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Background Inappropriate medication use for children by caregivers such as mothers and nursery staff has been reported in Japan. The pharmacists have the responsibility to support adequate medication administration and should consult effectively. However, it is not clear how much pharmacists are aware of the knowledge of medication use by caregivers. This study aimed to examine the knowledge related to administering medication for children among mothers and nursery staff and to evaluate the awareness of that understanding among pharmacists. Methods Three online surveys involving 600 mothers living with nursery school children, 558 nursery staff at nursery schools, and 584 pharmacists in Japan were conducted separately (Cross-sectional data, in 2019/2021). Ten statements about the knowledge related to administering medication for children such as “You could give the medicine that has been prescribed before if similar symptoms are shown”, “You should give children the medicine using favorite beverages such as milk and juice, regardless of the kind of medicine” were shown and measured using a 5-point Likert scale. The answer: “disagree”, was considered as correct understanding. The pharmacists were asked how much they think mothers/nursery staff answered correctly using a 5-point Likert scale. Results The proportion of correct answers for ten statements by mothers and nursery staff were 35.8%-76.0% and 43.0%-69.9%, respectively. Most answers from pharmacists were in the category range of 40%-59%. Only 11.5%-33.0% of pharmacists chose the correct category in each of ten items with mothers' answers and 24.0%-83.4% of them had lower awareness. Conclusions Overall, the pharmacists were less likely to be aware of the mothers'/nursery staff members' knowledge related to administering medication. The pharmacists need to instruct mothers to administer medication after confirming their understanding at the pharmacy. Key messages The awareness of knowledge related to administering medication for children by mothers and nursery staff among pharmacists was lower than the answers. The pharmacists need to instruct mothers to administer medication at the pharmacy after confirming their understanding of medication use.

This paper describes the design of a compact levitated superconducting coil for the production of a magnetic dipole field to eventually trap positron-electron plasma. The closed 300 turn coil is to be constructed from Bi-2223 high-Tc superconducting tape, directly cooled on a cryogenic cold head (with thermal contact enhanced using helium gas), and inductively energized with a second superconducting coil mounted on the same cold head. Levitation will be achieved from above using a water-cooled copper coil outside the vacuum chamber and its current will be feedback controlled using vertical position information from a laser ranger.

High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) improve upon low temperature superconductors in many ways and the ability to cope with a non-uniform current distribution might be one of those improvements. To put this to the test, an experimental setup is designed to force a non-uniform current upon a stack of 5 HTS tapes, using a worst case current feeding method. The experiment can help determine the potential of this conductor design and is part of the ongoing effort to develop a non-transposed stacked HTS conductor for the nuclear fusion reactor FFHR. The results clearly show that the conductor sample is able to stably conduct a current equal to its critical current, although at an elevated electric field of roughly 5 mV/m. This means non-transposed stacked tape conductors remain stable, even if a worst case nonuniform current is constantly forced upon them. A hypothesis to explain this abnormally high electric field is formulated on the basis of the results, however additional research is needed to verify it. It states that the electric field is necessary for the tapes to share current and would mean that in a properly engineered application, these losses due to the electric field, would only occur during start-up. Overall it is clear that this experiment proves the excellent stability of non-transposed stacked HTS tapes and their ability to conduct a non-uniform current.

