. Verona Rinati, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, M.O. Vlad, G. Vogel, I. Voitsekhovitch, I. Voldiner, P. Vondracek, N.M.T. VU, T. Vuoriheimo, C. Wade, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, D. Weston, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, M. Willensdorfer, T. Wilson, A. Wojenski, C. Wuethrich, I. Wyss, L. Xiang, S. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, B. Zaar, G. Zadvitskiy, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zayachuk, J. Zebrowski, M. Zerbini, P. Zestanakis, C. F. B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zohar, V.K. Zotta, X. Zou, M. Zuin, M. Zurita, and I. Zychor

Subjects
JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST, Tokamak Exploitation Task Force, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.

Published
2024
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3. Overview of the TCV tokamak experimental programme

Author

H. Reimerdes, M. Agostini, E. Alessi, S. Alberti, Y. Andrebe, H. Arnichand, J. Balbin, F. Bagnato, M. Baquero-Ruiz, M. Bernert, W. Bin, P. Blanchard, T.C. Blanken, J.A. Boedo, D. Brida, S. Brunner, C. Bogar, O. Bogar, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, F. Bouquey, C. Bowman, D. Brunetti, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, L. Calacci, Y. Camenen, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, F. Carpanese, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J.A. Cazabonne, J. Cerovsky, R. Chandra, A. Chandrarajan Jayalekshmi, O. Chellaï, P. Chmielewski, D. Choi, G. Ciraolo, I.G.J. Classen, S. Coda, C. Colandrea, A. Dal Molin, P. David, M.R. de Baar, J. Decker, W. Dekeyser, H. de Oliveira, D. Douai, M. Dreval, M.G. Dunne, B.P. Duval, S. Elmore, O. Embreus, F. Eriksson, M. Faitsch, G. Falchetto, M. Farnik, A. Fasoli, N. Fedorczak, F. Felici, O. Février, O. Ficker, A. Fil, M. Fontana, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, I. Furno, D.S. Gahle, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, C. Galperti, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia-Munoz, B. Geiger, M. Giacomin, G. Giruzzi, M. Gobbin, T. Golfinopoulos, T. Goodman, S. Gorno, G. Granucci, J.P. Graves, M. Griener, M. Gruca, T. Gyergyek, R. Haelterman, A. Hakola, W. Han, T. Happel, G. Harrer, J.R. Harrison, S. Henderson, G.M.D. Hogeweij, J.-P. Hogge, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, Z. Huang, A. Iantchenko, P. Innocente, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittweiser, H. Isliker, A. Jardin, R.J.E. Jaspers, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, Y. Kazakov, M. Komm, M. Kong, J. Kovacic, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, R. Kwiatkowski, B. Labit, L. Laguardia, J.T. Lammers, E. Laribi, E. Laszynska, A. Lazaros, O. Linder, B. Linehan, B. Lipschultz, X. Llobet, J. Loizu, T. Lunt, E. Macusova, Y. Marandet, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, C. Marchetto, S. Marchioni, E.S. Marmar, Y. Martin, L. Martinelli, F. Matos, R. Maurizio, M.-L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, V. Menkovski, A. Merle, G. Merlo, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta-Michalik, P.A. Molina Cabrera, J. Morales, J.-M. Moret, A. Moro, D. Moulton, H. Muhammed, O. Myatra, D. Mykytchuk, F. Napoli, R.D. Nem, A.H. Nielsen, M. Nocente, S. Nowak, N. Offeddu, J. Olsen, F.P. Orsitto, O. Pan, G. Papp, A. Pau, A. Perek, F. Pesamosca, Y. Peysson, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, M. Poradzinski, L. Porte, T. Pütterich, M. Rabinski, H. Raj, J.J. Rasmussen, G.A. Rattá, T. Ravensbergen, D. Ricci, P. Ricci, N. Rispoli, F. Riva, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, M. Salewski, O. Sauter, B.S. Schmidt, R. Schrittweiser, S. Sharapov, U.A. Sheikh, B. Sieglin, M. Silva, A. Smolders, A. Snicker, C. Sozzi, M. Spolaore, A. Stagni, L. Stipani, G. Sun, T. Tala, P. Tamain, K. Tanaka, A. Tema