Search

Fruiting bodies of mushrooms are rich in proteins. The most rich in proteins is Boletus edulis (white mushroom), and total protein contains all the essential amino acids. The low bioavailability of proteins Boletus edulis stimulates the search for ways to improve. One way to improve the bioavailability of nutrients of Boletus edulis is an extraction. This article presents the results of studies of extracts of white mushroom (Boletus edulis), obtained using different methods of processing the chopped dry fruiting body. The effect of physical and biotechnological parameters on the efficiency of the extraction of proteins was studied. The spectral characteristics and protein content of the obtained extracts were determined. It is shown that the ultrasonic extraction activation leads to the most efficient protein extraction(an increase of 9.5%). It is also significantly affected by the duration of extraction. The use of the enzyme preparation in the investigated ratios do not have a positive impact, however, enzymatic treatment in conjunction with ultrasound treatment increased the efficiency of 13.5%, showing the complex diffusion processes in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms. Increasing the length of the extraction, despite the high content of protein in the extract, is impractical because of the risk of bacterial contamination of high-nutritive extract. Increasing the temperature of the process has no significant effect on the protein content, but it reduces the value of the extract, due to the destruction of heat-labile components, which include vitamins and secondary metabolites. The extract application rate for curd product was determined. For the test samples organoleptic characteristics and titratable acidity were determined. The most appropriate dose of the extract in the manufacture of making curd product is 15% by weight of the finished product.

Klebsiella is one of the most common causes of neonatal sepsis. Cases caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella strains are of the most relevance. The infections caused by these bacterial strains are resistant to the majority of cephalosporins commonly used in practice and lead to significant mortality. The development of their clinical forms, including severe ones, is determined by a number of virulence factors that include capsular antigen, lipopolysaccharide, pili, and siderophores. Despite the fact that the probability of sepsis is highest in premature infants, full-term ones are equally at risk in the situations associated by the infection due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella. Our investigation of the specific features of the course of neonatal sepsis caused by Klebsiella established that hemorrhagic syndrome evolving in the presence of thrombocytopenia is the most common condition developing in Klebsiella-induced sepsis that determines the severity of a patient’s condition and affects the outcome of the disease.

Using the immunoblotting method, the synthesis of two copper-transporting P1-type ATPases, ATP7A (a candidate for the product of the Menkes disease gene) and ATP7B (a presumed product of the Wilson disease gene), in the yolk sac cells of rat embryos at days 11 and 20 of embryogenesis was demonstrated. Concomitantly, yolk sac cells produce ceruloplasmin, a soluble copper-transporting glycoprotein, a proportion of which in secreted proteins progressively diminishes, attaining 5.2% at day 11 and 3.1% at day 20 of development. At different stages of embryogenesis, yolk sac cells synthesize two molecular forms of [14C]-ceruloplasmin, one of which is secreted towards the embryo, whereas the other, towards the decidual membrane. Two forms of ceruloplasmin secreted in polar directions differ in the rate of secretion. The role of the yolk sac as a key organ controlling the delivery and secretion of copper in the embryo during the postimplantation period is discussed.

The interaction was studied of ceruloplasmin (Cp, EC 1.16.3.1), a copper-containing plasma protein, with two synthetic peptides P15 and P16 whose structures correlate with those of the noncytosolic regions of the copper transfer P1 type ATPase (ATP7A), apparently encoded by the Menkes disease gene (Atp7a). Pentadecapeptide P15 and hexadecapeptide P16 were synthesized using the solid phase method. They correspond to fragments of two extracellular loops ATP7A, of which one loop is apparently involved in the copper ion transfer (P16) whereas the otheris not (P15). The protein footprinting showed that P16 binds to a fragment of the ceruloplasmin domain 6. Kinetics of the ceruloplasmin-P16 binding was studied by affinity chromatography on P16 immobilized on a macroporous disk, and theK d value (1.5¢10−6 M) of this interaction was determined. The ATP7A involvement in the copper ion transfer to nonhepatocyte cells is discussed.

The comparative evaluation of the reactogenic and immunogenic properties of vaccine "Euvax B" in adolescents aged 16-18 years was carried out in factory housing estate Lvovsky, the Podolsk district, the Moscow region, and in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (AD): in towns Salekhard, Noyabrsk, Muravlenko, in housing estate Tarko-Sale. The evaluation demonstrated that the use of this vaccine in a dose of 20 mg/ml produced no postvaccinal complications and the frequency of postvaccinal reactions was insignificant. Postvaccinal anti-HBs were detected, on the average, in protective concentrations in 98.4 +/- 1.8% of the vaccines (99.0 +/- 1.9% in the Moscow region, 97.7 +/- 3.2% in the Yamalo-Nenets AD). In most of the vaccinated adolescents high concentrations of postvacinal anti-HBs were detected: in 51.4 +/- 9.7% of the vaccinees in the Moscow region and in 89.7 +/- 6.4% in the Yamalo-Nenets AD they exceeded 1,000 I.U./lit. The conclusion was made that in the territories located in subarctic latitudes vaccinal prophylaxis against hepatitis B was safe and highly effective and have no limitations connected with the conditions of the Far North.

