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In this report, the hydromagnetic dissipative Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluid flow over a stretched surface is examined numerically. Brownian moment, Joule heating, thermophoresis effects are considered. Similarity variables are employed to transform the non-linear PDEs into ODEs. The eminent shooting scheme is employed to determine the solution of the nonlinear equations. Solutions are achieved for different benefits of parameters of the model and the consequences are predicted in plots and tables. The Brownian moment imposed to accelerate the energy field and the dissipation influences to expand both the thermal and momentum fields. Also, simultaneous solutions are exhibited and found that the heat transport in Casson fluids has superior properties than the regular fluid.

A computational framework is carried out to investigate the drive, and thermal transport of the thin-film flow of unstable magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Oldroyd-B ferrofluid suspend with cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles in water. The governing PDEs of the flow are transmuted as ODEs by applicable similarity conversions and resolved using R-K and Newton’s approaches. We examined the variations in the drive and energy field designations along with the local Nusselt number influenced by the relevant non-dimensional parameters. The results are explored for different nanoparticle shapes (spherical, cylindrical, and laminar) and originate that the energy transport efficiency is advanced in spherical shaped ferrous particles when compared to tube and laminar shaped particles. The Deborah number and unsteadiness parameter has the power to regulate the Nusselt number.

The flow and energy transport of water-ethylene glycol (EG) based Ti-Cu hybrid nanofluid due to incessantly poignant needle in magnetohydrodynamic Sakiadis flow with resistive heating is investigated. We scrutinized the flow and heat transfer of the Blasius and free stream flows. The governing Partial Differential Equations are transformed as Ordinary Differential Equations using suitable similarities and resolved numerically using RK (Runge-Kutta) based shooting procedure. Numerical and graphical outcomes are explored and examined for the drive, thermal transport, surface friction and local Nusselt number of various pertinent parameters. It is originate that the flow and thermal boundary layer of Blasius and Sakiadis flows are not equal. The rate of energy transport is high in moving needle in the static fluid when equated with the fixed needle in dynamic fluid. It is also established that the rate of heat transfer in Ti-Cu/EG-water hybrid nanofluid is more than water-EG/Ti nanofluid.

Abstract Multilevel inverters play an important role in extracting the power from renewable energy resources and delivering the output voltage with high quality to the load. This paper proposes a new single-stage switched capacitor nine-level inverter, which comprises an improved T-type inverter, auxiliary switch, and switched cell unit. The proposed topology effectively reduces the DC-link capacitor voltage and exhibits superior performance over recently switched-capacitor inverter topologies in terms of the number of power components and blocking voltage of the switches. A level-shifted multilevel pulse width modulation scheme with a modified triangular carrier wave is implemented to produce a high-quality stepped output voltage waveform with low switching frequency. The proposed nine-level inverter’s effectiveness, driven by the recommended modulation technique, is experimentally verified under varying load conditions. The power loss and efficiency for the proposed nine-level inverter are thoroughly discussed with different loads.

An experiment was conducted to know the variability among 22 maintainers on maldandi and milo source of male sterility in rabi sorghum along with four checks M 35-1, BJV-44, DJ6514 and PKV Kranti. The study revealed considerable amount of variability for all the characters studied. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation observed to be the highest for grain yield per-plant, the number of seeds per panicle and panicle weight. All the characters showed an arrow difference between PCV and GCV, indicating that the observed variability has been primarily due to genotypic differences with the least influence of environment. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance over mean was noticed for all the characters studied there by indicating that the selection would be effective in improvement of these characters as they are controlled by the additive genes. Based on mean performance the genotypes IS 14010 and IS 19445 were found significantly superior over the checks M35-1 and DJ6514.

This paper presents a new boost inverter topology with nine level output voltage waveform using a single dc source and two switched capacitors. The capacitor voltages are self-balancing and thus is devoid of any sensors and auxiliary circuitry. The output voltage is twice higher than the input voltage, which eliminates the need for an input dc boost converter especially when the inverter is powered from a renewable source. The merits of the proposed topology in terms of the number of devices and cost are highlighted by comparing the recent and conventional inverter topologies. In addition to this, the total voltage stress of the proposed topology is lower and have a maximum efficiency of 98.25%. The operation and dynamic performance of the proposed topology have been simulated using PLECS software and are validated using an experimental setup considering a different dynamic operation.

Abstract This report presents the flow and heat transfer characteristics of MHD micropolar fluid due to the stretching of a surface with second order velocity slip. The influence of nonlinear radiation and irregular heat source/sink are anticipated. Simultaneous solutions are presented for first and second-order velocity slips. The PDEs which govern the flow have been transformed as ODEs by the choice of suitable similarity transformations. The transformed nonlinear ODEs are converted into linear by shooting method then solved numerically by fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Graphs are drowned to discern the effect of varied nondimensional parameters on the flow fields (velocity, microrotation, and temperature). Along with them the coefficients of Skin friction, couple stress, and local Nussel number are also anticipated and portrayed with the support of the table. The results unveil that the non-uniform heat source/sink and non-linear radiation parameters plays a key role in the heat transfer performance. Also, second-order slip velocity causes strengthen in the distribution of velocity but a reduction in the distribution of temperature is perceived.

