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Aim. To perform a population analysis of Non-High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol level (non-HDL-c) in Russian population and to evaluate its association with cardiovascular events.Material and Methods. The material consisted of results obtained from 11 regions of the ESSE-RF1 Study and from 4 regions of the ESSE-RF2 Study. Study protocols were identical. The studies were performed in 2012-2014 and 2017, respectively. Endpoints were assessed in 19041 people aged 35-64 years. The median follow-up was 6.5 years in ESSE RF (1) and 3.8 years in ESSE RF(2). Analysis was performed for three lipid variables: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-HDLC in two samples: the general population sample and the same sample without individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI) and/or stroke history and not taking statins (the population sample of "without a history of cardiovascular diseases [CVD]". The analysis of nonlinear associations was performed using the generalized additive Cox model. The combined cardiovascular endpoint was represented by cardiovascular death and nonfatal MI and stroke. Traditional and laboratory FRs, socio-demographic parameters were analyzed. The significance level for all tested hypotheses was set to be 0.05.Results. The prevalence of elevated non-HDL-C level (>3.7 mmol/l) was found to be 74.6%. No gender differences were found: there was 74.6% for men and 74.5% for women. Both mean values and prevalence of elevated non-HDL-C were increased with age in women, and its level was slightly decreased in men after 55 years old. Almost all analyzed RFs were significantly associated with elevated non-HDL-C in these two population samples. In both samples elevated total CH and elevated LDL-C were associated with all-cause mortality after correction for all RFs. On the contrary, the non-HDL-C was associated with CVD combined end pints. It has been shown that the risk of these end points increases uniformly with increase in levels of non HDL cholesterol, no nonlinear associations were found.Conclusion. The results of a population-based analysis of non-HDL-C performed in the Russian population for the first time confirmed that elevated non-HDL-C levels contribute significantly to determining the risk of cardiovascular events in the medium term. It can be assumed that the new risk scales (SCORE2 and SCORE OP) proposed by the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Preventive Cardiology, which include non-HDL C instead of TC, will allow adequate assessment of 10-year cardiovascular risk for Russians. However, continued monitoring of endpoints in order to obtain stable associations is required.

The article is devoted, firstly, to the analysis of methodological inaccuracies allowed in determining the essence of the concepts used in official documents, which in the future may lead to a misunderstanding of the document as a whole. We based our analysis on an examination of the content of the military doctrine of the Russian Federation and the author’s definition (based on the study) of the real military dangers and threats to modern Russia. Third, an assessment of the international military-political situation. At the beginning of the XXI century. No power has unambiguously delineated spheres of influence: an ideological, political and economic rivalry with a tendency to transform into an armed conflict can arise anywhere in the world. In the changing configuration of international security, it is not easy for Russia to defend its national interests, while our state’s position in international cooperation is of great importance for the planet. This exclusivity is associated with the huge scale of the country’s territory, a significant population, and the Russian Federation possesses one of the largest arsenals of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction. The article is intended for a wide range of readers interested in military security problems.

The article provides information about green microalga Chloroidium saccharophilum (Trebouxiophyceae) whose history of study dates back to more than 100 years. The issues of its intraspecific variability are considered. We also studied the strain of C. saccharophilum IRK–A 230 isolated from a small puddle on the southeastern shore of Lake Baikal (Republic of Buryatia, Russia). Light and electron microscopy and molecular phylogeny methods establish the species identity of the strain. The alga has an ellipsoidal cell shape, parietal chloroplast and visible pyrenoid with starch sheath; reproduction by equal and unequal autospores in even and odd numbers; the ability to form spherical cells; and accumulated yellow pigments in old non-heterotrophic cultures. The data obtained by us complement the species characteristics, and its biology and geography. The amended description of C. saccharophilum is provided.

Various aspects of digitalization of public administration in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union are considered. It is noted that digitalization is spontaneous and comprehensive, and also affects almost all spheres of public relations, including the system of public administration. In this regard, there is a need to develop a joint interstate policy in the field of institutionalization of the processes of digitalization of society. Digitalization is defined as a set of digital transformation of the processes of economic entities and the creation of digital products and services, and not just as digitization - the transfer of data from analog form to digital. In turn, the definition of the term “public administration” can be formulated as a set of mechanisms, processes, relationships and institutions through which citizens of the state, their associations express their interests, exercise their rights and obligations and settle differences. The analysis of the practice of institutionalization of the processes of digitalization of public administration demonstrates the fact that the main regulatory norms and practices in this sphere are fixed within the framework of national target programs.This article analyses the program and target documents of all the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, affecting the digitalization regulation processes, the need to institutionalize the processes of digitalization of government and society, as well as the introduction of modern technologies in the practice of public administration. At the same time, the common element of all strategies, concepts and programs is only the digitalization of the process of providing public services, and the other parameters of the target documents are largely different. In this regard, it is required to form a unified model of digitalization of public administration of the Eurasian Economic Union on the basis of a unified strategy.