Configuration optimization is examined for the heliotron fusion energy reactor FFHR in order to find sufficient clearances between the ergodic region outside the nested magnetic surfaces and blankets at the inboard side of the torus. The standard configuration of FFHR, which is similar to that of LHD, has a relatively large major radius of the helical coils in order to satisfy this requirement. It has been found, as an alternative design, that equivalent clearances are obtained with a shorter major radius both by employing a lower helical pitch parameter and splitting the helical coils in the poloidal cross-section at the outboard side. Splitting the helical coils also provides another configuration that ensures magnetic well formation in the fairly large nested magnetic surfaces with outward shifted configurations. Optimization is being carried out for these configurations by adjusting the pitch modulation parameter to improve the particle confinement (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The local magnetic induction was measured by Hall sensors on different places above Rutherford-type superconducting cables with NbTi/Cu strands, used for the helical coils of the LHD project. The conductor was several times the twist pitch of the cable and was bent into a circular form to assure constant applied magnetic field from the external split coil. Both the local magnetic moment of the cable and the local time constant τ showed clear oscillatory behaviors at ramping down the applied field from 4 T. The periodicity corresponds to the twist pitch of the cable. However, the amplitudes of both parameters are smaller than those expected from previous theories. Three effects are mentioned for explaining the differences between experimental results and theory. On some places, the magnetic moment changed unexpectedly its polarity during the discharge. This suggests some type of “paramagnetic” contribution in the induced currents. We show that in such cases τ can be deduced from the time tm at which the magnetic moment has maximum. The derived relation between tm and τ is tested in such cases when the determination of τ from the experimental results is possible. Very good agreement is achieved between experimental results and theory.

Objectives: This study examines the relationship between toner exposure and its health effects in terms of biomarkers which are known to assess the damages to humans caused by toxic material exposure. Methods: The subjects were 1504 male workers aged below 50 in 2003 in a Japanese toner and photocopier manufacturing company. Personal exposure measurements, pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray examinations, biomarker measurement, and a questionnaire about respiratory symptoms were conducted. We will report about biomarker measurement in this study. Cross-sectional survey studies and a longitudinal study from 2003 to 2008 were conducted. Results: Few significant findings were associated with the toner exposure in both the cross-sectional and the longitudinal studies. The higher toner exposure concentrations did not induce effects on increasing biomarkers. Conclusion: There was no evidence of excessive inflammatory, allergic, or oxidative stress reaction in toner-handling workers as compared to non-handling workers, despite some sporadically significant findings. There are no other reports of a longitudinal epidemiological study with regard to toner exposure; this report significantly contributes to toner exposure literature. Although in the current well-controlled working environment, the toner exposure concentrations are quite low; further studies are needed to completely understand the health effects toner may have, however small they may be.

Objectives: This study uses pulmonary function tests and chest x-ray examinations to examine the relationship between toner-handling work and its health effects. Methods: The subjects were 1504 male workers in a Japanese toner and photocopier manufacturing company, in the age range from 19 to 50 years in 2003. Personal exposure measurements, pulmonary function tests, chest x-ray examinations, biomarker measurements, and a questionnaire about respiratory symptoms were conducted. The present study reports the results of pulmonary function tests and chest x-ray examinations conducted in the subjects, which includes a cross-sectional study on the toner handling and non-handling workers and a longitudinal study from 2003 to 2008. Results: Few significant findings were suspected to be caused by toner exposure found in pulmonary function indices in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Any obvious fibrotic findings in chest x-ray findings related to the toner exposure could not be found out. Conclusion: No evidence of adverse effects on pulmonary function indices and chest x-rays was present in the toner-handling workers as compared to the nonspecifically exposed workers. Although the toner exposure concentration is quite low in the current well-controlled working environment, even among the toner-handling workers, we would like to continue this study in the future to verify the toner exposure health effects.

During the first two years of the LHD experiment the following results have been achieved: (i) higher Te (Te(0) = 4.4 keV at ne = 5.3 × 1018 m-3 and Pabs = 1.8 MW); (ii) higher confinement (τE = 0.3 s, Te(0) = 1.1 keV at ne = 6.5 × 1019 m-3 and Pabs = 2.0 MW); (iii) higher stored energy, Wpdia = 880 kJ at B = 2.75 T. High performance plasmas have been realized in the inward shifted magnetic axis configuration (R = 3.6 m) where helical symmetry is recovered and the particle orbit properties are improved by a trade-off of MHD stability properties due to the appearance of a magnetic hill. Energy confinement was systematically higher than that predicted by the International Stellarator Scaling 95 by up to a factor of 1.6 and was comparable with the ELMy H mode confinement capability in tokamaks. This confinement improvement is attributed to configuration control (inward shift of the magnetic axis) and to the formation of a high edge temperature. The average beta value achieved reached 2.4% at B = 1.3 T, the highest beta value ever obtained in a helical device, and so far no degradation of confinement by MHD phenomena has been observed. The inward shifted configuration has also led to successful ICRF minority ion heating. ICRF powers up to 1.3 MW were reliably injected into the plasma without significant impurity contamination, and a plasma with a stored energy of 200 kJ was sustained for 5 s by ICRF alone. As another important result, long pulse discharges of more than 1 min were successfully achieved separately with an NBI heating of 0.5 MW and with an ICRF heating of 0.85 MW.