In the current exploration, a similarity solution is bestowed for hydromagnetic motion of a nanofluid over a slendering stretching sheet with the existence of thermophoresis and Brownian moment. We first altered the time dependent governing mathematical equations into coupled dimensionless differential equations by making use of apposite transmutations. Numerical solution for these equations is procured deploying R.K.-Fehlberg numerical methodology. Further, the impacts of sundry non-dimensional parameters on the flow field along with shear stress, reduced heat and mass transfer have been tackled with the succor of plots and tabular forms. It is worth to divulge that an upturn in the magnitude of thermophoretic and Brownian motion parameters amplifies the fluid temperature, whereas the concentration profiles get depreciated with a hike in thermophoretic parameter. Keywords: MHD, Thermophoresis, Brownian motion, Slendering stretching sheet, Slip effects

The present study deals with the boundary layer analysis of a 2 D magnetohydrodynamic flow of chemically reacting Casson nanofluid flow over a semi-infinite inclined porous plate. The energy and diffusion equation are encompassed with frictional heating, heat generation/absorption, thermo diffusion and thermal radiation effects. For making the analysis more attractive we pondered two distinct type of nanofluids namely, TiO2-water and CuO-water. The transmuted governing PDEs are resolved analytically by employing regular perturbation method. The impact of pertinent flow parameters on momentum, thermal and mass transport behavior including the skin friction factor, thermal and mass transport rate are examined and published with the assistance of graphical and tabular forms. Results describe that thermal radiation and chemical reaction restrictions have a propensity to enhance thermal and mass transport rates, respectively. And also, water based TiO2 nanofluid possess higher velocity compared with water based CuO nanofluids. Keywords: Casson fluid, Thermal Radiation, Nanoparticles: MHD, Chemical reaction, Heat source/sink

In this paper, we proposed a new mathematical model for investigating the momentum and heat transfer behaviour of Jeffrey, Maxwell and Oldroyd-B nanofluids over a stretching surface in the presence of transverse magnetic field, non-uniform heat source/sink, thermal radiation and suction effects. The governing boundary layer partial differential equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and solved numerically by using Runge–Kutta based shooting technique. The effects of non-dimensional governing parameters on the flow and heat transfer are discussed with the help of graphs. Numerical values of the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are computed and discussed. We found an excellent agreement of the present results by comparing with the published results. Results indicate that the Jeffrey nanofluid has better heat transfer performance while compared with the Maxwell and Oldroyd-B nanofluids. Keywords: MHD, Jeffrey nanofluid, Maxwell nanofluid, Oldroyd-B nanofluid, Radiation, Non-uniform heat source/sink

The boundary layer analysis of a 2D forced convection flow along a persistent moving horizontal needle in electrically conducting magnetohydrodynamic dissipative ferrofluid is investigated. The energy equation is constructed with the Joule heating, variable heat source/sink and dissipation effects. To check the variation in the boundary layer behaviour, we considered the two ferrofluids namely, Fe3O4-methanol and Fe3O4-water. The reduced system of governing PDEs are solved by employing the R-K process. Computational results of the flow and energy transport are interpreted with the assistance of tabular and graphical illustrations. Increasing the needle size significantly reduces the flow and thermal fields of both nanofluids. In particular, thermal and velocity fields of Fe3O4-methanol nanofluid is highly depreciated when equated with the Fe3O4-water nanofluid. Keywords: Thin needle, Non-uniform heat source/sink, Ferrofluid, MHD, Nanoparticles, Viscous dissipation

The boundary layer analysis of liquid film flow of ferrofluids has awesome consideration due to its inexhaustible pragmatic applications in manufacturing processes. By keeping this in view, we analyzed the magnetohydrodynamic film flow of Casson fluid past an extending sheet with thermal radiation and non-uniform heat source/sink. To investigate the magnetic field effect on the flow, we applied the magnetic field at various flow directions. Dual solutions are found for kerosene-Fe3O4 and kerosene-CoFe2O4 ferrofluids. Similarity transformations are used to convert the nonlinear PDE’s as a group of nonlinear ODE’s. R-K strategy based shooting technique is utilized to solve the converted equations. Numerical estimations of the physical parameters involved in the problem are calculated for the friction factor and reduced Nusselt number. It is noticed that the heat transfer rate is high in kerosene-Fe3O4 ferrofluid when compared to kerosene-CoFe2O4 ferrofluid. Keywords: Aligned magnetic field, Radiation, Film flow, Non-uniform heat source/sink