The current state of the solonetz and ground elder–sedge types upland oak forests of in the Tellermanovsky forest has been studied. The phytomass of forest stands was estimated based on model trees with allowance for the types of their development (according to the original classification). The content and stocks of carbon and nitrogen in phytomass, forest litter, and soil have been evaluated. It was found that the phytomass of oak forests in similar plantations is lower than that before the period of oak drying (in the 1970s to the early 1980s). The mass of fallen leaves and forest litter corresponds to the previous values due to the development of the lower tree layers. The studied oak forests differ most sharply by the stocks of carbon and nitrogen in the phytomass and much less by their reserves in the soil, capacity and rate of the annual cycle. The content of carbon, nitrogen, and nonstructural carbohydrates in the organs of the oak in these oak forests is similar.

Aim. To study the relationship of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in a sample of men and women 25-64 years old and their predictive value for the development of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality from all causes.Material and methods. Prospective observation was for cohorts of the population aged 25-64 years from 11 regions of the Russian Federation. 18,251 people were included in the analysis. Each participant gave written informed consent. All surveyed persons were interviewed with a standard questionnaire. BP was measured on the right hand with an automatic tonometer. BP and HR were measured twice with an interval of 2-3 min with the calculation of the average value. The patients were divided into 4 groups: the first group with BP80; the third group – BP≥140/90 mm Hg and HR≤80; the fourth group – BP≥140/90 mm Hg and HR>80 beats/min. Risk factors and cardiovascular history were analyzed as well. Deaths over 6 years of follow-up occurred in 393 people (141 – from CVD). Statistical analysis was performed using the open source R3.6.1 system.Results. A HR>80 beats/min was found in 26.3% of people with BP≥140/90 mm Hg, regardless of medication. Analysis of the associations between HR and BP showed that for every increase in HR by 10 beats/min, systolic BP increases by 3 mm Hg. (p80 beats/min and BP≥140/90 mm Hg had the shortest life expectancy (pConclusion. The prevalence of HR>80 beats/min in people with BP≥140 mm Hg amounted to 26.34%. Every 10 beats/min significantly increases the risk of mortality by 22%. Increased HR with elevated BP leads to increased adverse outcomes.

An analysis of the various aspects of one of the most significant disasters of the 20th century — the collapse of the USSR for many decades will be of interest to researchers of different scientific fields and schools. Representatives of almost all branches of humanitarian knowledge — historians, sociologists, political scientists, and merely indifferent people whose fate was directly affected by this epoch-making event, seek to comprehend the history of the death of the USSR, to understand the essence of destructive processes, to find answers to the question about the premises, causes, mechanisms and consequences of the collapse of the first socialist state in the world. By now, there are a large number of journalistic materials not burdened by the source research or analytical assessment. Scientific research, as a rule, belongs to the pen of historians, however, even here the analysis of the causes of the death of the largest state on the world stage is primarily affected by the subjective factor, ideological bias, and the involvement of the authors of the works in political events. In an attempt to answer the question, many contradictory theories have been put forward, including conspiracy theories explaining the “secret springs” of the death of the Soviet Union. However, such a multifaceted political event, caused by a wide range of reasons, which marked the beginning of a new round of Russian history and the foundation of our days, is practically not explored from the standpoint of economic analysis, competition, and the struggle for the sales market action. The author does not set as his task a comprehensive study of such a multifaceted problem — the problem of the death of the USSR. The article presents an attempt to identify the economic component and recall the tragic consequences of the death of the Soviet Union. The work substantiates the point of view according to which the problem of the dialectics of the collapse of a state of conscience needs a comprehensive, impartial and versatile study that can help find answers to today’s problematic questions.

The turnover rate and the main mechanisms of accumulation of biophilous elements (C, N, P, K) in the litters of native, forest, and pasture ecosystems of the Northern Caspian region (Volgograd oblast, Dzhanybek Experimental Station of the Institute of Forest Science, Russian Academy of Sciences) were assessed from the data of a four-year-long field experiment on the decomposition of dominant plants of steppe and desert phytocenoses, falloff of introduced oak (Quercus robur L.), and sheep feces from rangeland. It was shown that the litter of native steppe associations accumulates 16–19 times more carbon and nitrogen and 2–2.5 times more potassium and phosphorus as compared with the litter of pastures. The accumulation of C, N, P, and K in the litter of native desert plant communities is 1.5 times more intensive than in the litter of pasture communities. The reserves of C, N, P, and K in the litter of oak plantation exceeds 5–8 times that in the steppe litter. The rates of C and N cycling calculated as the ratio of stock to input mass is 6–7 times slower in the litter of oak plantation than in the litter of steppe community. This corresponds to a lower decomposition constant of oak leaves as compared with decomposition constants of dominant plants of steppe communities. The rate of litter decomposition in phytocenoses with sparse vegetation (steppe pasture and desert native and pasture communities) is an order of magnitude higher than in the native steppe associations, which is related to increased physicochemical decomposition of plant residues under sunlight. Specific features of litter formation should be taken into account when assessing the stability of anthropogenic ecosystems in the region.

The results of field tests of different variants of synthetic pheromone blends and pheromone dispenser developed by the Department of synthesis and application of pheromones of the FSFI " All-Russia Plant Quarantine Center" for identification and monitoring boxwood moth is a dangerous invasive pest of boxwood in the Republic of the Crimea; the optimal material of the pheromone’s carrier is determined, the effective ratio and dosage are proposed.

