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The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ozonated water for antimicrobial. For evaluated the antibacterial activity, the ozonated water used to investigate against generic E. coli. The ozone generator used in this study was containing electric discharge units, a circulating fan and a cylinder of pure oxygen that was calibrated to release oxygen at 0.5 mg/L per min. after that, the ozonated water produce by bubbled through ozone gas into the distilled water. The concentration of ozonated water measure with the fluorescence light intensity generated by HTA molecules in water solutions. Another that, the antibacterial activity against, the results showed that the antimicrobial activities against of ozonated water high antimicrobial power and a potential for acute generic E. coli

Zinc barium borotellurite glasses with the composition 10ZnO-30BaO-30B2O3-(30-x)TeO2 -CeF3 have been fabricated by using the melt-quenching technique at 1,150 °C for 1.5 hours. The doping concentration of the CeF3 was varied from 0.00 - 1.50 mol%. The glass samples were characterized through physical and optical properties were investigated. The results showed that the density of the glasses increased whereas the molar volume decreased with increasing of CeF3 concentrations. The prepared glasses are determined FTIR spectroscopy has been observe the structural modification of (TeO4) trigonal bipyramid structural units. The optical absorption spectra of glasses were measured in the UV-VIS and NIR range of 250-2,500 nm. The intensity of all absorption bands increased with increasing CeF3 contents. In addition, the optical band gap was decreased with increasing of CeF3

The effects of carbonization temperature on some physicochemical properties of tea residue to evaluating the influence of the carbonization process and the product properties. The tea residue material was heated in laboratory conditions, the consequence of heat treatment at a specific temperature over the range 100-500°C was investigated by several techniques including the Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy to study the functional groups, the chemical compositions of the sample were also investigated by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Spectroscopy and the crystal structure was determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The spectrum of FTIR can be concluded that the number of functional group component of, O-H, C-H, C=O, and C-O respectively. On the other hand, for the result of EDXRF shown the trace elemental composition of composed of the organic compound (CHO). For the physical characteristic determination of the results of XRD, it indicated that mixture phase and a lot of crystalline in the specimen after heat treatment

Optical absorption, excitation, emission spectra and lasing potential of sodium aluminium phosphate (Na2O-Al2O3-P2O5) glasses doped with Eu3+ ions were studied and discussed. These glasses were synthesized by melt-quenching technique at 1200 °C. It was found that the emission spectra of glass samples exhibited an intense red (612 nm) emission band upon excitation with 394 nm. Judd-Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters (Ωλ=2,4,6), radiative transition probabilities (AR), peak stimulated emission cross-sections (σ(λp)) and branching ratio (β) were calculated and compared between without and with thermal corrections. The evaluated JO values indicated that, this glass perform high potential for using as red laser medium application

Er3+ ions doped sodium strontium gadolinium oxide and oxy-fluoride phosphate glass samples prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. The samples were melted at 1200 °C in electric furnace with alumina crucibles. The densities of the samples were measure with the help of Archimedes principle using water as immersion liquid. The refractive index (n) was measured by Abbe refractometer with a sodium-vapour lamp as a light source and using mono-bromonaphthalene (C10H7Br) as a contact liquid. The prepared glass samples were characterized with UV-Vis-NIR absorptions and NIR photoluminescence. The UV-Vis-NIR spectra show peaks at 379, 406, 488, 521, 548, 652, 803, 977, and 1536 nm which are due to the transitions from 4 I15/2 ground state to 2H9/2, 4F3/2, 4F7/2, 4H11/2, 4S3/2, 4F9/2, 4I11/2 and 4I13/2 exited states of Er3+ ions, respectively. In NIR emission one broad peak at 1543 nm is observed in present glass samples with 379 nm excitation. From NIR emission it is observed that the FFEr glass give better emission intensity than the GEr and FEr. McCumber theory was used to evaluate stimulated emission cross-section of 4I13/2→4I15/2 transition of Er3+ ion using the absorption spectral measurements. Thus, these results show that present glasses have the potential for use in efficient short and conventional-length optical amplifiers and tuneable lasers

The gamma ray exposure buildup factors (EBF) of xWO3:(70-x)Gd2O3:30B2O3 system (where x=40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 mol%) have been calculated in the energy region 0.015–15 MeV up to a penetration depth of 40 mfp (mean free path). The five parameter geometric progressions (G-P) fitting method has been used to compute exposure buildup factor values. Variation of exposure buildup factors with incident photon energies and penetration depth have been studied. It was found that EBF values were higher in the intermediate energy region, for all glass system. Moreover, tungsten gadolinium borate glass of 40 mol% WO3, was found to present the lowest EBF values, hence it is excellent gamma ray shielding material. The obtained results in this paper show that these glasses can be used as radiation shielding materials