Biwole, D. Terranova, J.L. Terry, D. Testa, C. Theiler, A. Thornton, A. Thrysøe, H. Torreblanca, C.K. Tsui, D. Vaccaro, M. Vallar, M. van Berkel, D. Van Eester, R.J.R. van Kampen, S. Van Mulders, K. Verhaegh, T. Verhaeghe, N. Vianello, F. Villone, E. Viezzer, B. Vincent, I. Voitsekhovitch, N.M.T. Vu, N. Walkden, T. Wauters, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, M. Wensing, F. Widmer, S. Wiesen, M. Wischmeier, T.A. Wijkamp, D. Wünderlich, C. Wüthrich, V. Yanovskiy, J. Zebrowski, the EUROfusion MST1 Team, EUROfusion MST1 Team, Control Systems Technology, Liquid metal heat shields, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Group Heemels, Mechanical Engineering, Data Mining, EAISI Health, ICMS Affiliated, EAISI High Tech Systems, Applied Physics and Science Education, Reimerdes, H, Agostini, M, Alessi, E, Alberti, S, Andrebe, Y, Arnichand, H, Balbin, J, Bagnato, F, Baquero-Ruiz, M, Bernert, M, Bin, W, Blanchard, P, Blanken, T, Boedo, J, Brida, D, Brunner, S, Bogar, C, Bogar, O, Bolzonella, T, Bombarda, F, Bouquey, F, Bowman, C, Brunetti, D, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Calacci, L, Camenen, Y, Carli, S, Carnevale, D, Carpanese, F, Causa, F, Cavalier, J, Cavedon, M, Cazabonne, J, Cerovsky, J, Chandra, R, Chandrarajan Jayalekshmi, A, Chellai, O, Chmielewski, P, Choi, D, Ciraolo, G, Classen, I, Coda, S, Colandrea, C, Dal Molin, A, David, P, De Baar, M, Decker, J, Dekeyser, W, De Oliveira, H, Douai, D, Dreval, M, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Elmore, S, Embreus, O, Eriksson, F, Faitsch, M, Falchetto, G, Farnik, M, Fasoli, A, Fedorczak, N, Felici, F, Fevrier, O, Ficker, O, Fil, A, Fontana, M, Fransson, E, Frassinetti, L, Furno, I, Gahle, D, Galassi, D, Galazka, K, Galperti, C, Garavaglia, S, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Giacomin, M, Giruzzi, G, Gobbin, M, Golfinopoulos, T, Goodman, T, Gorno, S, Granucci, G, Graves, J, Griener, M, Gruca, M, Gyergyek, T, Haelterman, R, Hakola, A, Han, W, Happel, T, Harrer, G, Harrison, J, Henderson, S, Hogeweij, G, Hogge, J, Hoppe, M, Horacek, J, Huang, Z, Iantchenko, A, Innocente, P, Insulander Bjork, K, Ionita-Schrittweiser, C, Isliker, H, Jardin, A, Jaspers, R, Karimov, R, Karpushov, A, Kazakov, Y, Komm, M, Kong, M, Kovacic, J, Krutkin, O, Kudlacek, O, Kumar, U, Kwiatkowski, R, Labit, B, Laguardia, L, Lammers, J, Laribi, E, Laszynska, E, Lazaros, A, Linder, O, Linehan, B, Lipschultz, B, Llobet, X, Loizu, J, Lunt, T, Macusova, E, Marandet, Y, Maraschek, M, Marceca, G, Marchetto, C, Marchioni, S, Marmar, E, Martin, Y, Martinelli, L, Matos, F, Maurizio, R, Mayoral, M, Mazon, D, Menkovski, V, Merle, A, Merlo, G, Meyer, H, Mikszuta-Michalik, K, Molina Cabrera, P, Morales, J, Moret, J, Moro, A, Moulton, D, Muhammed, H, Myatra, O, Mykytchuk, D, Napoli, F, Nem, R, Nielsen, A, Nocente, M, Nowak, S, Offeddu, N, Olsen, J, Orsitto, F, Pan, O, Papp, G, Pau, A, Perek, A, Pesamosca, F, Peysson, Y, Pigatto, L, Piron, C, Poradzinski, M, Porte, L, Putterich, T, Rabinski, M, Raj, H, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ravensbergen, T, Ricci, D, Ricci, P, Rispoli, N, Riva, F, Rivero-Rodriguez, J, Salewski, M, Sauter, O, Schmidt, B, Schrittweiser, R, Sharapov, S, Sheikh, U, Sieglin, B, Silva, M, Smolders, A, Snicker, A, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stagni, A, Stipani, L, Sun, G, Tala, T, Tamain, P, Tanaka, K, Tema Biwole, A, Terranova, D, Terry, J, Testa, D, Theiler, C, Thornton, A, Thrysoe, A, Torreblanca, H, Tsui, C, Vaccaro, D, Vallar, M, Van Berkel, M, Van Eester, D, Van Kampen, R, Van Mulders, S, Verhaegh, K, Verhaeghe, T, Vianello, N, Villone, F, Viezzer, E, Vincent, B, Voitsekhovitch, I, Vu, N, Walkden, N, Wauters, T, Weisen, H, Wendler, N, Wensing, M, Widmer, F, Wiesen, S, Wischmeier, M, Wijkamp, T, Wunderlich, D, Wuthrich, C, Yanovskiy, V, and Zebrowski, J