The study of the problem of the formation of the Russian civil society is accompanied both in practical and theoretical terms by a whole complex of contradictions and complexities that originate in the ambiguous history of this phenomenon and as well in its equally multivariate interpretation by the scientific community and the general public. Admitting as a fact the common weakness of Russian non-governmental relation, the author considered, practically as an exception, the work of military veteran communities as an example of the successful civil activity of the significant part of the population of the Russian state. Social, military veteran organisations act as a social institute created by the citizens apart from the state based on solidary interests of their members. At the same time, functioning as a structural element of the civil society they simultaneously represent the mechanism of political socialisation of veterans. Modern veteran organisations are founded and presented in the social and political space of Russia widely enough. It is movements, committees, unions, funds, associations. They have an extensive ramified network the local and regional levels, co-operate with similar communities in the countries of CIS and international organisations. Veteran organisations act as intermediaries between an individual and a group on the one hand and between society and the state from the other, contribute to the strengthening of the mechanism of their interaction, and form new systems of partnership. The issue of social protection and adaptation of military personnel, in particular, the combatants, will remain urgent for the Russian society in the longer term. Modern political practice, mainly counting on the military force in international affairs, promotes further growth of the number of veterans of wars and military service. Over the last few years, more than 50 thousand soldiers and officers participating in the military campaign in Syria became the members of Russian veterans. The quality of interaction of social organisations of military veterans and state structures has a determinant influence on th participation of the former soldier in socio-political processes. Today, powerful potential of these organisations, capable effectively influence state politics, is used by state structures in an insignificant degree. It can be explained by the unwillingness of the Russian elite and Russian business to interact with civil society.

Aim. To study the contribution of hypertension (HTN) to survival and mortality in the Russian population.Material and methods. This prospective observational cohort included representative samples from 11 Russian regions (men and women aged 25-64 years, n=18251) examined in 2012-2014 as part of the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study. The examination included a questionnaire (12 modules), anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) measurements, as well as biochemical blood tests. HTN was considered aa a systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or when a subject receives antihypertensives. Treatment efficacy was considered as the proportion of persons (%) who achieved target BP among those taking antihypertensives. Depending on HTN status, all participants were divided into 4 groups: 1) those without HTN;2) those with HTN, taking antihypertensive agents and having systolic BP ≤140 mm H. and diastolic BP ≤90 mm Hg (effective therapy);3) those with HTN, taking medications, but not achieving target BP (ineffective therapy); 4) those with HTN, not taking antihypertensives. The life status of participants was updated every 2 years. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, as well as univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were created.Results. The presence of HTN significantly reduced survival (pConclusion. The presence of HTN significantly worsens the survival rate of men and women. Special attention of medical community should be directed to increasing the proportion of effectively treated patients with HTN.

Aim. To study the associations of subclinical and clinical anxiety and depression, assesed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), ≥8 points and ≥11 points, respectively, with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, as well as with the total number of nonfatal cardiovascular events (CVEs) in Russia.Material and methods. The study included male and female population aged 25-64 years from the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study who signed an informed consent. The study included 16941 people (men, 6811 (40,2%)). To assess the anxiety and depression, HADS scale was used. The statistical analysis included individuals with subclinical/clinical (HADS ≥8) and clinical (HADS ≥11) anxiety and depression (HADS-A and HADS-D). The median of prospective follow-up was 5,5 years (from 2012 to 2019). The composite endpoint (CE) (cardiovascular death and nonfatal CVE occurred in 268 (4,2%) men and 203 (2,1%) women, while all-cause — in 220 (3,2%) men and 152 (1,5%) women.Results. The results obtained showed that the survival rate of men and women with varying degrees of anxiety (HADS-A ≥8 and ≥11) was associated with all-cause mortality and CE in women. However, this relationship has not been confirmed in multivariate models. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 1 (M1), a significant association of depression with all-cause mortality in women was revealed — HADS-D ≥8: relative risk (RR), 2,22; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1,56-3,15 and ≥11: RR, 2,43; 95% CI: 1,65-3,59 (pConclusion. Depression (HADS-D ≥8 and ≥11) in Russian women was significantly associated with all-cause mortality and CE (HADS-D ≥8). In men, depression (HADS-D ≥8) was significantly associated with allcause mortality when only conventional risk factors were included in the model, without taking into account prior cardiovascular disease. Anxiety in multivariate models was not associated with all-cause mortality and CE in both sex groups.

Aim. To study the relationship of different levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) with cardiovascular events and assess its contribution to the development of outcomes in Russian regions.Material and methods. The work used the data from the multicenter study ESSE-RF — a representative sample of male and female population aged 25-64 years. All participants signed informed consent. The study included 10421 people (women, 6399 (61,4%)). The cohort was followed up from 2012 to 2019 (median follow-up period, 5,5 years). A hard endpoint (cardiovascular mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI)) was determined in 187 people, while a soft endpoint (nonfatal MI, stroke, revascularization, heart failure progression and cardiovascular mortality) — in 319 people.Results. The results showed that hs-CRP is significantly associated with the main risk factors (with the exception of low-density lipoproteins). At the same time, it was found that optimal hs-CRP level for predicting the risk of cardiovascular events (CVE) in Russian population is significantly lower than 3 mg/L, but higher than 1 mg/L (1,54/1,89 mg/dL for men and women, respectively). Adding hs-CRP to sex and age significantly improved risk prediction (AUC, 79,7; 95% CI, 77,8-81,7). At the same time, adding a wide list of confounders to hs-CRP, sex and age does not improve the model’s predictive value (AUC, 79,7; 78,2-82,1).Conclusion. This study for the first time showed a significant independent contribution of hs-CRP to CVEs development in the Russian population, and the addition of hs-CRP to sex and age significantly increased the predictive value of model.

