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C-FOG is a comprehensive bi-national project dealing with the formation, persistence, and dissipation (life cycle) of fog in coastal areas (coastal fog) controlled by land, marine, and atmospheric processes. Given its inherent complexity, coastal-fog literature has mainly focused on case studies, and there is a continuing need for research that integrates across processes (e.g., air–sea–land interactions, environmental flow, aerosol transport, and chemistry), dynamics (two-phase flow and turbulence), microphysics (nucleation, droplet characterization), and thermodynamics (heat transfer and phase changes) through field observations and modeling. Central to C-FOG was a field campaign in eastern Canada from 1 September to 8 October 2018, covering four land sites in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia and an adjacent coastal strip transected by the Research Vessel Hugh R. Sharp. An array of in situ, path-integrating, and remote sensing instruments gathered data across a swath of space–time scales relevant to fog life cycle. Satellite and reanalysis products, routine meteorological observations, numerical weather prediction model (WRF and COAMPS) outputs, large-eddy simulations, and phenomenological modeling underpin the interpretation of field observations in a multiscale and multiplatform framework that helps identify and remedy numerical model deficiencies. An overview of the C-FOG field campaign and some preliminary analysis/findings are presented in this paper.

Few studies have reported on the optimization of patient compliance within outcome registries and no studies exist on orthopaedic outcome registries in the military to date. Our aim is to report on the compliance rate of an electronic, web-based, patient-reported outcomes program, with particular emphasis on the effect of variables in data acquisition on survey compliance at a single military installation.1,814 patients were entered into the database allowing patients to complete subjective preoperative validated scores. Patient compliance and completeness was calculated. Furthermore, we compared compliance rates for paper vs. electronic platforms and length of survey.40% complied without staff intervention. This increased to 73% with staff intervention. The electronic platform had a higher compliance rate (67%) and lower incompletion rate (3%) than paper (59%, p = 0.044). Short form compliance was 89% compared to standard form of 70% (p = 0.006).This is the first report of an orthopaedic registry in a U.S. military population. Self-prompted compliance occurred in 40% of patients and can be increased to over 70% with staff intervention. Electronic platforms are logistically simpler, and result in higher patient compliance, as do shorter survey lengths. Further study on longer term compliance is warranted.

Extending Quantum Memory Practical applications in quantum communication and quantum computation require the building blocks—quantum bits and quantum memory—to be sufficiently robust and long-lived to allow for manipulation and storage (see the Perspective by Boehme and McCarney ). Steger et al. (p. 1280 ) demonstrate that the nuclear spins of 31 P impurities in an almost isotopically pure sample of 28 Si can have a coherence time of as long as 192 seconds at a temperature of ∼1.7 K. In diamond at room temperature, Maurer et al. (p. 1283 ) show that a spin-based qubit system comprised of an isotopic impurity ( 13 C) in the vicinity of a color defect (a nitrogen-vacancy center) could be manipulated to have a coherence time exceeding one second. Such lifetimes promise to make spin-based architectures feasible building blocks for quantum information science.

We demonstrate a method of magnetic resonance imaging with single nuclear-spin sensitivity under ambient conditions. Our method employs isolated electronic-spin quantum bits (qubits) as magnetic resonance "reporters" on the surface of high purity diamond. These spin qubits are localized with nanometer-scale uncertainty, and their quantum state is coherently manipulated and measured optically via a proximal nitrogen-vacancy color center located a few nanometers below the diamond surface. This system is then used for sensing, coherent coupling, and imaging of individual proton spins on the diamond surface with angstrom resolution. Our approach may enable direct structural imaging of complex molecules that cannot be accessed from bulk studies. It realizes a new platform for probing novel materials, monitoring chemical reactions, and manipulation of complex systems on surfaces at a quantum level.