The Large Helical Device (LHD) is a heliotron-type toroidal fusion experimental device which will provide useful and reliable data sets for high temperature plasmas with an equivalent Q value of 0.1–0.35. One of the crucial tasks of LHD is to demonstrate steady-state operations by taking the advantage of currentless plasmas. In this respect, the coil systems are fully superconducting (SC); consisting of a pair of helical coils, three pairs of poloidal coils and nine bus-lines, all of which are presently in the final stage of assembly. The helical coils and the Outer Vertical (OV) poloidal coils are the world largest SC coils among the existing fusion devices. The flexible SC bus-lines are one of the innovative components newly applied through this project. The technological development of the SC magnets took key roles in LHD.

Plasma density measurements are one of the important studies for achievement of nuclear fusion reaction. We have studied plasma electron density distributions and plasma frequency fluctuation by using microwave interferometers etc. in GAMMA 10. We show the first results of 2-dimensional plasma density distributions measurement under some conditions of the electron cyclotron resonance heating microwave power in GAMMA 10.

Helical coils for LHD are pool-cooled superconducting coils. In order to produce a fine magnetic surface, highly accurate manufacturing tolerances within ±2 mm and high rigidity against large electro-magnetic forces are required. Additionally, high current densities of over 50 A mm−2 are necessary to keep enough distance between the helical coil and plasma. The helical coil is designed to enhance cryogenic stability by optimizing the wetted surface fraction of each conductor in considering both the magnetic field and stress in the insulator between conductors. For attaining highly accurate helical winding and cryogenic stability, composite conductors with pure aluminum stabilizers were developed and directly wound on highly accurate thick cases. The actual winding was carried out on-site from January 1995 to May 1996. After that, the top covers of the case were set on the coils and welded very carefully. The entire assembly was installed into an outer supporting shell.

We calculate the dependence of the transverse coupling losses in cables, the most important contribution to AC losses in cables without central insulating layer. Two effects cause differences with respect to the infinite samples: (1) changed area of the loops between the strands, and (2) increased resistivity between them. At low frequencies, the transverse losses P for finite samples of length l are well-described by the formula P/P/sub /spl infin//=1-C/sub 0/l/sub 0//l, where C/sub 0/ depends on the ratio b/c (b-cable width, c-thickness of normal layer between strands), l/sub 0/ is the cabling length and P/sub /spl infin// the losses for corresponding infinite sample. We obtain /spl alpha/=1/C/sub 0//spl ap/3 for b/c/spl ap/10 and /spl alpha//spl ap/2 for b/c>50. The same formula applies for higher frequencies, with frequency dependent correction factor C(/spl omega/). This correction factor decreases and becomes even negative at higher frequencies. Thus, the losses in finite samples are higher than in the corresponding infinite cables. This effect could be therefore called the inverse size effect, appearing above /spl omega//spl tau/>0.9 for b/c=10 and /spl omega//spl tau/>1.53 for b/c=50. It may explain some experimental results where size effect was expected but not found in the loss measurements. >

Irregular magnetic fields resonate with the rational surface of the magnetic confinement systems, form magnetic islands and ergodic layers, and destruct the plasma confinement. To avoid this confinement destruction the requirement of an accuracy of 10 −4 in the magnetic field is adopted as the magnetic-accuracy design criterion for the LHD machine. Following this criterion the width of the undesirable magnetic island is kept less than one tenth of the plasma radius. The irregular magnetic field from the superconducting (SC) helical and poloidal coils is produced by winding irregularity, installing irregularity, cooling-down deformations and electromagnetic deformations. The local irregularities such as feeders, layer connections, adjacent-conductor connections of the coils also produce an error field. The eddy currents on the supporting shell structure of SC coils, the cryostat, etc. are also evaluated. All irregular effects are analyzed using Fourier decomposition and field mapping methods for the LHD design, and it is confirmed that the present design of the superconducting coil system satisfies the design criterion for these field irregularities.