Experimental and clinical data indicate a significant contribution of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) to the atherogenesis. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of this relationship are not fully understood.Aim. To investigate the distribution of Lp(a) in the population of the regions participating in the Study “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Regions of the Russian Federation” (ESSE-RF) and to evaluate its associations with cardiovascular risk factors.Material and methods. Representative samples of the male and female population of 7 regions of the Russian Federation, aged from 25 to 64 years, enrolled in the multi-center cross-sectional epidemiological study were analyzed. A total of 10332 people were examined, of whom 3732 were men (36.0%) and 6600 were women (64.0%), the average age was equal in both sexes.Results. The mean value of Lp(a) reached 22.4 mg/dl (standard deviation 21.3 mg/dl) and significantly differed from the median (11.1 mg/dl; interquartile range from 3.9 to 20.2 mg/dl), forming the right-skewed distribution in both male and female population. Lp(a) levels were statistically significantly correlated with the level of low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), ароВ/аpoAI and total cholesterol. Notably, the odds ratios were growing by quintiles, and increased along with increasing lipid values (pConclusion. According to the ESSE-RF data, there are significant positive associations of Lp(a) with the LDL-C level, the ароВ/аpoAI ratio, total cholesterol, and hs-CRP. Negative associations are established with glucose and TG levels. The future studies should be planned with the notion of the Lp(a)’s right-skewed distribution type.

Aim. To study the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) in the population of Russian regions and its contribution to cardiovascular events.Material and methods. The analysis material was representative samples of the population aged 35-64 years from 11 Russian regions, examined within the multicenter study “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation”. The response rate was about 80%. The study used a community-based systematic stratified multiply random sample. During the study, information on prior MI was obtained using a standard questionnaire. Anthropometry and measurement of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) with an automatic BP monitor were performed. Resting electrocardiography (ECG) was performed, followed by Minnesota coding. Major and minor QQS waves and STT segments were considered as ischemic ECG abnormalities. Biochemical parameters were determined using an Arkhitect 000 Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. The median prospective follow-up was 6,21 [5,25; 6,75] years. A composite endpoint (CE) was analyzed, including cardiovascular death and non-fatal MI. During the follow-up period, 363 all-cause deaths were detected, of which 134 were from cardiovascular diseases, while 196 — CEs. Statistical analysis was carried out in R 3.6.1 environment.Results. The MI prevalence among the Russian population was 2,9%; 5,2% for men and 1,5% for women, increasing with age. Men with prior MI were more likely to take statins and beta-blockers than women as follows: 39,0% vs 25,6% and 29,3% vs 27,1%, respectively. MI newly diagnosed within the follow-up period was associated with the following risk factors (RFs): smoking, increased BP, HR, triglycerides and glucose. For individuals with prior MI, a significant relationship was found only with smoking. Multiple comparison of the contribution of RFs, ECG abnormalities, and prior MI showed that the inclusion of ischemic ECG abnormalities in the analysis significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular events in individuals without prior MI compared with individuals without both MI and ECG changes. A high CE risk was noted in patients with prior MI: relative risk (RR), 4,73 (2,92-7,65); the addition of ischemic ECG abnormalities increased the RR to 5,75 (3,76-8,8).Conclusion. The RR of CEs in patients with prior MI without or with ischemic ECG changes is 4,73 and 5,75 times higher than in patients without MI and ECG abnormalities. The risk factors identified in this case cannot explain such an increase in CEs. It is obvious that people with prior MI need rehabilitation. The presence of RFs in patients with newly diagnosed MI indicates insufficient primary prevention, which suggests that strengthening preventive measures to eliminate conventional risk factors in patients with newly diagnosed MI will help reduce the risk of recurrent MI or cardiovascular mortality.

Aim. To assess the prospects of using artificial intelligence technologies in predicting the outcomes and risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with hypertension (HTN).Material and methods. A software application was created for data mining from respondent profiles in a semi-automatic mode; libraries with data preprocessing were analyzed. We analyzed the main and additional parameters (35) of CVD risk factors in 2131 people as a part of ESSE-RF study (2014-2019). To create a forecasting model, a high-level language Python 2.7 was used using object-oriented programming and exception handling with multithreading support. Using randomization, learning (n=488) and test (n=245) samples were formed, which included data from patients with an established diagnosis of HTN.Results. The prevalence of HTN among subjects was 34,39%. There were following significant factors for predicting CVD: anthropometric parameters, smoking, biochemical profile (total cholesterol, ApoA, ApoB, glucose, D-dimer, C-reactive protein). As a result of a 5-year follow-up, CVD was found in 235 people (32,06%) with HTN and 187 people (13,38%) without HTN; mortality rates were 1,27% in subjects with HTN and 1,12% — without HTN. The absolute mortality risk among participants with HTN (0,037) was significantly higher (pConclusion. The data obtained indicate the importance of risk factor phenotyping using anthropometric markers and biochemical profile for determining their significance in the top 20 predictors of CVD. The Python-based machine learning provides CVD prediction according to standard risk assessments.