Bonnet of a car, the upper surface of a pointed bullet and upper surface of the pointed part of an aircraft are typical examples of an upper horizontal surface of a paraboloid of revolution (uhspr). However, the flow of some fluids past these kinds of objects fit the description of Eyring-Powell fluid flow. Theoretical investigation of two-dimensional Eyring-Powell fluid flow over such object which is neither cone/wedge nor horizontal/vertical is investigated. It is assumed that the flow of Eyring-Powell fluid is induced by catalytic surface reaction and stretching fluid layers at the free stream. The numerical solutions of the governing equation are obtained using classical fourth order Runge-Kutta scheme together with shooting techniques. The impacts of the most important parameters on the flow are presented. It is concluded that the maximum velocity of the flow is ascertained when the flow is characterized as Newtonian fluid flow. On the surface of uhspr, rapid increase and suppress in the temperature distribution and concentration with an increase in the magnitude of one of the Eyring-Powell fluid parameters are guaranteed. A significant fall in the local skin friction coefficients is ascertained due to rise in the magnitude of thickness parameter. Keywords: Boundary layer analysis, Eyring-Powell fluid, Catalytic surface, Blasius flow, Heat transfer, Mass transfer

The present study sought to report the combined influences of frictional and irregular heat on MHD non-Newtonian fluid (Casson and Maxwell) flows due to stretched surface. The action of thermal diffusion and diffusion thermo is scrutinized. The flow will take place due to stretched surface. The equations determining the flow condition are transfigured as coupled equations through self similarity transmutations. R.K. Fehlberg technique is implemented to acquire the solution of the problem. Graphs are plotted to inspect the influence of sundry physical quantities on the three routine profiles of the flow field. Further, expressions are procured for friction factor along with the rate of heat and mass transfers and discussed comprehensively through tabular forms. Results indicate that Casson fluid attains highest velocity when compared with Maxwell fluid. The mass transfer rate in Maxwell fluid is better than that of Casson fluid whereas a dissimilar phenomenon is discerned in heat transfer rate. Also Eckert number and irregular heat parameters have tendency to exalt the fluid temperature. Keywords: Non-Newtonian fluids, Convective surface, Nonlinear radiation, MHD, Irregular heat parameters

Theoretical investigation is performed to discuss the heat and mass transfer behavior of chemically reacting magnetohydrodynamic Casson and Maxwell fluids past a stretching sheet with Brownian moment and thermophoresis effects with internal heat source/sink. Runge-Kutta based shooting procedure is employed to yield the solutions of the problem. Effects of the pertinent parameters on velocity, thermal and concentration boundary layers are analyzed through graphical illustrations. Also computed the reduced Nusselt and Sherwood numbers and presented through tables. It is found that the boundary layers of temperature and concentration fields are non-uniform for Casson and Maxwell fluids. Thermal and concentration fields of Maxwell fluid is highly influenced by the pertinent parameters when compared with the Casson fluid. Keywords: MHD, Casson and Maxwell fluids, Stretching sheet, Thermophoresis, Brownian motion

Flow and heat transfer behavior of magnetohydrodynamic Carreau and Casson fluids past an upper part of the paraboloid of revolution with space dependent internal heat source/sink is investigated theoretically. The buoyancy induced on the flow is considered in such way that the surface is neither vertical/horizontal nor wedge/cone. The equations that govern the flow are transformed using suitable similarity variables and solved numerically by employing R-K-F integration scheme. Graphical results are obtained to discuss the behavior of flow and temperature fields for various parameters of interest. Also the wall friction is computed and heat transfer coefficient is reduced. It is found that the boundary layers of temperature and velocity distributions are non-uniform for Carreau and Casson flows. Impact of drag force is high on Casson flow when equated with Carreau fluid. Keywords: Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Carreau fluid, Casson fluid, Paraboloid of revolution

This study is dedicated to figure out the flow, thermal and concentration boundary layer nature of Casson and Carreau fluids over an exponential stretching surface with zero normal flux of nanoparticles having magnetic behavior. Moreover, consideration of nanoparticles which are passively control at the surface is physically more realistic condition (Buongiorno model). Adequate similarity transforms are invoked to put the flow governing equations in dimensionless form. Then after, the transformed equations are solved by means of an effective Runge-Kutta based shooting method. The influence of the selected flow managing parameters on the usual profiles viz. velocity, thermal and concentration are inspected comprehensively with the aid of plots. Numerical treatment for friction factor and reduced Nusselt number is presented in tabular form. It is noticed that Carreau fluid is highly affected by the Lorentz force when equated with the Casson fluid. Keywords: MHD, Casson fluid, Carreau fluid, Convection, Brownian motion, Thermophoresis