The article offers the attention of two type glass the structural, physical and optical properties of clear vision glass and Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 glass were studied. Transmission spectra of clear vision and Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 glasses were analyzed by UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer at room temperature. The transmittance of the clear vision glass is higher than Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 on the other hand the heat comes with the light. Reflectance spectra of the clear vision glass is also higher than that of Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 glass indicated that clear vision can reflect heat better than Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 glass

In this work, Mn2+ doped Al2O3 bulk crystal has been growth by the flame fusion technique (FFT) and investigated their properties. The crystal structure of growth sapphire was studied by X-Rays Diffractometer (XRD) found to be Al2O3 structure according to the standard XRD pattern and no extra diffraction peaks were detected. The optical absorption spectra of sample were measured in the wavelength range of 350–1000 nm and shown only one broad band centered at 480 nm. The photoluminescence property was carried out using excitation wavelengths of 325 nm. The unusual redshift of Mn d–d emission was observed at 650 nm from 4T1g(D) → 6A1g(S) transition

Lithium gadolinium phosphate glass doped with Neodymium oxide was prepared by conventional melt quenching technique with chemical composition of 17Li2O3:17Gd2O3 :(66-x) P2O5:xNd2O3 where x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0mol%. The physical and luminescent properties of the prepared glass are systematically analyzed for solid stat lighting applications. The density, molar volume and refractive index measured for the prepared glass samples. The density and refractive index show the increasing trend with incrassating concentration of Nd3+ ions while molar volume decrease with increasing concentration of Nd3+ ions. The absorption spectra are analyzed under the Uv-Vis NIR region. The emission spectra for our glass is also recorded which show three dominant peaks at 904, 1063 and 1330nm which correspond to the 4I9/2, 4I11/2 and 4I13/2 transitions respectively. Judd-Ofelt theory had been used to obtain the J-O parameters (Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6), oscillator strength, radiative transition probability, stimulated emission cross-section and branching ratio. The J-O parameters show Ω4 > Ω6 > Ω2 trend which are in agreement with other studies.

Trivalent europium doped aluminium phosphate glasses with different alkali oxides (Li2O, Na2O and K2O) have been prepared by melt quenching technique at 1200 °C. Photoluminescence properties of the obtained glasses have been studied and characterized. Also, Absorption and radiative properties of glasses are evaluated using the Judd–Ofelt (JO) theory. The emission spectra of all glasses remain the characteristic emission peak of Eu3+ with a dominant peak at 612 nm, corresponding to the 5D0 → 7F2 transition by monitoring an excitation wavelength at 393 nm. In the present glass system it was found that lithium oxide has higher intensity of emission spectra than sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The JO intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6) and subsequent radiative properties for the 5D0 → 7FJ (J = 1,2,3,4) transitions are determined. These glasses have potential candidate in the development as red laser source applications.

In this paper investigation photocurrent of MS Schottky photodiode by using transparent electrode. The transparent material use in this investigation is indium tin oxide (ITO). Transparent electrode can help to get more photocurrent under contact due to light can penetrate though into depletion region then generate photocurrent. ITO will prepare by RF sputtering technique and investigate material characteristics such as electrical and optical properties. Optimize ITO properties after various thickness by growth sputter time show high transparent around 91.2% with low resistance 3.4x10-3 ohm-cm. Build in voltage of device show 0.3V by same with metal contact and current under light exposure show around 1.5mA at 25,000 lux with bias -5V.

The Sm3+ ions were doped tellurite glasses with composition (55-x) TeO2-10ZnF2-35BaO-xSm2O3 (where x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 in mol%) to investigate the physical, the optical, the luminescence and structural properties. The functional groups can be identified using FT-IR spectra of Sm3+ in the glasses. The most intense peak from emission spectra is at 600 nm (4G5/2->6H7/2) corresponding to reddish-orange color. The oscillator strengths were resolved from the absorption spectra and then used to calculate the Judd–Ofelt (J–O) intensity parameters. The radiative properties were calculated by J–O intensity parameters for various transitions in tellurite glass matrices. According to the results of stimulated emission cross section, lifetime and the branching ratio of the emission transition 4G5/2->6H7/2, it is promised that 0.50 mol% of Sm2O3 doped tellurite glasses is the potential laser material.