The article is concerned with the development of the use of information technologies and accumulated information in business management in order to make all types of business activities more efficient and, thus, to provide a new quality of economic growth. The authors studied the stages of the use of information technologies development in accounting, identified their advantages and disadvantages, and also identified new stages in the development of information technologies: artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain technology. There were substantiated digital technologies potential in business entities operation process. The paper determined that companies can form technological capabilities and infrastructure that are required for more effective risk management and data analysis in the future in the process of efficiency upgrading. The study and comparative analysis of information technologies made it possible to substantiate the possibility and necessity of using an information and analytical support model of managerial decisions under block chain technology, which enables to monitor onlineand manage business worldwide. The authors conclude that information and analytical support for business management in digital economy is a global unity of accounting, analytical and organizational support.

—Diversity and comparative analysis of the microbiota composition of the digestive system of Lake Baikal endemic gastropods Benedictia baicalensis (Caenogastropoda) and of the bottom sediments from their habitat were studied. Strains belonging to 11 genera of heterotrophic bacteria (Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Micrococcus) were isolated from the stomach and gut content. Molecular genetic analysis of total DNA from the digestive tract revealed the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Deefgea, and of the phylum Tenericutes. Most isolates were found to utilize various organic substances, including those of animal origin, which was probably due to the pantophagy of these mollusks. The cultured bacterial community of B.baicalensis digestive system was shown to be formed by gram-negative bacteria (95–97% strains), although in the bottom sediments 51% of the isolates were gram-positive coccoid and spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria. Low frequency of occurrence or complete absence of gram-positive bacteria in the mollusk intestine compared to the bottom sediments (fivefold or more) may indicate their use as a nutrient substrate.

An epidemics of obesity in the world during recent two decades, has already led to increased prevalence of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, oncological diseases, etc. Obesity is assessed with a variety of indexes, and recently the number of such tools was added with the two additional: visceral obesity index (VOI) and index of lipid products deposition (ILPD). The aim of the study — evaluation of the relation of anthropometric parameters with coronary heart disease. Materials of the study were representative selections from 13 regions of the ESSE-RF trial. In analysis of associations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), relation of WC to height (WC/height x 100), VOI and IPLD with correction on the age and region, it was found that all studied parameters are significantly correlated with ischemic heart disease, however when the main risk factors were added, only two remained — odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for: WC/height×100 — 1,030 (1,019;1,040) (р

The research is devoted to studying the biological productivity of modal Siberian pine stands of the Siberian taiga zone (southern ecoregions). Forest stands of the IV bonitet class, including Bilberry- and Bergenia-dominated forest types, were studied. The study was based on mathematical modeling of the forest stand growth combined with the conversion-volumetric method for determining the amount of phytomass converted to sequestered carbon. Tables were proposed that reflect the quantitative characteristics of the age dynamics in phytomass and the carbon contained in it. The range of changes in the phytomass in modal Siberian pine stands throughout all age classes in the Bilberry-dominated forest type was from 40.2 to 297.7 t m−3, in the Bergenia-dominated forest type - from 52.6 to 292.1 t m−3. In Siberian pine forests of the IV bonitet class, carbon pools were concentrated in the Bilberry-dominated type from 37.5 to 147.6 t⋅C⋅ha−1, in the Bergenia-dominated type - from 48.1 to 147.2 t⋅C⋅ha−1. The results supplemented the existing database on the biological productivity of taiga forests and can be used in organizing forest monitoring and implementing regional environmental programs, including calculating the carbon cycle.

Aim. To study the association of heart rate (HR) with the health parameters obtained in the ESSE-RF study. Material and methods . The data of the multicenter epidemiological study of ESSE-RF were used in the work. 8,343 men and 13,531 women aged 25-64 years were examined. The response to the survey was about 80%. The analysis is performed depending on the elevated heart rate. Education, place of residence, region, lipid profile, levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and glucose, history of diabetes, anxiety and depression, elevated blood pressure were analyzed as factors possibly associated with increased heart rate. Epidemiological diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was established using the Rose questionnaire, an electrocardiogram analysis, followed by the Minnesota code coding. Results. Almost every fifth inhabitant had a pulse rate of more than 80 beats/min. No significant difference was found between the sexes. The increase in heart rate in men, starting in the age group 25-34 years to 45-54, and in women only up to 35-44 years with subsequent reduction in men and women was found. The prevalence of increased heart rate varies from region to region. The highest heart rate in men is recorded in Orenburg (33.1%), Ossetia (Alania) and Volgograd (29.7% and 27.6%, respectively), in women – in Vladivostok (37.4%), and the lowest heart rate in both gender groups – in Samara (9.4% for men and 8.1% for women). Increase in heart rate in men with secondary education [odds ratio (OR) 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.40], smokers and quitters (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.63-2.27), who did not drink alcohol during the last year (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.021.37), living in rural areas (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04-1.42), who are obese (OR 1.27, 95% CI, 1.101.45), having elevated blood pressure (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.88-2.67), elevated levels of triglycerides, glucose and CRP was found after correction for age, region and all indicators included in the analysis (multidimensional model). The heart rate >80 beats/min was found significantly less often in people with history of myocardial infarction. A different model was found in women, it included, like in men, living in the village, elevated levels of blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose and CRP, but not education, smoking and alcohol consumption, obesity. Anxiety, low level of high-density lipoproteins and history of diabetes mellitus were also in the model in women. С onclusion . Significant associations between increased heart rate and metabolic risk factors, inflammation and residence in the village are found.