The absorption of HCl and SO{sub 2} with calcium silicate was studied in a bench-scale, fixed-bed reactor at 120 C. From 0 to 3.5% relative humidity (RH), an increase in relative humidity increased sorbent utilization by reaction with HCl. From 3.5 to 19% RH, final sorbent loading by HCl was constant at 1.4 mol/mol of Ca{sup 2+}. The absorption rate of HCl was first-order in HCl concentration from 250 to 3,250 ppm. When calcium silicate was exposed to HCl and SO{sub 2} simultaneously in the absence of O{sub 2} or NO{sub 2}, no SO{sub 2} remained loaded with the solids at the end of an experiment. Any SO{sub 2} that was absorbed was eventually emitted from the solids in favor of increased HCl absorption. The addition of O{sub 2} to the simulated flue gas caused improved SO{sub 2} adsorption but had little effect on HCl absorption. A dramatic increase in final SO{sub 2} loading and a decrease in final HCl loading was observed with NO{sub 2} was added to the gas stream. Adding 50 ppm NO{sub 2} increased SO{sub 2} loading from 0 to 0.73 mol/mol of Ca{sup 2+} and decreased HCl loading from 1.4 to 0.61 mol/mol of Ca{supmore » 2+}. In the presence of NO{sub 2}, increasing the SO{sub 2}/HCl inlet ratio increased final SO{sub 2} loading and decreased final HCl loading. In experiments without HCl from 90 to 150 C, it was found that a low concentration of NO{sub 2} increased final SO{sub 2} loading more at higher temperatures. The experimental data from the fixed bed were modeled using a modification of the shrinking core model. Flux equations and estimated parameters were then used to predict the performance of HCl and SO{sub 2} absorption by calcium silicate on the surface of a bag filter. The predictions suggested that, at reasonable gas conditions in the absence of SO{sub 2}, HCl penetration through the bag filter can be reduced below 20%. With simulated municipal waste combustion flue gas (low SO{sub 2}/HCI ratio) with 50 ppm NO{sub 2}, HCl and SO{sub 2} penetration can be reduced to less than 5%. At coal-fired boiler conditions (high SO{sub 2}/HCl ratio) with 50 ppm NO{sub 2}, HCl penetration can be reduced to 2% while SO{sub 2} penetration was predicted to be 40%.« less

The simultaneous absorption of HCl and SO2 by hydrated lime in a fixed-bed reactor has been studied at conditions simulating humidified flue gas dry scrubbing. At 120 °C, an increase in relative humidity from 0% to 19% increased HCl removal and sorbent utilization. At 19% relative humidity (RH), the final loading of hydrated lime was 1.64 mol of HCl/mol of Ca2+. From 250 to 1000 ppm HCl, HCl removal was first order in HCl concentration. When SO2 was added to the feed gas, the total utilization of the sorbent by HCl and SO2 was not a function of gas concentration with 250−1000 ppm HCl and 0−2000 ppm SO2. However, the fraction of the hydrated lime converted by SO2 increased as the SO2/HCl feed ratio increased. With oxygen present in the feed, more SO2 was absorbed. Adding 150 ppm NO2 to the gas stream increased the final SO2 loading from 0.06 to 0.17 mol of SO2/mol of Ca2+. As the reactivity of SO2 and NO2 increased, the reactivity of HCl decreased slightly as a result of the competition for alkalinity with...

We demonstrate an all-optical method for magnetic sensing of individual molecules in ambient conditions at room temperature. Our approach is based on shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers near the surface of a diamond crystal, which we use to detect single paramagnetic molecules covalently attached to the diamond surface. The manipulation and readout of the NV centers is all-optical and provides a sensitive probe of the magnetic field fluctuations stemming from the dynamics of the electronic spins of the attached molecules. As a specific example, we demonstrate detection of a single paramagnetic molecule containing a gadolinium (Gd$^{3+}$) ion. We confirm single-molecule resolution using optical fluorescence and atomic force microscopy to co-localize one NV center and one Gd$^{3+}$-containing molecule. Possible applications include nanoscale and in vivo magnetic spectroscopy and imaging of individual molecules.

We demonstrate high-fidelity control of a single carbon-13 nuclear spin qubit in diamond with coherence lifetimes exceeding 1 second at room temperature, achieved via a dissipative decoupling of the spin from its local environment.