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, feedback-control, Nuclear fusion, TCV, EUROfusion, ddc:620, plasmas, Condensed Matter Physics, tokamak, nuclear fusion, QC
Abstract

The tokamak à configuration variable (TCV) continues to leverage its unique shaping capabilities, flexible heating systems and modern control system to address critical issues in preparation for ITER and a fusion power plant. For the 2019–20 campaign its configurational flexibility has been enhanced with the installation of removable divertor gas baffles, its diagnostic capabilities with an extensive set of upgrades and its heating systems with new dual frequency gyrotrons. The gas baffles reduce coupling between the divertor and the main chamber and allow for detailed investigations on the role of fuelling in general and, together with upgraded boundary diagnostics, test divertor and edge models in particular. The increased heating capabilities broaden the operational regime to include T e/T i ∼ 1 and have stimulated refocussing studies from L-mode to H-mode across a range of research topics. ITER baseline parameters were reached in type-I ELMy H-modes and alternative regimes with ‘small’ (or no) ELMs explored. Most prominently, negative triangularity was investigated in detail and confirmed as an attractive scenario with H-mode level core confinement but an L-mode edge. Emphasis was also placed on control, where an increased number of observers, actuators and control solutions became available and are now integrated into a generic control framework as will be needed in future devices. The quantity and quality of results of the 2019–20 TCV campaign are a testament to its successful integration within the European research effort alongside a vibrant domestic programme and international collaborations.

Published
2022

4. Model-based real-time scenario monitoring for transient event prediction with RAPTOR

Author

Blanken T.C., C. Piron, F. Felici, O. Kudlacek, C.J. Rapson, A. Teplukhina, C. Galperti, O. Sauter, H. van den Brand, J. Citrin, D. Hogeweij, M. Scheffer, M.R. de Baar, M. Steinbuch, S. Coda, J.-M. Moret, N.M.T. Vu, R. Nouaillettas, P. Piovesan, W. Treutterer, L. Giannone, M. Willensdorfer, M. Reich, the TCV Team, the ASDEX-Upgrade Team, the RFX-mod Team, and the EUROfusionMST1 Team

Abstract

Model-based real-time scenario monitoring for transient event prediction with RAPTOR