Changes in the amounts and dynamics of the deposition of carbon and nitrogen in the soil surface of anthropogenic pasture and forest ecosystems created in places of natural steppe and desert plant associations in the Northern Cis-Caspian area were studied. For two years after input, the litter of oak stands (Quercus robur) deposited 1.3 times more carbon and about the same amount of nitrogen as compared to the steppe litter, even though the mass of litter input in the forest plantation was 1.4 times less than that in the grass ecosystem. The values of carbon and nitrogen contents in the soil under steppe vegetation and under plantation were similar, but there was a redistribution of carbon and nitrogen contents in the forest soil. The carbon contents in the forest litter and 0–5 cm layer make up 33% of the contents in the litter and in 0–50 cm soil layer. The respective value was 22% under the steppe vegetation; the nitrogen contents were 2.9 and 2.0%, respectively. Due to intensive grazing, the ecosystems of microdepressions obtain 1.6–1.7 times less carbon and nitrogen than those of virgin plots. This value was 1.4 for the ecosystem of microelevations. A significant decrease in the contents of carbon and nitrogen was observed in the litter and 0–5 cm layer of meadow–chestnut soils of microdepressions under the pressure of intensive grazing.

The issues of improving the quality of measurements on the basis of ensuring digital traceability of measuring information for measuring the volumetric flow rate of liquid on the example of water meters are investigated. The main technical and metrological characteristics of portable calibration facilities were considered. Comparative analysis of portable installations by differential and complex methods was carried out. New requirements for measuring equipment are substantiated. Based on the use of information technology, a model for ensuring the traceability of measuring information when checking water meters was developed.

Life quality (LQ) is an integrated parameter of the health, applied for integral characterization of population health, and as the parameter of healthcare interventions effectiveness. Aim. To assess LQ in Russian population at the age 25-64 y. o. in general and in various socio-economical groups using EQ-5D, by the results of ESSE-RF (2012-2013) study. Material and methods. LQ was assessed on representative selections of inhabitants of 13 Russian Federation regions, aged 25-64 (males 8327, females 13497) with response 80%. LQ was assessed via international questionnaire EUROQOL — EQ-5D: 1) no decline; 2) mild decline; 3) significant decline; scoring also performed with visualanalogue scale (VAS). Integral LQ by EUROQOL performed with Shaw JW et al. method (ranging from 0,0 (death) to 1,0 (perfect health)). Result. EQ-5D index of Russian population was 0,87 with no gender difference. By the increase of the age LQ declines. Educational gradient of LQ was significant only in VAS (p

Aim. To assess rate of familiarity and specifics of treatment with statins among the citizens of economically active age with various cardiovascular risk by the data from epidemiological study ESSE-RF (Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in Different Russian Federation Regions). Material and methods. In the work the data from ESSE-RF study was used, of representative selection of non-organized male and female inhabitants aged 25-64 y.o. from 13 regions, investigated during 2012-2014. Responded ~80%. The study included questionning by standard scale that included data on the anamnesis, etc. Lipid profile, including total cholesterol (TC), cholesterol of lipoproteids low and high density were measured at SSRCPM and RSPCC. Results. Analysis of the whole selection showed that 20% of men and 32% of women knew their TC, and 13,6% and 18,2% were even familiar having increased level of TC. Part of those with high and very high risk was 31,3%, incl. men — 42,2%, women — 30,9%. Statins took ~7,0% of patients from this risk category. Effectiveness of treatment (target levels reached of low density cholesterol) in these groups of men and women was 14,4% and 4,8%, respectively. Conclusion. The data obtained in populational study points on insufficient knowledge and low rate of statin treatment of the persons with high and very high cardiovascular risk in RF, which confirms the anxiety provoking data of registries and other studies. The data dictates necessity of development and implementation of specific educational programs for citizens, of physician improvement and availability of cheap but effective lipid-lowering medications.

Aim. To study the association of depression with a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level, taking into account the main risk factors and noncommunicable diseases in Russia residents. Material and methods. The data of ESSE-RF multicenter study (a representative sample of the unorganized male and female population aged 25-64 years from 8 regions surveyed in 2012-2014) were used in the work. A total 11884 people were involved into the study including 35.9% men. The examination included a survey on the standard questionnaire containing data on disease history, etc. The level of depression was assessed by the validated in Russian Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS, 1983). hsCRP level was determined in all patients. Results. The continuing association between elevated levels of depression (HADS-D ≥8+) and high level of hsCRP ≥3.0 mg/l (odds ratio [OR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.27; p=0.009) was found in the multivariate model, after adjustment for sex, age, education, and risk factors. Reducing of the relationship of elevated levels of depression with a high level of hsCRP (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.00-1.24; p=0.048) was found with the additional introduction of diseases in the model. This relationship was reduced to not statistically significant level (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.98-1.20; p=0.134) in the full model adjusted for regions. Conclusion. The reduced association of depression with hsCRP ajusted for aggregate risk factors was found in the study. This suggests about multifactor affecting on this relationship.