This paper is perpetrated to inspect the MHD flow and heat transfer of two distinct non-Newtonian fluids across a stretching sheet with the new heat flux theory namely Cattaneo-Christov. Using this model, one can discern the impact of thermal relaxation time. Casson and viscoelastic fluids are supposed for the present perusal. The impacts of frictional heat and irregular heat are accounted. According to the heat variations in the nature or in any other system, the radiation effect on the flows may be linear or nonlinear. So the current investigation is aimed at nonlinear radiation. The flow governing equations have been altered as ODE via appropriate transmutations and then resolved by adopting R-K and Newton calculations. Graphs are displayed to discern the influence of physical parameters entered into the problem. The shear stress and heat transfer coefficients are also tabulated. It is inferred that Casson fluid obtains better velocity compared with viscoelastic fluid. Also, it is essential to disclose that thermal relaxation time exhibits dual behaviour on Casson fluid temperature. Also there is intensification in thermal boundary layer thickness with the enlargement of temperature ratio or frictional heat. Keywords: Non-Newtonian fluid, MHD, Non-uniform heat source/sink, Viscous dissipation, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model, Nonlinear radiation

In the present article, the problem of boundary layer flow of MHD electrically conducting fluid past a cone and a wedge with non-uniform heat source/sink along with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux is investigated numerically. At first, the flow equations are converted into ODE via appropriate self similarity transforms and the resulting equations are solved with the assistance of R.-K. and Newton’s methods. The influence of several dimensionless parameters on velocity and temperature fields in addition to the friction factor and reduced heat transfer coefficient has been examined with the support of graphs and numerical values. The heat transfer phenomenon in the flow caused by the cone is excessive when compared to the wedge flow. Also, the thermal and momentum boundary layers are not the same for the flow over a cone and wedge. Keywords: MHD, Non-uniform heat source/sink, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, Cone and wedge

Present study is a numerical investigation of the flow, heat and mass transfer behaviour of magnetohydrodynamic flow over a vertical rotating cone through porous medium in the presence of thermal radiation, chemical reaction and Soret effects. Further, the numerical solutions are elucidated by using Runge-Kutta based shooting technique. Obtained results are validated with open literature and found an excellent agreement. The influence of non-dimensional governing parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles along with the friction factor, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are determined and discussed with the help of graphs and tables. Results proved that the variable porosity parameter have tendency to enhance the heat and mass transfer rate. An increase in the buoyancy parameter depreciates the thermal and concentration boundary layer thicknesses. Keywords: Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Rotating cone, Radiation, Soret, Chemical reaction

The knowledge of heat and mass transfer of MHD flows over different geometries is very important for heat exchangers design, transpiration, fiber coating, etc. With this initiation, a mathematical model is proposed to investigate the two-dimensional flow, heat and mass transfer of magnetohydrodynamic flow over three different geometries (vertical cone, vertical wedge, and a vertical plate). Cattaneo-Christov heat flux with external magnetic field, thermophoresis and Brownian movement effect are introduced in the model. Runge-Kutta and Newtonâs methods are employed to solve the altered governing nonlinear equations. The influences of the parameters of concern on the common profiles (velocity, temperature, and concentration) are conversed (in three cases). By viewing the same parameters, skin friction coefficient, heat and mass transfer rates are discussed with the assistance of tables. It is discovered that the momentum and thermal boundary layers are non-uniform for the MHD flow over three geometries (vertical cone, wedge, and a plate). Thermal and solutal Grashof numbers regulate the temperature and concentration fields. The heat and mass transfer rates of the flow over a cone are highly influenced by the thermal relaxation parameter. Keywords: MHD, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, Thermal relaxation, Thermophoresis, Brownian motion

In the present study we have explored the time dependent combined convectional flow on a rotating cone in a rotating Jeffrey fluid with the combined effects of heat and mass transfer. The governing equations of motion, energy and mass transfer for unsteady flow are presented and simplified using similar variables. The reduced coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved analytically with the help of strong analytical technique homotopy analysis method. The heat transfer analysis for prescribed wall temperature is considered. Numerical results for Nusselt number and Sherwood number have computed and discussed. The physical features of pertinent parameters are discussed by plotting the graphs of velocity, heat transfer, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number.

This study reports the enhanced heat transfer of electrically conducting magnetic-nanofluids with thermal radiation and inclined magnetic field effects. We consider water as a base fluid embedded with the two different types of aluminum alloy nanoparticles namely AA 7072 and AA 7075. AA 7072 is a special type of heat treatable aluminum alloy with 98% Al and 1% of Zn with the additives such as Si, Fe and Cu. Similarly, AA 7075 contains 90% Al, 5–6% Zn, 2–3% Mg, 1–2% Cu with the additives such as Si, Fe and Mn. Numerical results are explored with the aid of R-K and Newton’s techniques. Results are depicted diagrammatically and discussed on the common profiles of interest (velocity and temperature). The heat transfer rate of water-AA 7075 nanofluid is significantly high when compared with the rate of heat transfer of water-AA 7072 nanofluid.