Published
2016

5. Geometric discretization for a plasma control model

Author

N.M.T. VU, L. LEFEVRE, R. NOUAILLETAS, S. BREMOND, Lefèvre, Laurent, Laboratoire de Conception et d'Intégration des Systèmes (LCIS), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Conservation law, Discretization, Mathematical analysis, Lagrange polynomial, 02 engineering and technology, Eigenfunction, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Numerical integration, [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic, symbols.namesake, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, [SPI.AUTO] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Symplectic integrator, Hamiltonian (control theory), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mathematics, Symplectic geometry
Abstract

we define a family of geometric discretization methods for the reduction of a 1D distributed parameters systems of conservation laws and apply these methods to the reduction of plasma control model written in Port-Controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) form. In these discrete schemes, variables are projected into appropriate bases in order to perform exact spatial differentiation. We show that some spectral and energetical properties are therefore preserved. A geometric (symplectic) collocation scheme using Lagrange polynomials is investigated. Numerical results show oscillations in the transient response in case of non homogeneous boundary conditions or sharp distributed control. A second symplectic spectral scheme using Bessel conjugated bases is then derived which allows a more accurate approximation of eigenfunctions and reduces the unwanted numerical oscillations. Finally, the proposed numerical integration of the control model is validated against experimental data from the tokamak Tore Supra.

Published
2013

6. Real-time plasma state monitoring and supervisory control on TCV.

Author

T.C. Blanken, F. Felici, C. Galperti, N.M.T. Vu, M. Kong, O. Sauter, M.R. de Baar, Team, The EUROfusion MST1, and Team, The T. C. V.

Subjects
PLASMA confinement, FINITE state machines, COMPUTER simulation, ELECTRON cyclotron resonance heating, TOKAMAKS
Abstract

In ITER and DEMO, various control objectives related to plasma control must be simultaneously achieved by the plasma control system (PCS), in both normal operation as well as off-normal conditions. The PCS must act on off-normal events and deviations from the target scenario, since certain sequences (chains) of events can precede disruptions. It is important that these decisions are made while maintaining a coherent prioritization between the real-time control tasks to ensure high-performance operation. In this paper, a generic architecture for task-based integrated plasma control is proposed. The architecture is characterized by the separation of state estimation, event detection, decisions and task execution among different algorithms, with standardized signal interfaces. Central to the architecture are a plasma state monitor and supervisory controller. In the plasma state monitor, discrete events in the continuous-valued plasma state are modeled using finite state machines. This provides a high-level representation of the plasma state. The supervisory controller coordinates the execution of multiple plasma control tasks by assigning task priorities, based on the finite states of the plasma and the pulse schedule. These algorithms were implemented on the TCV digital control system and integrated with actuator resource management and existing state estimation algorithms and controllers. The plasma state monitor on TCV can track a multitude of plasma events, related to plasma current, rotating and locked neoclassical tearing modes, and position displacements. In TCV experiments on simultaneous control of plasma pressure, safety factor profile and NTMs using electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and current drive (ECCD), the supervisory controller assigns priorities to the relevant control tasks. The tasks are then executed by feedback controllers and actuator allocation management. This work forms a significant step forward in the ongoing integration of control capabilities in experiments on TCV, in support of tokamak reactor operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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7. Real-time model-based plasma state estimation, monitoring and integrated control in TCV, ASDEX-Upgrade and ITER

Author

Felici F., T. Blanken, E. Maljaars, H. van den Brand, J. Citrin, D. Hogeweij, M. Scheffer, M.R. de Baar, M. Steinbuch, S. Coda, C. Galperti, J-M. Moret, O. Sauter, A.A. Teplukhina, N.M.T. Vu, R. Nouaillettas, O. Kudlacek, C. Piron, P. Piovesan, W.Treutterer, C.J.Rapson, L. Giannone, M. Willensdorfer, M. Reich, the TCV Team, the ASDEX-Upgrade Team, and the EUROFusion MST team

Subjects
real-time control, plasma
Abstract

To maintain a high-performance, long-duration tokamak plasma scenario, it is necessary to maintain desired profiles while respecting operational limits. This requires real-time estimation of the profiles, monitoring of their evolution with respect to predictions and known limits, and their active control to remain within the desired envelope. Model-based techniques are particularly suitable to tackle such problems due to the nonlinear nature of the processes and the tight coupling among the various physical variables. A suite of physics-based, control-oriented models for the core plasma proles in a tokamak is presented, with models formulated in such a way that powerful methods from the systems and control engineering community can be leveraged to design ancient algorithms. We report on new development and applications of these models for real-time reconstruction, monitoring and integrated control of plasma proles on TCV, ASDEX-Upgrade and simulations for ITER.