The coal mining industry in Russia is developing rapidly. In this regard, the increase in emissions of coal dust into the environment leads to a serious threat to the safety and health of employees of enterprises and to deterioration of environmental situation. One of the methods in the fight against coal dust pollution is the use of dust-settling reagents. Studies for developing the composition of dust-binding mixtures, characterized by a minimum adhesion (wettability) of coal dust particles, have been conducted. The kinetics of the process of wetting dust with various dust-settling reagents has been studied. It is established that the use of solutions of sodium oleate with the addition of linseed oil is a good dust-settling reagent of natural origin. The adhesion time significantly reduces by adding linseed oil. The greatest efficiency of dust deposition was noted when interacting with a solution of sodium oleate with the addition of linseed oil with a concentration of 4 g/l, when the moisture content of dust was 60 %. The results obtained will contribute to improve the environmental and sanitary conditions of settlements located near operating coal mining enterprises and reduce the incidence of specific diseases among employees of the enterprise.

Aim. To assess the prevalence of wide QRS complex (≥110 ms) among the population, depending on sex, age, place of residence (urban or rural area), the presence of obesity and cardiovascular disease.Material and methods. The analysis was based on the ESSE-RF study (n=17,364, men — 38%). Twelve-lead resting electrocardiography (ECG) data from the regions participating in the study were analyzed according to the Minnesota code manual. Patients were divided into groups of QRS Results. QRS groups did not differ in heart rate and age. The prevalence of wide QRS complex in the population amounted to 17,2%. Men were likely to have wide QRS than women (18,5% and 16,2%, respectively, pConclusion. For wide QRS complex, the same age and sex relationships are cha - racteristic as for the basic routine ECG indicators. The prevalence of wide QRS in the population exceeds major ECG abnormalities, conduction disorders, abnormal Q wave (QS). In rural residents, the increased prevalence of wide QRS is probably due to the greater prevalence of obesity and hypertension.

Dynamic characteristics of changes in the diameter of larch forests in the Lower Angara region are being analyzed. Larch stands of the herbal group of fox types is the object of the present research. This research is based on the data of field inventory 858 forest areas with larch predominance. The structure of the forest average diameter is approximated by the exponential function, statistical analysis of which has been carried out using a non-linear least-squares method and simulation methods by conducting 50000 statistical tests. Regularities of error distribution, parameters and calculation accuracy of approximating function have been defined. Estimations of parameter correlations approximating function have been suggested. Holetsky’s method helped to receive two dimensional parameter generator. The defined regularities of the dynamics of average diameters allow to design economic activities in forest stands of larch herbal groups types in the region under study.

The article is devoted to the improvement of the system of support for decision-making in the insurance of jams against emergencies. The article pays special attention to the application of the Housing Insurance Act. Information on the number of insured dwellings provided. The algorithm of integral evaluation of the protection object proposed, which allows the insurance company to calculate the cost of the insurance policy.

to study associations between elevated blood plasma concentration of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in samples of adult population of Russian Federation (RF) aged 25-64 years.We analyzed data of examination of representative samples of population of 5 regions of RF obtained within the framework of the multicenter ESSE-RF study (2012-2013). Number of examined subjects was 8 077 (3 176 men). Methods included use of standard questionnaire, measurements of height, body mass, blood pressure (BP), and plasma NT-proBNP level. The following CVD were included into analysis: arterial hypertension (AH), ischemic heart disease (IHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), and stroke.Women compared to men had higher NT-proBNT concentration was higher in women compared to men, in both genders it rose with age. Overall 17.9 % of examinees had elevated NT-proBNT levels (14.2 and 20.3 % among men and women, respectively). Elevated NTproBNP level was associated in men with age, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, ischemic ECG changes, left ventricular hypertrophy, AF, bradycardia, smoking, in women with age, IHD, ischemic ECG changes, AF, bradycardia, heart rate ≥80 bpm, BP ≥160/95 mm Hg.In studied RF population elevated NT-proBNP level was significantly associated with gender, age, smoking, and CVD.

Aim. To study social and economic gradients — educational and occupational statuses, wealth level, behavioral risk factors (FR) in Russian population by the ESSE-RF data. Material and methods. The data for the analysis consisted of representative selections of 13 regions of RF (n=22906) participants of the study, incl. men (n=8353) and women (n=13553) of 25-64 y.o., with response 80%. We calculated the odds ratios for the presence of behavioral FR: smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity (IPA), nonrational food consumption, anxiety and depressive disorders, — in persons from different social and economic groups by education level, type of inhabitation, professional status, wealth level. Results. Higher education was associated with better FR profile, except IPA (negative association) and alcohol consumption (absence of association). "White in general had less FR probability than Blue, excl. IPA and psychoemotional deviations (in men). As for the wealth association with the FR there is backward gradient, i.e. lesser the income, higher the risk of FR presence, excl. IPA and excessive alcohol intake in women. For example, in very wealthy men the odds ratio for depressive states was 3,09 [95% CI 2,08-4,57] comparing to the persons with low income. The type of territory of inhabitance was associated with less behavioral FR in Russian population, as significant associations are found only for depression and excessive salt consumption in both genders and IPA in men. Conclusion. The significant social and economic gradients of behavioral FR prevalence are found, the direction of those is not necessary the same as in European countries. The analysis of association with social and economic parameters would help to develop the directed preventive interventions.