Using the immunoblotting method, the synthesis of two copper-transporting P1-type ATPases, ATP7A (a candidate for the product of the Menkes disease gene) and ATP7B (presumed product of the Wilson disease gene), in the yolk sac cells of rat embryos at days 11 and 20 of embryogenesis was demonstrated. Concomitantly, yolk sac cells produce ceruloplasmin, a soluble copper-transporting glycoprotein, a proportion of which in secreted proteins progressively diminishes, attaining 5.2% at day 11 and 3.1% at day 20 of development. At different stages of embryogenesis, yolk sac cells synthesize two molecular forms of [14]C-ceruloplasmin, one of which is secreted towards the embryo, whereas the other, towards the decidual membrane. Two forms of ceruloplasmin secreted in polar directions differ in the rate of secretion. The role of the yolk sac as a key organ controlling the delivery and secretion of copper in the embryo during the postimplantation period is discussed.

The interaction was studied of ceruloplasmin (Cp, EC 1.16.3.1), a copper-containing plasma protein, with two synthetic peptides P15 and P16 whose structures correlate with those of the noncytosolic regions of the copper transfer P1 type ATPase (ATP7A), apparently encoded by the Menkes disease gene (Atp7a). Pentadecapeptide P15 and hexadecapeptide P16 were synthesized using the solid phase method. They correspond to fragments of two extracellular loops ATP7A, of which one loop is apparently involved in the copper ion transfer (P16) whereas the other is not (P15). The protein footprinting showed that P16 binds to a fragment of the ceruloplasmin domain 6. Kinetics of the ceruloplasmin-P16 binding was studied by affinity chromatography on P16 immobilized on a macroporous disk, and the Kd value (1.5 x 10(-6) M) of this interaction was determined. The ATP7A involvement in the copper ion transfer to nonhepatocyte cells is discussed.

In chase experiments, we followed the distribution of [125I]-ceruloplasmin prepared from human breast milk orally administered to young rats. Experiments were conducted using six-day-old rat pups (the embryonic type of copper metabolism) or 35-day-old ones (the adult type of copper metabolism). Using the technique of rocket immunoelectrophoresis, we have demonstrated that in six-day-old rats [125I]-ceruloplasmin was transferred from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream and could be detected there over a period of 4 h. In 35-day-old rats, milk ceruloplasmin was digested in the upper part of the intestinal tract. The dynamic aspects of the distribution of labeled milk ceruloplasmin in the body of six-day old rats over a period of 4 h point out that, under the conditions of embryonic copper metabolism, it can serve as a transporter of copper ions to extrahepatic organs. We discuss the role of milk ceruloplasmin in copper metabolism in mammals during the neonatal period.

In albino rats exposure for long periods to 3,4-benzpyrene alone or in conjunction with sulfur dioxide leads to a decrease in the concentrations of thiamine and riboflavin in the liver and brain and to an increase in the excretion of vitamins, B1, B2, PP, and C in the urine.

Early energy changes in lungs, liver, and kidneys during the introduction of a benz a pyrene and phenol (as the possible carcinogen activator) were studied. It was observed that 10 days after a single instance introduction of 5 mg benz a pyrene per 0.9% NaCl (60 rats), oxidative phosphorylation in the lungs and livers is disturbed in the test rats, accompanied by a reduction of adenine nucleotides in these tissues. It is assumed that at this stage, the detoxication of benz a pyrene is intensified by free oxidation systems and by the respiratory chain of mitochondria. A chronic 3-month exposure to benz a pyrene and phenol (150 rats, each 5 mg of benz a pyrene per month intratracheally and 0.4 mg/m3 of phenol round-the-clock) results in greater disturbances of the energy exchange in the lungs, liver and kidneys. Benz a pyrene and phenol, individually and in combination, inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in the lungs. This significantly decreases the content of adenine nucleotides in this tissue. Activation of anaerobic glycolysis (twofold) and of aerobic glycolysis (eightfold) does not make up for the energy insufficiency in the tissue. The effect of benz a pyrene and phenol in the liver also results in suppressing oxidative phosphorylation and in the activation of glycolysis (anaerobic 2.5 times, the aerobic 3.7 times). Changes in the bioenergy of the kidneys are not as great. Phenol in its combined effect with benz[a]pyrene intensifies the effect of the latter, as shown primarily to the greater activation of anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis in the lungs and livers of test rats. The observed disturbances as concern the weight dynamics of the animals (weight loss in test rats), vitamin metabolism (their decrease in the organs in in urine) and hemopoiesis of red blood cells (erythropenia) attest to the toxic effect of benz a pyrene phenol on the organism, which is greater in the case of the combined action of the studied agents. No changes were discerned in the morphology of white blood cells.

Based on an analysis of correlations between variation in the amount of alveolar macrophages of rat lungs and activity of enzymes localized in these cells (acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, lactate dehydrogenase), the cytobiochemical changes in the function of pulmonary alveolar macrophages have been defined with the use of a model of permanent inhalation exposure to sulfur dioxide. The use of the model enables the dilimitation of the stages of defence-compensatory reactions and their transition to an unfavourable biological effect. The results obtained may serve as a theoretical basis for recommending a wider experimental application of the tests in question during regulation of environmental factors.