8. Overview of the TCV tokamak program: scientific progress and facility upgrades

Author

S. Mastrostefano, J.-Ph. Hogge, S. Nowak, W. Bin, Bogdan Hnat, Nuno Cruz, S. Allan, T. C. Blanken, Cristian Galperti, H. F. Meyer, M. Faitsch, Stefano Coda, Y. Andrebe, D. Rittich, E. Maljaars, Laust Emil Hjerrild Tophøj, C. Ham, P. Molina Cabrera, Alessandro Pau, Jonathan Graves, D. Douai, C.K. Tsui, H. Weisen, J-M Moret, Marco Gobbin, M. Nocente, David Moulton, Heinz Isliker, F. Sciortino, S. Vartanian, M. Koubiti, P. A. Schneider, V. P. Loschiavo, R. M. McDermott, E. Alessi, I Miron, Yann Camenen, F. Braunmüller, Duccio Testa, T. Odstrcil, J. Juul Rasmussen, J. Horacek, M. Sertoli, G. De Tommasi, Geert Verdoolaege, Patrick Maget, Gustavo Granucci, Timothy P. Robinson, M. Preynas, Cyrille Honoré, Benedikt Geiger, Paolo Innocente, C. Tsironis, A. Jardin, J.A. Boedo, Izaskun Garrido, M. Gospodarczyk, M. G. Dunne, F. Carpanese, M. Kong, Ondrej Ficker, N. Vianello, V. Igochine, P. Zestanakis, V. Pericoli Ridolfini, R. Scannell, T. Lunt, A. Malygin, J. Ahn, M. Bernert, G. Calabrò, Theophilos Pisokas, M. Wischmeier, Piero Martin, Fulvio Militello, B. Lomanowski, Benoit Labit, Giuseppe Gorini, Daniele Carnevale, A. Czarnecka, Faa Federico Felici, F. Saint-Laurent, B. Sieglin, X. Llobet, Patrick Tamain, M. Mavridis, G. Ciraolo, Ambrogio Fasoli, J. Sinha, F. Causa, Ch. Schlatter, J. Decker, Raffaele Albanese, P. Blanchard, F. Bouquey, C. Angioni, G. De Masi, R. McAdams, A. Moro, S. Garavaglia, Hugo Bufferand, Antoine Merle, O. Chellai, Torsten Stange, Laure Vermare, Loukas Vlahos, W. A. J. Vijvers, G. Pautasso, Olivier Février, N. A. Kirneva, H. Reimerdes, Timothy Goodman, Nicolas Fedorczak, Bruce Lipschultz, E. Lazzaro, C. Piron, Z. Huang, J. Kamleitner, James Harrison, Fabio Riva, Lorenzo Frassinetti, Paolo Ricci, Y. R. Martin, Anders Nielsen, B. Esposito, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, M. Reich, I. T. Chapman, Kevin Verhaegh, C. Marini, H.B. Le, V. Naulin, B. P. Duval, M. Silva, A. Gallo, J. Hawke, A. Krämer-Flecken, D. Hogeweij, N. Krawczyk, Roberto Maurizio, Ivo Furno, Marco Ariola, Christian Theiler, A. N. Karpushov, Jernej Kovacic, M. N. A. Beurskens, A. Uccello, M. Fontana, C. J. Rapson, Tom Wauters, Christian Hopf, C. Ionita Schrittwieser, S. Saarelma, T. Eich, T. Stoltzfus-Dueck, S. Fietz, P. Piovesan, R. Jacquier, D. Choi, H. Anand, Nick Walkden, Gergely Papp, F. Nespoli, D. L. Keeling, B. S. Schneider, Sergio Galeani, G. Ramogida, S. Elmore, E. Giovannozzi, Stefano Alberti, Rémy Nouailletas, O. Kudlacek, R. Guirlet, R. Papřok, Matteo Zuin, T. Bolzonella, F. Crisanti, D. Mazon, U. A. Sheikh, Pascale Hennequin, R. Cesario, A.J. Thornton, S. Costea, P. Buratti, C. Cianfarani, R. Schrittwieser, A. Teplukhina, N.M.T. Vu, Laurie Porte, M. Spolaore, Carlo Sozzi, Minh Quang Tran, M. Maraschek, Olivier Sauter, C. Reux, G. Anastassiou, Ramogida, G., Giovannozzi, E., Esposito, B., Cianfarani, C., Cesario, R., Causa, F., Calabró, G., Buratti, P., Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Associazone