This study is to find a parameters that necessary for fabricating a radiation shielding glass in x-ray room. In this study, we performed a comparison of commercial lead glass product commercial window, and developed lead-free glass in the composition of xBaO:20ZnO:(80-x)B2O3 which are applied used for lead glass replacement. The result found that, the linear attenuation coefficients (m) were increased with the increase of BaO concentrations and the decrease of an x-ray tube voltage. The developed glass samples were investigated in terms of half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP) that found to be decreased with the increase of BaO concentrations which the good characteristics for application in a x-ray shielding glass manufacturing.

In this work, the optical and luminescence properties of Dy2O3 doped barium phosphate glass with different alkaline earth oxides (MgO, CaO and SrO) have been investigated. The glass samples were prepared by the melt-quenching technique at the melting temperature of 1200 °C. The absorption spectra of glasses were recorded in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) region. The absorption bands centered at 385, 424, 452, 472, 754, 803, 901, 1093, 1273 and 1683 nm, respectively have been observed. The emission spectra of glass samples centered at 482, 574, 662 and 751 nm, respectively have been observed with 350 nm excitation wavelength. The result of radioluminescence spectra were slightly different with photoluminescence spectra. The coordinate of emitting color (x, y) for 350 excitation wavelength is 0.3781 and 0.4252, respectively which is located in white light region of CIE diagram.

The present study aims to investigate the structural, chemical and morphology properties of methylcellulose film with reinforced by chicken eggshells. The physical properties were determined with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the Scanning Electron microscopies (SEM) while the chemical properties can be discussed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD pattern indicated that, the methylcellulose film with reinforced by chicken eggshells have been amorphous-crystalline structure. On the other hand, the SEM micrographs exhibited the granule of chicken eggshells powder distribution along the surface. For the results of Chemical properties FTIR spectra can be used confirm the chicken eggshells powder presence in the methylcellulose film. For mechanical properties, the effects of chicken eggshells on the methylcellulose film investigated by tensile testing.

Physical, optical and luminescence properties of lithium aluminium phosphate (LAPSm), sodium aluminium phosphate (NAPSm) and potassium aluminium phosphate (KAPSm) glasses doped with 0.5 mol% of Sm2O3 have been investigated. The results found that all glass samples are clear, homogenous and transparency. The optical absorption spectra are shown strong absorption bands in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) region for all doped samples. The emission spectra of all doped glass samples exhibited four peaks correspond to the energy transition 4G5/2 → 6H5/2 (562 nm), 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 (597 nm), 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 (644 nm) and 4G5/2 → 6H11/2 (704 nm) have been observed under 401 (6H5/2 → 6P3/2) nm excitation wavelength. Also, the CIE chromaticity analysis yields reddish-orange light emission for all glass samples. It was observed that the emission intensity LAPSm glass is higher than NAPSm and KAPSm glasses. Hence LAPSm glass could be considered as a good optical glass for Sm3+ dopant for reddish-orange emission material.

This work aims at characterizing the physical and chemical properties of chitosan powder which synthesis from the Perna viridis shell. The physical and chemical properties have been also discussed which Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. The result of the XRD pattern indicated the Perna Viridis have mixture phase between aragonite and calcite, while the chitosan powder has mixture phase between aluminum, manganosite, calcite and chitosan hydriodide and FTIR results confirmed the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding of polysaccharide and hydroxyl groups of the sample. In good agreement between the EDXRF.

Sm3+ doped lithium aluminium phosphate glasses have been investigated in different concentration of Sm3+ ions. The physical, optical and luminescence properties were studied to evaluate their potential to using as orange color emitting materials. The result of physical properties indicated that the density, the molar volume and the refractive index of glass samples were increased with an increase of Sm2O3 content. The absorption spectra of glass samples were recorded in the wavelength range of 250-2000 nm. The absorption bands centered at 401, 473, 947, 1080, 1232, 1379, 1482 and 1532 nm have been observed. From the photoluminescence spectra, the glasses are showed strong emission at 597 nm which corresponds to 4G5/2→6H7/2 transition under excitation wavelength at 401 nm. The optimal concentration of Sm2O3 in lithium aluminium phosphate glasses was 0.5 mol%.