The boundary layer flow across a slendering stretching sheet has gotten awesome consideration due to its inexhaustible pragmatic applications in nuclear reactor technology, acoustical components, chemical and manufacturing procedures, for example, polymer extrusion, and machine design. By keeping this in view, we analyzed the two-dimensional MHD flow across a slendering stretching sheet within the sight of variable viscosity and viscous dissipation. The sheet is thought to be convectively warmed. Convective boundary conditions through heat and mass are employed. Similarity transformations used to change over the administering nonlinear partial differential equations as a group of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Runge-Kutta based shooting technique is utilized to solve the converted equations. Numerical estimations of the physical parameters involved in the problem are calculated for the friction factor, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Viscosity variation parameter and chemical reaction parameter shows the opposite impact to each other on the concentration profile. Heat and mass transfer Biot numbers are helpful to enhance the temperature and concentration respectively. Keywords: MHD, Variable viscosity, Viscous dissipation, Convective boundary conditions, Slendering stretching sheet

This paper reports the magnetohydrodynamic chemically reacting Casson and Maxwell fluids past a stretching sheet with cross diffusion, non-uniform heat source/sink, thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. Numerical results are obtained by employing the R-K based shooting method. Effects of pertinent parameters on flow, thermal and concentration fields are discussed with graphical illustrations. We presented the tabular results to discuss the nature of the skin friction coefficient, reduced Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Dual nature is observed in the solution of Casson and Maxwell fluids. It is also observed a significant increase in heat and mass transfer rate of Maxwell fluid when compared with the Casson fluid. Keywords: Chemical reaction, Casson fluid, Maxwell fluid, Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Stretching sheet, Soret and Dufour effect

The knowledge of heat transfer in MHD nanofluid flows over different geometries is very important for heat exchangers design, transpiration, fiber coating, etc. Recent days, heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluids plays a major role in manufacturing processes due to its shear thinning and thickening properties. Naturally, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles move randomly within the base fluid. By applying the transverse magnetic field, the motion of those nanoparticles becomes uniform. This phenomenon is very useful in heat transfer processes. With this initiation, a mathematical model is developed to investigate the heat transfer behaviour of electrically conducting MHD flow of a Casson nanofluid over a cone, wedge and a plate. We consider a Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model with variable source/sink and nonlinear radiation effects. We also considered water as the base fluid suspended with magnetite nanoparticles. R-K-Felhberg-integration scheme is employed to resolve the altered governing nonlinear equations. Impacts of governing parameters on common profiles (temperature and velocity) are conversed (in three cases). By viewing the same parameters, the friction factor coefficient and heat transfer rate are discussed with the assistance of tables. It is found that the boundary layers (thermal and flow) over three geometries (cone, wedge and a plate) are not uniform. It is also found that the thermal relaxation parameter effectively enhances the heat local Nusselt number and the heat transfer performance is high in the flow over a wedge when compared with the flows over a cone and plate. Keywords: MHD, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, Space and temperature dependent source/sink, Nonlinear thermal radiation, Casson nanofluid

In this article, mixed convection MHD Casson fluid flow towards an inclined stretching cylindrical surface in a double stratified medium is considered. The flow field situation is manifested with heat generation/absorption and chemical reaction effects. The flow narrating partial differential equations are converted in terms of ordinary differential equations by means of suitable transformation. A computational algorithm (shooting method along with Runge-Kutta scheme) is executed to offered numerical solution. The effects of an involved flow controlling parameters namely curvature parameter, mixed convection parameter, an inclination, magnetic field parameter, thermal stratification parameter, heat generation/absorption parameter, solutal stratification parameter and chemical reaction parameter are offered with the aid of graphs and tables. It is noticed that both Casson fluid temperature and Casson fluid concentration admits decline nature towards thermal stratification parameter and solutal stratification parameter respectively. In addition, the justification of present outcomes is obtained by developing comparison with existing published work. We found an excellent match which yields the surety of numerical results subject to Casson fluid flow brought by an inclined stretching cylindrical surface immersed in a double stratified medium. Keywords: Casson fluid model, Temperature stratification, Concentration stratification, MHD, Heat generation/absorption, Chemical reaction, Shooting method

Background & objectives: Theileriosis is an important tick-bome hemoprotozoan disease of cattle which causes severe economic loss due to morbidity and mortality. A diagnostic test having high sensitivity, specificity and easy application at the field level is the need of the hour. In this regard Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is proven to be a sensitive, easy and time efficient method. One of the major obstacles for the application of LAMP is the difficulty in maintaining the cold chain to preserve reagents. Thus, the challenge is to develop a LAMP kit in a ready-to-use format with dried reagents useful for quick and simple application in field conditions. Methods: The optimized reaction of wet LAMP was followed for the standardization of dry LAMP with certain modifications which are needful. The major modification is vitrification technology of enzyme using trehalose. Results: LAMP assay (dry and wet LAMP) was found to be more sensitive (100%) when compared to microscopy (69.5%) and PCR (86.9%). It was observed that the dry LAMP reaction tubes at room temperature as well as refrigeration temperature provided successful amplification till 7 weeks. Interpretation & conclusion: The drying conditions of LAMP reagents were optimized, and finally managed to dry them in a single reaction tube without reducing the sensitivity. This technology enables us to transport LAMP kits to areas where the cold chain is not easily available.