The effect of the magnetic axis shift on pressure driven MHD stability has been investigated in Heliotron DR (R=90 cm, a approximately=7 cm) in electron cyclotron heated plasmas by changing the vertical magnetic field strength. It was found that when the magnetic axis was shifted inward, strong MHD instabilities were excited and the attainable beta limits were much reduced compared to the values in the standard configuration. On the other hand, when the magnetic axis was shifted outward, the stability characteristics were basically the same as those in the standard configuration. The attainable beta values can be well explained by numerical calculations based on the STEP code for pressure driven ideal interchange instabilities. The stability dependence of the helical plasma on the position of the magnetic axis was confirmed experimentally. It was also found that a small toroidal plasma current stabilizes the MHD instabilities in all cases of magnetic axis positions. In particular, when the magnetic axis was shifted inward, the maximum beta limit could be increased up to twice the values obtained in the currentless case

Enhancement of magnetoresistance due to a Hall current is discussed. If an inerface between different materials exists in a cable, a non-uniform Hall effect may yield a Hall current across the interface. Such a current causes an additional resistive loss, and an enhanced magnetoresistance should be observed. Since the polarity of the Hall effect in copper is opposite to that in aluminium, the effect might be conspicuous in an Al-Cu composite. Enhanced resistivity is calculated in a short circuit model, where the basic mechanism is easily understood, and next in a coaxial model, which is for a particular but realistic model of a cable. A basic method for evaluation of enhanced resistivity is established for the composite conductor. The reduction of the Hall current is particularly important for the application of a highly conductive material to stabilizers of a superconducting cable.

Two forced-flow cooled NbTi superconducting coils (TOKI-TF, PF) have been designed and fabricated. The helical coil (TOKI-TF) is a 1/4-scale model of the Large Helical Device (LHD). It has a major radius of 0.9 m, a minor radius of 0.25 m, and a pitch number of 4. Nominal current and maximum field were designed to be 8 kA and 2.8 T, respectively. Another coil (TOKI-PF) was fabricated for the demonstration of LHD poloidal field coils. It consists of two double pancakes with an inner radius of 0.6 m and an outer radius of 0.82 m. The nominal current of 25 kA simulates that of LHD poloidal field coils. Cable-in-conduit-type conductors were used for the both coils. The test facility was also constructed with a vacuum vessel, a liquid nitrogen shield, 30-kA power leads, a heat exchanger, and cryogenic supports. Design concepts and details are presented.

A pool-cooled NbTi superconducting helical coil system (named TOKI-HB) has been fabricated as part of one of the research and development programs for the Large Helical Device (LHD). The main purpose of the construction of this device is to build an entire pool-cooled superconducting helical coil system which is large enough to be extrapolable to LHD. The helical coil has a major radius of 0.8 m and a minor radius of 0.2 m with a helical pitch number of 3. An operating current of 8.9 kA produces a maximum magnetic field of 0.75 T at the geometrical center of the poloidal cross section and 3 T at the coil surface. Basic design concepts of the TOKI-HB device are described together with some issues of the fabrication.

A twisted solenoid coil (TOKI-MC) has been designed and fabricated in order to study the mechanical properties of the Large Helical Device (LHD). One of the most important R&D items of the LHD is the mechanical behavior of the helical coils under a large electromagnetic force. The TOKI-MC was wound obliquely on the 3D-machined elliptical bobbin with a maximum torsional rate of 36deg/m at the innermost conductor. The maximum field in the coil is 7.7 T with an operating current of 20 kA, an average current density of 40 A/mm^2, and a stored energy of 11 MJ. The TOKI-MC can simulate the electromagnetic force, conductor torsional rate, magnetic field, operating current, and current density of the LHD superconducting helical coils. The design and test results of the conductor and the design and fabrication of the coil are described