EURATOM ENEA sulla Fusione, EURATOM, Sygen International Plc, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR (IPP PRAGUE), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), York Plasma Institute (YPI), University of York [York, UK], Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Association EURATOM-Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Plateforme RX, UFR Chimie, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Association, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), EUROfusion MST1 Team, Coda, S., Ahn, J., Albanese, Raffaele, Alberti, S., Alessi, E., Allan, S., Anand, H., Anastassiou, G., Andrèbe, Y., Angioni, C., Ariola, M., Bernert, M., Beurskens, M., Bin, W., Blanchard, P., Blanken, T. C., Boedo, J. A., Bolzonella, T., Bouquey, F., Braunmüller, F. H., Bufferand, H., Camenen, Y., Carnevale, D., Carpanese, F., Chapman, I. T., Chellai, O., Choi, D., Ciraolo, G., Citrin, J., Costea, S., Crisanti, F., Cruz, N., Czarnecka, A., Decker, J., De Masi, G., DE TOMMASI, Gianmaria, Douai, D., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Eich, T., Elmore, S., Faitsch, M., Fasoli, A., Fedorczak, N., Felici, F., Février, O., Ficker, O., Fietz, S., Fontana, M., Frassinetti, L., Furno, I., Galeani, S., Gallo, A., Galperti, C., Garavaglia, S., Garrido, I., Geiger, B., Gobbin, M., Goodman, T. P., Gorini, G., Gospodarczyk, M., Granucci, G., Graves, J. P., Guirlet, R., Hakola, A., Ham, C., Harrison, J., Hawke, J., Hennequin, P., Hnat, B., Hogeweij, D., Hogge, J. P. h., Honoré, C., Hopf, C., Horáček, J., Huang, Z., Igochine, V., Innocente, P., Ionita Schrittwieser, C., Isliker, H., Jacquier, R., Jardin, A., Kamleitner, J., Karpushov, A., Keeling, D. L., Kirneva, N., Kong, M., Koubiti, M., Kovacic, J., Krämer Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kudlacek, O., Labit, B., Lazzaro, E., Le, H. B., Lipschultz, B., Llobet, X., Lomanowski, B., Loschiavo, VINCENZO PAOLO, Lunt, T., Maget, P., Maljaars, E., Malygin, A., Maraschek, M., Marini, C., Martin, P., Martin, Y., Mastrostefano, S., Maurizio, R., Mavridis, M., Mazon, D., Mcadams, R., Mcdermott, R., Merle, A., Meyer, H., Militello, F., Miron, I. G., Molina Cabrera, P. A., Moret, J. M., Moro, A., Moulton, D., Naulin, V., Nespoli, F., Nielsen, A. H., Nocente, M., Nouailletas, R., Nowak, S., Odstrčil, T., Papp, G., Papřok, R., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pericoli Ridolfini, V., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Pisokas, T., Porte, L., Preynas, M., Rapson, C., Juul Rasmussen, J., Reich, M., Reimerdes, H., Reux, C., Ricci, P., Rittich, D., Riva, F., Robinson, T., Saarelma, S., Saint Laurent, F., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schlatter, C. h., Schneider, B., Schneider, P., Schrittwieser, R., Sciortino, F., Sertoli, M., Sheikh, U., Sieglin, B., Silva, M., Sinha, J., Sozzi, C., Spolaore, M., Stange, T., Stoltzfus