A series of methods for assessing water body pollution by chemical characteristics are considered as applied to water bodies in the operation zone of mining plants. In some methods, the estimate of water body pollution may reflect regional features of waters, rather than their pollution. Evaluating the environmentally allowable concentrations of elements and their biogeochemical tolerance has shown those values to increase with increasing water body pollution, a fact that contradicts the essence of those characteristics. The most simple and universal is a procedure for evaluating water pollution index with the use of regional MACs, taking into account the geochemical background concentrations of the elements and their toxicity using as a criterion the value of MAC for water bodies used for fishery.

Transformations of lignosulfonates, which form during sulfite pulping, in Onega Lake water are studied. Laboratory modeling and field data were used to evaluate the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of this process. The extent of pollution of Kondopoga Bay of Onega Lake by wastewaters from the Kondopoga Integrated Pulp-And-Paper Mill, using sulfite pulping.

Summary. Currently, development of immune response to vaccines has not been studied completely; data on vaccines safety and effect on the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are lacking. Thus, vaccination against diphteria and pertussis of patients with COPD is of great importance. The aim of our study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of a vaccine against diphteria and pertussis in patients with COPD. We examined 61 moderate to severe COPD patients aged 35 to 65 years. Of them, 33 patients received the Bubo-M vaccine trice according to 0–1–6 month regimen and 28 patients received the same vaccine only once. Thirty four healthy subjects vaccinated with the same vaccine were as controls. The Bubo-M vaccine was well tolerated; no serious post-vaccine adverse events were registered. Vaccination of COPD patients did not influence the rate of acute respiratory infection episodes and did not increase the rate of acute exacerbations of COPD. A characteristic feature of immune response to the vaccine in COPD patients was slower antibody production against diphteria and pertussis anatoxins.

The problem of the anti-hepatitis B vaccination of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) was discussed due to the lack of studies concerning the developing of the postvaccinal immunity, especially when vaccination is combined with the immunomodulating treatment. The data on the vaccination safety and its influence on the clinical course of COPD are also insufficient. Therefore, in this work we investigated the efficiency of the antihepatitis B vaccination in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease under the treatment with the immunomodulating Affonoleikin drug. A total of 93 patients were tested including 59 patients with severe and moderate COPD (aged from 35 to 65 years). 34 of these 59 patients were vaccinated against hepatitis B (Kombioteh) according to 0-1-6 month scheme, and 25 of them were vaccinated against hepatitis B during the treatment with Affinoleikin. The control group, consisted of 34 healthy patients. Our study demonstrated good tolerance and high immune efficiency of the anti-hepatitis B vaccine. However, after the first vaccination the level of HBs-AT was below protective level in patients with COPD compared to healthy patients. Also, 64 to 70 % of patients with COPD were seronegative excluding the patients receiving the Affinoleikin treatment, whose antibody titer was protective after the first vaccine dose, but did not reach the level typical of healthy patients. After the second vaccination we detected low and medium protective antibody levels in 58.9% of patients from the 1st group, whereas 41% were seronegative. Introduction of the third vaccine-dose led to fast and significant increase in the antibody level mainly in high concentrations with 100% seroconversion in all patients. Combined antihepatitis B vaccination and Affinoleikin treatment in patients with COPD leads to faster biosynthesis of HBs- AT in protective concentrations and decrease of seronegative response, but it has no effect on frequency and type of general and local postvaccinal response.

The screening of metagenomic DNA of the microbial community associated with the Baikalian sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis was performed in order to investigate the presence of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes. PKS enzyme systems take part in the synthesis of a great number of biologically active substances. The cloning and sequencing of amplified products of the ketosynthase domain section of the PKS gene cluster revealed 15 fragments of PKS genes with amino acid sequences differing from each other by 35–65%. A BLASTX analysis showed that all of these sequences belong to KS domains identified in various groups of microorganisms, i.e., Alpha-, Beta-, and Deltaproteobacteria; Verrucomicrobia; Cyanobacteria; and Chlorophyta. Some sequences were related to genes that participate in the biosynthesis of curacin A (CurI, CurJ), stigmatellin (StiC, StiG), nostophycin (NpnB), and cryptophycin (CrpB). The homology of the found sequences with those of the EMBL database lies in the range of 50–82%, which indicates that the freshwater sponge community contains genes that encode new, not yet studied polyketide substances of potential biotechnological significance.

The input of zoogenic nitrogen to desert-type biocenoses is generally lower than the input of nitrogen with plant necromass (1.7 g N/m2), but zoogenic nitrogen is distributed extremely unevenly, and its input at sites near burrow openings, where animal excrements accumulate (about 1% of the total area), reaches 75 g N/m2; i.e., is 17 times higher. Zoogenic nitrogen coming with solid and liquid excreta has little effect on the mineral nitrogen content of soils in ground squirrel colonies during the dry period.