The current study covers the relative study of non-aligned magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow of a nanofluid comprising gyrotactic microorganisms across a stretching sheet in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation and variable viscosity. The governing equations transitioned as nonlinear ordinary differential equations with suited similarity transformations. With the assistance of Runge-Kutta based shooting method, we derived solutions. Results for oblique and free stream flow cases are exhibited through plots for the parameters of concern. In tabular form, heat and mass transfer rate along with the local density of the motile microorganisms are analyzed for some parameters. It is found that local density of the motile microorganisms is highly influenced by the Biot and Peclet numbers. Rising values of the magnetic field parameter, Biot number, thermal radiation parameter and thermophoresis parameter increase the thermal boundary layer. Bioconvection Peclet number and bioconvection Lewis number have tendency to reduce the density of the motile microorganisms. It is also found that thermal and concentration boundary layers become high in free stream flow when compared with the oblique flow.

This communication addresses the thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects on magnetohydrodynamic radiative Falkner-Skan flow of Casson fluid over a wedge with convective condition. In most of the existing studies thermal radiation is linear. Due to the noticeable significance of the numerous industrial as well as engineering applications, in this study we measured the thermal radiation is nonlinear. Numerical results are presented graphically as well as in tabular form with aid of Runge-Kutta and Newton’s methods. Effects of pertinent parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are presented and discussed for three wedge positions (i.e. static wedge, forward and backward movements of wedge). For engineering interest we also computed friction factor, heat and mass transfer rates. It is observed that thermal, concentration and momentum boundary layers are not uniform at different wedge positions. It is also observed that the heat and mass transfer rate is high when the wedge is moving in forward direction.

In this study, we inquired the cross-diffusion effects on the magnetohydrodynamic Williamson fluid flow across a variable thickness stretching sheet by viewing velocity slip. With the aid of Runge-Kutta based shooting process, we resolved the transformed differential equations numerically. The effects of different dimensionless parameters on three usual profiles (velocity, temperature, concentration) along with skin friction coefficient, heat transfer rate and mass transfer rate are examined with the support of plots and tables. Dual solutions are exhibited for two cases i.e., Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid. Results reveal that the Soret and Dufour numbers have drift to control the thermal and concentration boundary layers. We also found a good agreement of the present results by comparing with the published results.

In this study, we investigated the effects of nonlinear thermal radiation and non-uniform heat source/sink in unsteady three-dimensional flow of Carreau and Casson fluids past a stretching surface in the presence of homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions. The transformed governing equations are solved numerically using Runge–Kutta based shooting technique. We obtained good accuracy of the present results by comparing with the already published literature. The influence of dimensionless governing parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles along with the friction factors, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers is discussed and presented graphically. We presented dual solutions for flow, heat and mass transfer in Carreau and Casson fluids. It is found that the heat and mass transfer rate in Casson fluid is significantly high while compared with the Carreau fluid.

This article presents the effects of nonlinear thermal radiation and induced magnetic field on viscoelastic fluid flow toward a stagnation point. It is assumed that there exists a kind of chemical reaction between chemical species A and B. The diffusion coefficients of the two chemical species in the viscoelastic fluid flow are unequal. Since chemical species B is a catalyst at the horizontal surface, hence homogeneous and heterogeneous schemes are of the isothermal cubic autocatalytic reaction and first order reaction respectively. The transformed governing equations are solved numerically using Runge–Kutta integration scheme along with Newton’s method. Good agreement is obtained between present and published numerical results for a limiting case. The influence of some pertinent parameters on skin friction coefficient, local heat transfer rate, together with velocity, induced magnetic field, temperature, and concentration profiles is illustrated graphically and discussed. Based on all of these assumptions, results indicate that the effects of induced magnetic and viscoelastic parameters on velocity, transverse velocity and velocity of induced magnetic field are almost the same but opposite in nature. The strength of heterogeneous reaction parameter is very helpful to reduce the concentration of bulk fluid and increase the concentration of catalyst at the surface.

The effect of transpiration on magnetohydrodynamic stagnation-point flow of a Carreau nanofluid toward a stretching/shrinking sheet in the presence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion was investigated numerically. The transformed governing partial differential equations are solved using Runge–Kutta coupled with shooting technique. The effect of pertinent parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles along with the friction factor, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers is presented graphically and through tables. It is observed that, increasing values of the thermophoresis parameter enhances the heat and mass transfer rate, whereas the Weissenberg number enlarges the momentum boundary layer thickness along with the heat and mass transfer rate. A good agreement of the present results has been observed by comparing with the published results.