Dueck, T., Tamain, P., Teplukhina, A., Testa, D., Theiler, C., Thornton, A., Tophøj, L., Tran, M. Q., Tsironis, C., Tsui, C., Uccello, A., Vartanian, S., Verdoolaege, G., Verhaegh, K., Vermare, L., Vianello, N., Vijvers, W. A. J., Vlahos, L., Vu, N. M. T., Walkden, N., Wauters, T., Weisen, H., Wischmeier, M., Zestanakis, P., Zuin, M., Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Coda, S, Ahn, J, Albanese, R, Alberti, S, Alessi, E, Allan, S, Anand, H, Anastassiou, G, Andrãbe, Y, Angioni, C, Ariola, M, Bernert, M, Beurskens, M, Bin, W, Blanchard, P, Blanken, T, Boedo, J, Bolzonella, T, Bouquey, F, Braunmã¼ller, F, Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Calabrã³, G, Camenen, Y, Carnevale, D, Carpanese, F, Causa, F, Cesario, R, Chapman, I, Chellai, O, Choi, D, Cianfarani, C, Ciraolo, G, Citrin, J, Costea, S, Crisanti, F, Cruz, N, Czarnecka, A, Decker, J, De Masi, G, De Tommasi, G, Douai, D, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Eich, T, Elmore, S, Esposito, B, Faitsch, M, Fasoli, A, Fedorczak, N, Felici, F, Fã©vrier, O, Ficker, O, Fietz, S, Fontana, M, Frassinetti, L, Furno, I, Galeani, S, Gallo, A, Galperti, C, Garavaglia, S, Garrido, I, Geiger, B, Giovannozzi, E, Gobbin, M, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gospodarczyk, M, Granucci, G, Graves, J, Guirlet, R, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Harrison, J, Hawke, J, Hennequin, P, Hnat, B, Hogeweij, D, Hogge, J, Honorã©, C, Hopf, C, Horã¡ä ek, J, Huang, Z, Igochine, V, Innocente, P, Ionita Schrittwieser, C, Isliker, H, Jacquier, R, Jardin, A, Kamleitner, J, Karpushov, A, Keeling, D, Kirneva, N, Kong, M, Koubiti, M, Kovacic, J, Krämer-Flecken, A, Krawczyk, N, Kudlacek, O, Labit, B, Lazzaro, E, Le, H, Lipschultz, B, Llobet, X, Lomanowski, B, Loschiavo, V, Lunt, T, Maget, P, Maljaars, E, Malygin, A, Maraschek, M, Marini, C, Martin, P, Martin, Y, Mastrostefano, S, Maurizio, R, Mavridis, M, Mazon, D, Mcadams, R, Mcdermott, R, Merle, A, Meyer, H, Militello, F, Miron, I, Molina Cabrera, P, Moret, J, Moro, A, Moulton, D, Naulin, V, Nespoli, F, Nielsen, A, Nocente, M, Nouailletas, R, Nowak, S, Odsträ il, T, Papp, G, PapÅ™ok, R, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Pericoli Ridolfini, V, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Pisokas, T, Porte, L, Preynas, M, Ramogida, G, Rapson, C, Juul Rasmussen, J, Reich, M, Reimerdes, H, Reux, C, Ricci, P, Rittich, D, Riva, F, Robinson, T, Saarelma, S, Saint-Laurent, F, Sauter, O, Scannell, R, Schlatter, C, Schneider, B, Schneider, P, Schrittwieser, R, Sciortino, F, Sertoli, M, Sheikh, U, Sieglin, B, Silva, M, Sinha, J, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stange, T, Stoltzfus-Dueck, T, Tamain, P, Teplukhina, A, Testa, D, Theiler, C, Thornton, A, Tophã¸j, L, Tran, M, Tsironis, C, Tsui, C, Uccello, A, Vartanian, S, Verdoolaege, G, Verhaegh, K, Vermare, L, Vianello, N, Vijvers, W, Vlahos, L, Vu, N, Walkden, N, Wauters, T, Weisen, H, Wischmeier, M, Zestanakis, P, and Zuin, M