Third harmonic electron cyclotron heating has been experimentally studied in Heliotron DR (R = 90 cm, ā 7 cm) by using a 28 GHz, 200 kW gyrotron. When the line averaged electron density e exceeds a certain critical value, ne,crit ~ 0.5 × 10l3/cm3, the absorption power increases rapidly and plasmas are substantially heated as long as the third harmonic resonant layer is located within the last closed magnetic surface. On the other hand, heating of the bulk plasma is not effective at lower density, e

Helical coils of the Large Helical Device (LHD) are large scale superconducting magnets for heliotron plasma experiments. The helical coils had been cooled by saturated helium at 4.4 K, 120 kPa until 2005. An upgrade of the cooling system was carried out in 2006 in order to improve the cryogenic stability of the helical coils and then it has been possible to supply the coils with subcooled helium at 3.2 K, 120 kPa. A designed mass flow of the supplied subcooled helium is 50 g/s. The subcooled helium is generated at a heat exchanger in a saturated helium bath. A series of two centrifugal cold compressors with gas foil bearing is utilized to lower the helium pressure in the bath. The supplied helium temperature is regulated by rotational speed of the cold compressors and power of a heater in the bath. The mass flow of the supplied helium is also controlled manually by a supply valve and its surplus is evaporated by ten heaters at the outlet above the coils. In the present study, the performance of the cooli...

There are only a few reports on successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic right ventricular tachycardia (VT) originating from other sites than right ventricular outflow tract. We report here a case of VT which exhibited an inferior-axis and a left bundle branch block pattern and originated near the His bundle. Using the temperature-controlled ablation catheter, prudent observation of the fluoroscopy and intracardiac electrograms during pacemapping, we successfully ablated the origin of the VT without any conduction disturbance. However, further study is required to determine the effectiveness of catheter ablation and the long term prognosis for this type of VT.

Electrical and mechanical abnormalities were studied in the heart of a schizophrenic male patient with severe hyponatremia and concomitant low plasma osmolarity induced by excessive water intake (so-called "water intoxication syndrome") by recording electrocardiography and echocardiography. There was a significant positive correlation between the plasma osmolarity and serum sodium concentration. The QRS duration of electrocardiography, an index of the ventricular electrical conduction velocity, tended to be prolonged and the left ventricular ejection fraction calculated by echocardiography decreased in proportion to the reduction of the serum sodium concentration. Lowering extracellular sodium concentration theoretically slows electrical conduction velocity, and was observed in this patient. On the other hand, low external sodium concentration should increase cardiac contractility via suppression of the forward mode operation of the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism, thereby increasing the intracellular free calcium concentration. However, this was not the case in our patient, because ejection fraction was not increased but rather significantly decreased with the lowering of serum sodium concentration. We speculate that in patients with water intoxication, the negative inotropism of the heart caused by low plasma osmolarity prevails over the positive inotropism caused by low serum sodium concentration.

Malignant lymphoma of the skin is a type of extranodal lymphoma with a benign prognosis, in which the main organ involved is the skin. Some 80-90% of the cases in Japan show a T-cell phenotype. Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome are common T-cell lymphomas of the skin. The tumor cells of mycosis fungoides, small and medium-sized cells with cerebriform nuclei, are detected in an epidermo-dermo junction. The tumor cells show CD3, CD4 and CLA, (cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen) positivity. Various forms of topical therapy, such as topical steroid, photochemotherapy (PUVA), and interferons, have been indicated for the good-risk group (stages I A, I B and II A). Electron-beam irradiation, various chemotherapy, such as low-dose etoposide, low-dose MTX and CPT-11 and deoxy coformycin (DCF) plus IFNs, have been indicated for intermediate-risk group (stage II B, III and IV A). BRMs plus low-dose etoposide, electron-beam irradiation and a multiagent combination chemotherapy, such as MACOP-B, M-BACOD or ProMACE-CytaBOM, have been indicated for the high-risk group (stages IV A and IV B). Cutaneous B cell lymphoma (CBCL) can be diagnosed using a molecular biological assay. The tumor cells of CBCL do not express T-cell antigens such as CD2, CD3 and CD43 and show B-cell antigens such as sIg, CD19, CD20 and CD22. Electron-beam irradiation has been indicated for early-stage CBCL (stages I and II). An effective multiagent combination chemotherapy, such as MACOP-B, M-BACOD or ProMACE-CytaBOM, is required for patients with advanced stage CBCL (stages III and IV).