In this study, we analyzed the induced magnetic field effect on the stagnation-point flow of a non-Newtonian fluid over a stretching sheet with homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions and non-uniform heat source or sink. The transformed ordinary differential equations are solved numerically using Runge–Kutta and Newton's method. For physical relevance we analyzed the behavior of homogeneous and heterogeneous profiles individually in the presence of induced magnetic field. The effects of different non-dimensional governing parameters on velocity, induced magnetic field, temperature and concentration profiles, along with the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number, are discussed and presented through graphs. The results of the present study are validated by comparing with the existed literature. Results indicate that induced magnetic field parameter and stretching ratio parameter have the tendency to enhance the heat transfer rate.

In this study we investigated the effect of space and temperature dependent heat generation/absorption on three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow over a nonlinearly permeable stretching sheet. After using appropriate self-similarity transformation the governing equations are solved numerically using bvp4c Matlab package. The effects of the non-dimensional governing parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are discussed with the help of graphs. Also, coefficient of skin friction and Nusselt number is analyzed and presented through tables. It is found that present results have an excellent agreement with the existed studies under some special cases. Results indicate that an increase in space and temperature dependent heat source or sink increases the temperature and concentration profiles of the flow. Dual solutions exist only for certain range of power-law index.

In this study we analyzed the flow, heat and mass transfer behavior of Casson fluid past an exponentially permeable stretching surface in presence of thermal radiation, magneticfield, viscous dissipation, heat source and chemical reaction. We presented dual solutions by comparing the results of the Casson fluid with the Newtonian fluid. The governing partial nonlinear differential equations of the flow, heat and mass transfer are transformed into ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and solved numerically by using Matlab bvp4c package. The effects of various non-dimensional governing parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are discussed and presented graphically. Also, the friction factor, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are analyzed and presented in tabular form for both Casson and Newtonian fluids separately. Under some special conditions the results of the present study have an excellent agreement with existing studies for both Casson and Newtonian fluid cases.

We analyzed the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic radiative flow and heat transfer characteristics of a dusty nanofluid over an exponentially permeable stretching surface in presence of volume fraction of dust and nano particles. We considered two types of nanofluids namely Cu-water and CuO-water embedded with conducting dust particles. The governing equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and solved numerically using Runge–Kutta based shooting technique. The effects of non-dimensional governing parameters namely magneticfield parameter, mass concentration of dust particles, fluid particle interaction parameter, volume fraction of dust particles, volume fraction of nano particles, unsteadiness parameter, exponential parameter, radiation parameter and suction/injection parameter on velocity profiles for fluid phase, dust phase and temperature profiles are discussed and presented through graphs. Also, friction factor and Nusselt numbers are discussed and presented for two dusty nanofluids separately. Comparisons of the present study were made with existing studies under some special assumptions. The present results have an excellent agreement with existing studies. Results indicated that the enhancement in fluid particle interaction increases the heat transfer rate and depreciates the wall friction. Also, radiation parameter has the tendency to increase the temperature profiles of the dusty nanofluid.

In this study we analyzed the momentum and heat transfer characteristics of MHD boundary layer flow over an exponentially stretching surface in porous medium in the presence of radiation, non-uniform heat source/sink, external pressure and suction/injection. Dual solutions are presented for both suction and injection cases. The heat transfer analysis is carried out for both prescribed surface temperature (PST) and prescribed heat flux (PHF) cases. The governing equations of the flow are transformed into system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and solved numerically using bvp4c Matlab package. The impact of various non-dimensional governing parameters on velocity, temperature profiles for both PST and PHF cases, friction factor and rate of heat transfer is discussed and presented with the help of graphs and tables. Results indicate that dual solutions exist only for certain range of suction or injection parameters. It is also observed that the exponential parameter have tendency to increase the heat transfer rate for both PST and PHF cases.

In this study we analyzed the momentum and heat transfer behavior of CuO-water and Al2O3-waternanofluids embedded with micrometer sized conducting dust particles towards a porous stretching/shrinking cylinder at different temperatures in presence of suction/injection, uniform magnetic field, shape of nano particles, volume fraction of micro and nano particles. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation. Numerical solutions of these equations can be obtained by using Runge-Kutta Felhberg technique. The influence of non-dimensional governing parameters on the flow field and heat transfer characteristics are discussed and presented through graphs and tables. Results indicates that spherical shaped nano particles showed better thermal enhancement compared with cylindrical shaped nano particles, increase in volume fraction of nano particles helps to enhance the uniform thermal conductivity. But it does not happen by increase in volume fraction of dust particles. Enhancement in fluid particle interaction reduces the friction factor and improves the heat transfer rate.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of non-uniform heat source/sink, mass transfer and chemical reaction on an unsteady mixed convection boundary layer flow of a magneto-micropolar fluid past a stretching/shrinking sheet in the presence of viscous dissipation and suction/injection. The governing equations of the flow, heat and mass transfer are transformed into system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and then solved numerically using Shooting technique with Matlab Package. The influence of non-dimensional governing parameters on velocity, microrotation, temperature and concentration profiles are discussed and presented with the help of their graphical representations. Also, friction factor, heat and mass transfer rates have been computed and presented through tables. Under some special conditions, present results are compared with the existed results to check the accuracy and validity of the present study. An excellent agreement is observed with the existed results.