In this study aims to characterized and analyzed the poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) films as the biodegradable film. The solvent casting techniques is used to prepare the PLA film. The Physical properties of film such as, structural, morphology, thickness were studied and discussed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively. For chemical properties, the chemical compositions and the formation of functional group were investigated by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), respectively. The results of XRD showed that the PLA film composed of amorphous phase. While, the result of EDXRF shown the trace elemental composition of the PLA film composed of organic compound (CHO), Ca, P, and Ag respectively. The photograph of SEM found that the surface of PLA film look like surface of the moon which has the crater spread over the film and the thickness of the PLA films about 0.600 µm. So that, the spectrum of FTIR can be concluded that the number of functional groups compose of methyl groups, carbonyl group and hydroxyl group, respectively.

Copper oxide (CuO) thin films were prepared on glass slide and silicon wafer substrates using dc reactive magnetron sputtering at different operating pressure. The high purity Cu target was used, and sputtering was carried out in argon and oxygen atmosphere. The operating pressure was varied from 10 to 40 mTorr. The physical microstructure and optical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and spectrophotometer. For the crystal structure, the XRD results indicated that the prepared CuO thin films were polycrystalline with monoclinic structure. The FE-SEM results demonstrated the increased of the dense pack structure for the films deposited at low operating pressure. The average optical transmittance at visible region of the film was about ∼50%.

In this investigation, a chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite film was obtained by casting evaporation method. The physical properties and the influence of chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films on the antibacterial were investigated. The effects of Papia Undulata shell on the chitosan film are determined with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. On the other hand for evaluated the antibacterial activity, the chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films investigate against Gram-negative (E.coli) bacterial. The results revealed that the chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films can be inhibiting target microorganisms. Another that, the chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films has particles of Papia Undulata shell distribution in the chitosan film which corresponding with the result of XRD pattern, while the results of FTIR suggest that the chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films can be modified by the addition of Papia Undulata shell.

Lithium aluminium phosphate glasses doped with samarium oxide were prepared by melt-quenching technique and investigated their physical, optical and luminescence properties. The result of physical properties indicated that the density and the molar volume of glass samples were increased with an increase of Sm 2 O 3 content. The absorption spectra of glass samples were recorded in the wavelength range of 250-2000 nm, these glasses have shown strong absorption bands in the visible (Vis) and near-infrared (NIR) region at 401 and 1232 nm. The emission spectra of glasses, excited with 401 nm excitation wavelength showed four emission bands centered at 561, 597, 644 and 704 nm. From Judd-Ofelt analysis, the J-O parameter (Ω 2 , Ω 4 , Ω 6 ), radiative transition possibility ( A R ), stimulated emission cross-section (σ(λ p )) and branching ratios ( β R ) were indicated that the glass samples an interesting potential for using glass as laser medium with 597 nm emitting.

In this present work, the copper oxide (CuO) thin films were deposited by dc reactive magnetron sputtering on silicon (100) wafer. The microstructural evolution of the CuO thin films were investigated as a function of film thickness at the range of 150 to 600 nm by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The optical transmittance was measured by UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. The sheet resistances of the CuO thin films were characterized by four-point-probe measurement. The results indicated that the obtained films were polycrystalline. The surface roughness of the CuO thin film showed an increasing with film thickness. In addition, the relationship between film thickness, morphology and electrical property were discussed in this paper.

The Copper thin films were grown on glass slide and silicon wafer substrate by DC reactive magnetron sputtering with a 99.995% pure copper target. The distance between substrate and target was varied from 87 to 117 mm. The structural, morphology and electrical properties of the prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission electron microscope (FE-SEM) and four-point-probe, respectively. All of the prepared samples were polycrystalline with a monoclinic tenorite. In addition, as the distance from substrate and target decreases further, the grain size increases and sheet resistance decreases.

The glass specimens in the composition of xBi2O3: 20SiO2: 20ZnO: 5Al2O3: (55-x)B2O3, where x = 10, 15, 20, 25 mol% were investigated the radiation shielding properties. The specimens were melted entirely by using the melt-quenching technique at 1200 °C. The WinXCom program has been used to compute the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) in theoretical values. The effective atomic number (Zeff), the effective electron density (Neff), and half-value layers (HVL), tenth-value layers (TVL) and buildup factor obtained by calculations were taken into the function of the MAC. The gamma-ray transmission technique was used to measure the MAC in the energy range from 0.223 MeV to 0.662 MeV by using the Compton scattering technique for various energies from the Cs-137 source. The results showed that the experimental values have been agreed with the theoretical values. The density result was found to increase with the increasing of Bi2O3 concentrations. The MAC, effective atomic number and effective electron density had similar trends increasing when Bi2O3 concentration increased and decreasing when the energy increased. The HVL & TVL decreased with increasing of Bi2O3 contents. The HVL & TVL of the specimens were lower than that of the standard shielding materials. The energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) and exposure buildup factor (EAF) also calculate in 0.015–15 MeV.