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Technology and Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Overview, overview, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Settore ING-INF/04 - Automatica, law, Control theory, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, tokamak, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Physics, Toroid, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, TCV, TRANSPORT, Magnetohydrodynamics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

a quiescent runaway beam carrying the entire electrical current appears to develop in some cases. Developments in plasma control have benefited from progress in individual controller design and have evolved steadily towards controller integration, mostly within an environment supervised by a tokamak profile control simulator. TCV has demonstrated effective wall conditioning with ECRH in He in support of the preparations for JT-60SA operation. © 2017 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne., in particular, the double decay length in L-mode limited plasmas was found to be replaced by a single length at high SOL resistivity. Experiments on disruption mitigation by massive gas injection and electron-cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) have begun in earnest, in parallel with studies of runaway electron generation and control, in both stable and disruptive conditions, The TCV tokamak is augmenting its unique historical capabilities (strong shaping, strong electron heating) with ion heating, additional electron heating compatible with high densities, and variable divertor geometry, in a multifaceted upgrade program designed to broaden its operational range without sacrificing its fundamental flexibility. The TCV program is rooted in a three-pronged approach aimed at ITER support, explorations towards DEMO, and fundamental research. A 1 MW, tangential neutral beam injector (NBI) was recently installed and promptly extended the TCV parameter range, with record ion temperatures and toroidal rotation velocities and measurable neutral-beam current drive. ITER-relevant scenario development has received particular attention, with strategies aimed at maximizing performance through optimized discharge trajectories to avoid MHD instabilities, such as peeling-ballooning and neoclassical tearing modes. Experiments on exhaust physics have focused particularly on detachment, a necessary step to a DEMO reactor, in a comprehensive set of conventional and advanced divertor concepts. The specific theoretical prediction of an enhanced radiation region between the two X-points in the low-field-side snowflake-minus configuration was experimentally confirmed. Fundamental investigations of the power decay length in the scrape-off layer (SOL) are progressing rapidly, again in widely varying configurations and in both D and He plasmas

9. Profile control simulations and experiments on TCV: a controller test environment and results using a model-based predictive controller.

Author

E. Maljaars, F. Felici, T.C. Blanken, C. Galperti, O. Sauter, M.R. de Baar, F. Carpanese, T.P. Goodman, D. Kim, S.H. Kim, M. Kong, B. Mavkov, A. Merle, J.M. Moret, R. Nouailletas, M. Scheffer, A.A. Teplukhina, N.M.T. Vu, MST1-team, The EUROfusion, and TCV-team, The

Subjects
TOKAMAKS, PREDICTIVE control systems, GYROTRONS, PLASMA currents, TIME-varying systems
Abstract

The successful performance of a model predictive profile controller is demonstrated in simulations and experiments on the TCV tokamak, employing a profile controller test environment. Stable high-performance tokamak operation in hybrid and advanced plasma scenarios requires control over the safety factor profile (q-profile) and kinetic plasma parameters such as the plasma beta. This demands to establish reliable profile control routines in presently operational tokamaks. We present a model predictive profile controller that controls the q-profile and plasma beta using power requests to two clusters of gyrotrons and the plasma current request. The performance of the controller is analyzed in both simulation and TCV L-mode discharges where successful tracking of the estimated inverse q-profile as well as plasma beta is demonstrated under uncertain plasma conditions and the presence of disturbances. The controller exploits the knowledge of the time-varying actuator limits in the actuator input calculation itself such that fast transitions between targets are achieved without overshoot. A software environment is employed to prepare and test this and three other profile controllers in parallel in simulations and experiments on TCV. This set of tools includes the rapid plasma transport simulator RAPTOR and various algorithms to reconstruct the plasma equilibrium and plasma profiles by merging the available measurements with model-based predictions. In this work the estimated q-profile is merely based on RAPTOR model predictions due to the absence of internal current density measurements in TCV. These results encourage to further exploit model predictive profile control in experiments on TCV and other (future) tokamaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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