We analyse the effects of radiation and rotation on unsteady hydromagnetic free convection flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid past an impulsively moving vertical plate in a porous medium by applying inclined magnetic field, Under Boussinesq approximation, assuming that the temperature of the plate has a temporarily ramped profile. An exact solution of the governing equations, in dimensionless form is obtained by Laplace transform technique. To compare the results obtained in this case with that of isothermal plate and exact solution of the governing equations are also obtained for isothermal plate and results are discussed graphically in both ramped temperature and isothermal cases.

Majority of farmers in India are irrigating their crops without using any irrigation scheduling criteria. Consequently, the application of excess irrigation water causes water logging, wastage of precious water resources, plant diseases, soil salinity as well as the lack of water results into crop water stress. In the present research work an automated Wireless Gypsum Block Sensor Network System (WSN) was developed to automate irrigation scheduling. The developed gypsum blocks sensors were interlinked with Global System for Mobile (GSM) Module with a microcontroller unit. The sensor performed well in the range of 10–19% volumetric moisture content. These sensors were reliable in the range of 30–90 kPa. The sensors highly correlated with coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.93 with slope 0.13 and small relative root mean square error (RRMSE) for given soil moisture potential at depth of 30–45 cm. The microcontroller starts the pump when soil moisture content reaches below the field capacity (FC) and stops when field reaches at FC of a given threshold rage 15–18. The field information is received by the user through mobile via transmitters and receiver using text messages. The system saves the water an average up to 7%.

Introduction: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in India and rehabilitation therapy is underdeveloped. Neurorehabilitation is a program that caters to people who have disabilities to help them attain and maintain optimal performance. The majority of people with disabilities are economically underprivileged and have trouble getting access to basic health care (including rehabilitation). Physiotherapists also face limitations in providing services to stroke survivors and this study is to identify those challenges. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the limitations faced by physiotherapists during stroke rehabilitation. Material and Method: In November 2022, a focus group discussion was held with a sample size of 12 physiotherapy residents from neurorehabilitation and community rehabilitation working in a tertiary hospital. After consent was taken, audiovideography was recorded, transcripted, and documented. Data were thoroughly transcribed, and thematic analysis and characteristics were established. Results: After extraction of codes and themes, the following results were found. General categories of themes are lack of awareness on stroke and physiotherapy, infrastructure, financial constraints, family dynamic, social health, amotivation and mental health, collaboration limitations, problems in-home services, and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on rehabilitation. Recommendations given by the participants were creating a stroke community, availability of more insurance companies to support and provide relief for financial stress, early education and awareness on stroke from school level, active participation of caregivers and family members to assist the patient in home-based therapy, and availability of NGOs that cater specifically to physiotherapy. Conclusion: It was concluded that neurorehabilitation in India needs to attend to the given categories. Policymakers must be aware of the financial and social issues that stroke survivors experience and enact legislation that will decrease mental and financial stress.

While observational records provide evidence for strengthening of the Pacific Walker circulation and the boreal winter Hadley cell over the last few decades, the underlying causes are not well understood. This study investigates the radiative effects of CO _2 and anthropogenic aerosols on regional variations in the intensity of tropical meridional (Hadley-like) and zonal (Walker-like) overturning circulations, based on a suite of experiments using the IITM Earth System Model (IITM-ESM) along with supplementary analysis of observed and reanalysis datasets. Two key findings emerge from our study (i) strengthening of the Pacific Walker circulation with enhanced zonal sea surface temperature gradients and precipitation increase over the tropical Indo-Pacific, in response to global warming via ocean-atmosphere coupled feedbacks (ii) aerosol-induced intensification of regional meridional overturning circulation over the ( $0-120^{\circ}$ E) longitudinal domain resulting from inter-hemispheric energy imbalance and southward shift of the southern hemispheric (SH) rainfall belt extending eastward from Africa across the Indian Ocean. Our results suggest that the combined radiative influence of increased CO _2 and northern hemispheric (NH) anthropogenic aerosols reinforces the regional meridional overturning circulation, by enhancing convection over the SH and promoting widespread descent over the NH subtropics and mid-latitudes covering northern Africa, Mediterranean, parts of middle-East, West and South Asia. The present findings have important implications for the regional water resources, agriculture and environment.