This paper reports on the physical, optical and photoluminescence properties of Nd3+ doped calcium barium phosphate (CaO:BaO: P2O5) and strontium barium phosphate (SrO:BaO: P2O5) prepared by the melt-quenching technique at 1200 °C. The density and the molar volume of glass samples were carried out at the room temperature. The results show that the density of glasses tends to increase with increasing concentration of Nd2O3. While, the molar volume of glasses tends to decrease with increasing Nd2O3 contents. The absorption spectra of glass samples centered at 351, 431,463, 473, 514, 526, 581, 628, 683, 747, 804 and 874 nm, respectively were observed in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared region. The luminescence spectra of glass samples were investigated in near-infrared region. It was observed that the luminescence spectra of glass samples were dependent on Nd2O3 content. Also, the comparison of calcium and strontium with different of Nd3+ concentration is addressed.

In this work, the Gd2MoB2O9 and Gd2MoB2O9:Dy3+ phosphors have been prepared by solid state reaction and their structural and luminescence properties have been studied. The Gd2O3, MoO3, H3BO3 and Dy2O3 were used as starting materials and homogeneously mixed with appropriate ratio. The mixed materials were pressed at 20 tons and sintered at 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050 and 1100°C. The Gd2MoB2O9 phase was confirmed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The photoluminescence spectra measured by 257 nm excitation show one emission peak at 310 nm corresponding to 6P7/2→8S7/2 of Gd3+, and four emission peaks of Dy3+ at 478, 575, 663 and 754 nm corresponding to 4F9/2 → 6H15/2, 6H13/2, 6H11/2 and 6H9/2 transitions, respectively. The chromaticity coordinates under excitation of λex = 352 nm are (0.48, 0.42), which lies in the white region of CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram. The radioluminescence property was studied by 50 kV, 30 mA X-ray irradiation and compared with commercial BGO crystal. It was found that the i...

In this work, the effect of selenium oxide on glass coloration from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) doped in glasses were investigated. The glass samples were prepared with glass composition (63.97-x(SiO2: 10CaO: 10K2O: 15Na2O: 0.5Sb2O3: 0.5SnO2: 0.03AgNPs: xSeO2 (where x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% by weight). The glasses were melted by conventional melt quench technique at 1,500 °C in open atmosphere. The results were found that, the glass samples doped with SeO2 concentration of 0.1 to 0.5% by weight showed the amber color. The color was confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometer in the wavelength range 200-1,100 nm and from the color coordinate in CIE L∗a∗b∗ system. Moreover, the amber color was obtained immediately when take out the glass from the furnace, without second heat treatment.

Neodymium (Nd 3+ ) doped calcium barium phosphate glasses have been studied in different concentration of Nd 3+ ions. The absorption and luminescence spectra, the Judd–Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters Ω 2,4,6 and other radiative properties, which is radiative transition probabilities ( A R ), stimulated emission cross-sections (σ(λ p ) and branching ratios ( β R ) were calculated. These glass samples have shown strong absorption bands in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) region. The emission spectra of glass samples have exhibited three emission transitions, which are assigned to 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 , 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 and 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 13/2 transitions, respectively. Also, the results obtained were compared with reports on similar glasses.

This article report the fabrication and characteristics of MSM photo detector by compare between non-doped and doped platinum (Pt) atom. Fabrication process has same but different in Pt doping process for atom doping and diffusion process. The metal finger width 2um with 50 um spacing between metal contact. At bias voltage 10 voltage show higher capacitance-voltage and photocurrent increase after doped with Pt atom. By experiment shows photocurrent increase around 4 times from 45.98 to 197.22 uA at bias 10 voltage by photoluminescence 25,000 lux.

This paper present the results from soft radiation flash exposure (SRFE) process. In principle of semiconductor device always has defect in structure from fabrication process and impact from usage environment. Although, device have control process but still has unexpected defects. Then, I would like to share results of SRFE process to control defects in P-N semiconductor device by exposed on device for few second with optimize radiation energy. The defects has disappear after passed SRFE process. The optimize of exposure energy and time will cure or remove defect in devices structure.