(1) To define the clinical and laboratory findings predictive of early mortality after myocardial infarction (AMI), 100 consecutive patients were studied. (2) To elucidate the serum potassium (K) concentration and its clinical significance after AMI, 38 patients were studied.(1) The 30-day mortality was greater for women than for men, for patients with diabetes mellitus than for those without, and for patients with previous MI than for those without. Clinical and laboratory findings predictive of early mortality were cardiogenic shock, congestive heart failure, perforation or rupture of the ventricle, and presence of bundle branch block and extensive anterior AMI on electrocardiogram. The presence of bradyarrhythmia, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and high blood levels of peak creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) or myosin or atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were not independent predictors of early mortality. Patients complicated with congestive heart failure showed higher levels of peak CPK and ANP and patients with cardiogenic shock showed higher levels of ANP. (2) Serum K concentration was lower on admission than the following days, and it showed a negative correlation with plasma epinephrine. The lower serum K was accompanied with more severe ventricular arrhythmias on 24-hour electrocardiogram.(1) Early mortality after AMI is related to left ventricular function rather than to arrhythmias. (2) Serum K is lower in the early phase of AMI and is related with plasma catecholamines and severe ventricular arrhythmias.

Applicability of 1 GW class hybrid energy transfer line of hydrogen and electricity is investigated in this report. Hydrogen refrigeration station is placed on every 10 km of the unit section. The rated current is 10 kA, and operation voltage is 100 kV (+ 50 kV and −50 kV for ground). Delivery capacity of the liquid hydrogen is 100 tons per day. The HETL consists of the SC cable, electrical insulation layer, channel for liquid hydrogen, inner corrugated tube, vacuum space for thermal insulation and outer corrugated tube. The special multi-filamentary MgB2 wire was developed to improve the Ic performance against bending strain. When the pressure of liquid hydrogen increases, boiling temperature of liquid hydrogen becomes high. Pressurization of liquid hydrogen enables to expand operation temperature region of the MgB2 cable, and to absorb the head loss of the installation route. To obtain the operation temperature from 20 K to 25 K, pressure of liquid hydrogen from 0.4 to 0.6 MPa was chosen. When the heat leak into the liquid hydrogen is 1.0 W/m (expected value), the temperature at the outlet becomes 21.8 K. It was confirmed that this HETL is one of the attractive energy transportation system which combines hydrogen fuel and SC power transmission.

application/pdf, Measurement of fluctuation in plasma is important for studying the improvement in plasma confinement by the formation of the plasma confinement potential. The density fluctuation is observed by microwaves by methods such as interferometry, reflectometry and Fraunhofer diffraction method. We have constructed a new multichannel microwave interferometer to measure the plasma density and fluctuation radial profiles in a single plasma shot. We successfully measured the time-dependent density and line-integrated density fluctuation radial profiles in a single plasma shot using the multichannel microwave interferometer. Thus, we have developed a useful tool for studying the improvement in plasma confinement by the formation of plasma confinement potential.

Performance of the LHD cryogenic system in the first year's operation was described making importance on the recovery process after the normal transition of the helical coils. During the excitation tests of the LHD superconducting coils up to 2.75 T, the normal zone propagation was observed in the helical coil and the emergency shut-off of the coil power supplies was carried out. 2,700 l of liquid helium evaporated from the helical coils. The coils and the helium refrigerator were separated automatically and the helium refrigerator could keep its steady state operation. After the pressure and flow rate of the recovery gas from the helical coils were settled down to the normal state, the coils were connected to the helium refrigerator and the cooling was restarted. The system could return to the steady state in which coil excitation is enabling, by only three and a half hours.