We analyze the evolution of an electromagnetic field inside a double cavity when the difference in length between the two cavities is changed, e.g. by translating the common mirror. We find that this allows photons to be moved deterministically from one cavity to the other. We are able to obtain the conditions for adiabatic transfer by first mapping the Maxwell wave equation for the electric field onto a Schroedinger-like wave equation, and then using the Landau-Zener result for the transition probability at an avoided crossing. Our analysis reveals that this mapping only rigorously holds when the two cavities are weakly coupled (i.e. in the regime of a highly reflective common mirror), and that, generally speaking, care is required when attempting a hamiltonian description of cavity electrodynamics with time-dependent boundary conditions., Comment: 24 pages, 18 figures. Version 2 includes a new section (Sec. VIII) on the regimes of validity of the Schroedinger-like equations and also of the adiabatic approximation, together with a new figure (Fig. 10). The discussion section (Sec. XI) has also been enhanced

In order to assess the immunogenicity of a two-dose regimen of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine, the immune response to vaccine given at both 18 and 24 months of age was compared to the response to a single dose at 24 months of age. Following immunization at 24 months of age, the geometric mean antibody concentration of children previously immunized at 18 months (0.53 micrograms/ml) was significantly lower than that of children who received a single dose of vaccine at 24 months (1.03 micrograms/ml; p = 0.03). A four-fold rise in antibody concentration was demonstrated in 31% of children who had received two immunizations and 53% of children immunized for the first time at 24 months of age (p = 0.02). These results suggest that the administration of a dose of plain polysaccharide vaccine at 18 months of age blunted the response to reimmunization at 24 months of age. A subgroup of children who failed to respond to one or two doses of plain polysaccharide vaccine were immunized with polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine. The majority of these children developed a significant rise in antibody concentration in response to conjugate vaccine.

Senescence of petals isolated from flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (cv Pink Versicolor) was associated with increased ethylene production. Exposure to ethylene (10 microliters per liter) accelerated the onset of senescence, as indicated by petal in-rolling, and stimulated ethylene production. Senescence was also hastened by basal application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, effectively inhibited ethylene production by petals and delayed petal in-rolling. In marked contrast to these results with mature petals, immature petals isolated from flowers the day before flower opening did not respond to ethylene in terms of an increase in ethylene production or petal in-rolling. Furthermore, treatment with silver thiosulfate the day before flower opening effectively prevented petal senescence, while silver thiosulfate treatment on the morning of flower opening was ineffective. Application of ACC to both immature and mature petals greatly stimulated ethylene production indicating the presence of an active ethylene-forming enzyme in both tissues. Immature petals contained less free ACC than mature, presenescent petals and appeared to possess a more active system for converting ACC into its conjugated form. Thus, while the nature of the lack of responsiveness of immature petals to ethylene is unknown, ethylene production in hibiscus petals appears to be regulated by the control over ACC availability.

For the expedition to Kio Island in 1896 I had arranged an extensive programme of observations which unfortunately could not be completely carried out on account of bad weather, and I did not find it necessary to materially modify this programme for the expedition of 1898. In view of the large number of observers which was expected to be available in 1898, as in 1896, the observations proposed included records of nearly all the phenomena of a total eclipse, in addition to spectroscopic researches. Three associated series of spectroscopic observations were provided for: (1.) Prismatic cameras, to give records of the phenomena with a larger dispersion than any previously employed. The special features of this form of spectroscope, and the important points to be considered in the interpretation of the photographic records which they give, were described in the Report on the Eclipse of 1893.

Concentrations of the major sugars and organic acids within ripe ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Jubilee’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] flesh were quantified in 5 different regions. The percentage of soluble solids (%SS) in both cultivars and the percentage of sucrose in ‘Charleston Gray’ were highest in the heart region, followed by the blossom end, and lowest in the stem end. Glucose, malic acid, and citric acid were generally higher in the heart and blossom end compared to the stem end, while fructose was higher in the blossom end than stem end. No significant differences between the top side and the soil side were found for any of the sugars or organic acids. Fructose was the major sugar in all regions in ‘Jubilee’, whereas the major sugar in ‘Charleston Gray’ (sucrose or fructose) depended on the region. Malic acid was the primary organic acid in all regions of both cultivars.

Sugars and organic acids in ripe ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Jubilee’ watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] were measured at harvest and after 14 or 19 days of storage at 0°, 7°, 16°, 23°, or 27°C. Soluble solids content (SSC), sucrose, fructose, and glucose concentrations mostly did not change during storage at 0°, but all generally were reduced at the higher temperatures. ‘Charleston Gray’ contained about 3% to 4% sucrose, 2% to 3% fructose, and 1.0% to 1.5% glucose. Fructose was the major sugar in ‘Jubilee’, followed by sucrose and glucose. Malic acid was the major organic acid in both cultivars. Temperature of storage had little effect on malic acid concentration. The concentration of citric acid decreased during storage at 23° or 27°, but not consistently at low temperatures.