Semiconductor properties change from soft radiation flash exposure process (SRFE) will present in this paper. Semiconductor device use with radiation application and always degrade because impact from radiation will damage on device structure. Currently, the defects from radiation cannot explain all of impact to electrical properties because has wind range in several application. However, this paper will present influent from Roentgen radiation on P-N photodetector device by expose for few second and low energy. The radiation will expose on device for many time to reach target time and will control distance between radiations machine and devices. Forward current of device after SRFE process has changed in positive way by build in potential (Vbi) decrease around 0.2V and forward current increase around 4 orders.

The radiation parameters of barite sodium silicoborate glass (BaSO4:Na2O:SiO2:B2O3) with different concentration of barite (BaSO4) were studied. The mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), effective atomic number (Zeff) effective electron densities (Ne,eff) and half value layer (HVL) have been calculated by theoretical approach using WinXCom program in the energy range of 1 keV to 100 GeV. The results of these parameters are show graphically for total and partial photon interaction. It was found that the Zeff show discontinuous jumps related to absorption edges and dominance photoelectric effect at low energies, pair production have two types which are nuclear and electron field and its slightly increased with increasing photon energies. The variation of Ne,eff was related to the value of Zeff. The half value layer (HVL) of glasses were compared with commercial window and some standard shielding concretes which observed that the value of 20 mol% BaSO4 has lower than commercial window, ordinary and hematite-serpentine concretes. These results showed that glass sample is promising radiation shielding materials.

Commercial window added with BaSO4 have been studies on the mass attenuation coefficient and compared it with some standard shielding concretes. This parameter has been investigated at photon energy from 1 keV to 100 GeV on the basis of calculation. The theoretical values of photon interaction were obtained by the WinXCom program. The variations of mass attenuation coefficient of commercial window and standard shielding concretes are shown graphically with photon energy. It has been observed that the commercial window added with 30% BaSO4 has higher value of mass attenuation coefficient than all of standard shielding concretes at the photon energy range above 40-400 keV. Also, discontinuous jump of mass attenuation coefficient at the lower energy has been discusses.

In this work, the mass attenuation coefficients, the effective atomic numbers and the effective electron densities of BaO-Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 glass have been studied at 662 keV using WinXCom program. The result show that the mass attenuation coefficients increased with increasing of BaO concentration, reflecting that more photon is attenuated. The effective atomic numbers and the effective electron densities are similar trend with mass attenuation coefficients, reflecting that more virtual electron when higher BaO concentration and more interaction will be occurred in glass matrices.

The physical, optical, photoluminescence properties of (54-x) TeO2 − 10ZnO − 35BaO − 1Sm2O3 − xGd2O3, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 (mol %) are investigated in this research. Five samples of glass were produced by the normal melt quenching process. The evidence indicates that the density of glass increased with increasing of Gd2O3. The molar volume and refractive index investigations have been used to consider the physical properties and optical properties of the produced glass system. Physical parameters such as polaron radius, inter-ionic radius and field strength for Sm3+/Gd3+ ions have been evaluated. The absorption spectra of glass contain peaks at 358, 404, 948, 1,085, 1,235, 1,385, 1490 and 1535 nm corresponding to the transitions from 6H5/2 to 4D3/2, 6P3/2, 6F11/2, 6F9/2, 6F7/2, 6F5/2, 6F3/2, and 6H15/2, respectively. The emission spectra of glass show four bands at found and attributed to 563, 604, 646 and 709 nm by excitation at 275 nm. Judd-Ofelt parameters and radiative properties was investigated for 53.5TeO2 − 10ZnO − 35BaO − 1Sm2O3 − 0.5Gd2O3 glass. Energy transfer characteristics was observed in the present glasses. The emission intensity of Sm3+ increased with increasing of Gd2O3 concentration until 2 mol %, while the luminescence lifetime decreases with increasing of Gd2O3 content.

The tellurite glasses doped with Nd3+ ion were prepared with the compositions (55-x)TeO2-10ZnF2-35BaO-xNd2O3 (where x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 1.00 and 1.50 mol%) by the normal melt quenching technique and characterized the spectroscopic properties. The spectroscopic properties of tellurite glasses measured from the absorption and emission measurements with Judd-Ofelt analysis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirms the amorphous nature. UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra of tellurite glasses divulged nine significant peaks. The absorption peaks slightly increase with increasing of Nd3+ concentration. The NIR emission spectra at 913, 1,069 and 1,341 nm have been registered for Nd3+ in tellurite glasses, which corresponds to the transitions originating from 4F3/2 level to the 4I9/2, 4I11/2 and 4I13/2 levels of Nd3+ ion, respectively, under the excitation of 523 nm. The results indicate that the prepared glass system could be a suitable candidate for using it as laser gain media around 1,069 nm.

In this paper will present the properties of PN diode before and after expose by radiation. Although, radiation help to improve the performance of semiconductor device but still has some damage in device structure. In previous article I have showed performance improve after expose by soft radiation. The device is exposed by low frequency X-ray radiation (soft radiation flash exposure: SRFE) technique with few second for several times. In principle of PN diode after fabrication will has defects from process such as ion implantation, doped and silicon wafer process. The results show temperature while SRFE expose on device that generate high temperature on surface and silicon boundary that may the optimize energy and expose time for treatment damage of PN diode.

Sodium gadolinium phosphate oxide and sodium gadolinium oxyfluoride glasses doped with europium oxide were prepared by melt-quenching technique. The physical, optical properties of the glass samples were studied. The density, molar volume and refractive index of the glass samples were carried out. Density and molar volume of oxide glass is more than oxyfluoride glass. The average phosphate to phosphate distance for oxide glass seems to be more than oxyfluoride glass. Polaron radius, inter-ionic radius shows 1.181 nm, 2.88 nm and 1.174 nm, 2.86 nm for oxide glass and oxyfluoride glasses respectively. Oxide electronic Polarizability and optical basicity of the oxide glass are lower than oxy-fluoride glass. Theoretical optical basicity shows higher for oxide glass than oxyfluoride suggesting increase in covalency of the cation to oxygen bonds in oxide glass. Optical band gap were estimated and found to be 3.061eV and 3.204 eV for oxide and oxyfluoride glass. Theoretical two photon absorption coefficient β were evaluated and found to be 11.96 and 10.80 for oxide and oxyfluoride glasses respectively. Furthermore, the glasses were subjected to study for their luminescence properties of the oxide and oxyfluoride glass samples.

In this study present the effect of soft radiation flash exposure (SRFE) to forward bias current-voltage (I-V) of PN diode by using COMSOL simulation program. The results show surface thermal and electric change while expose by radiation with flash exposure technique. Series resistance (Rs) increase around 2 times and close to idea case after expose by radiation, the radiation will impact to bulk defect and reduce surface recombination. SRFE induce temperature on surface and deep into silicon bulk. The value of Rs increase with increase expose time. The changing of Rs becomes independent from radiation dose at high forward bias voltage.

Nd3+ ion doped lithium aluminium phosphate glasses were synthesized and studied their properties for laser medium application. The density and the refractive index of the glass samples were carried out at the room temperature. The optical and luminescence properties were studied by investigating absorption and NIR emission spectra of the glass samples. The glasses absorbed photons in ultraviolet (UV), visible light (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) regions are clearly observed from absorption spectra. For the photoluminescence properties, the glass samples showed the strongest emission at 1063 nm when it were excited by 581 nm which assigned to the energy transitions of Nd3+. The three phenomenological Judd-Ofelt parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6) were determined from the spectral intensities of absorption band in order to calculate the radiative transition possibility (AR), stimulated emission cross section (σ(λp)) and branching ratio (βR) of the w4F3/2 → 4I9/2, 4I11/2 and 4I13/2 transitions. From the obtained results the conclusions made about the possibility of using these glasses as laser material.

In this work, barium borosilicate glasses produced by using rice husk ash in the compositions xBaO:(80-x)B2O3:20RHA (where x = 30, 35, 40 and 45 wt%) were prepared by melt quenching technique and investigated for their radiation shielding properties. The mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers and effective electron densities of the glasses were found to increase with the increasing of BaO concentration and the decreasing of gamma rays energy. The glasses in this work exhibited good radiation shielding properties by providing shorter mean free paths (MFP) than all commercial windows; ordinary, hematite and Ilmanite-limonite concretes. The shorter MFP in the glasses with higher BaO in glass matrices reflects the better gamma rays shielding properties. The radiation shielding results and optical transparency of the glasses indicate that the glasses in the present study can be used as radiation shielding materials with higher transparency.