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A comparative study of the allele pool and the genetic structure of two Russian and one Belarusian populations of the wisent Bison bonasus against the representatives of the species of Bison bison and the genus Bos taurus was carried out. Russian populations were represented by samples of the Oka State Natural Biosphere Reserve (n = 42) and the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Biosphere Reserve (n = 69), the Belarusian population was represented by samples of the Reserve “Belovezhskaya Pushcha” (n = 42), bison samples (n = 8) and cattle (n = 55) were used as an outgroup. The analysis of the mtDNA D-loop 630 bp fragment polymorphism for the presence of bison and cattle haplotypes, was performed. It was shown that there was a single haplotype for all wisent (Bison bonasus) which was different from the sequences of bison (Bison bison) and cattle. The analysis of population genetic parameters, calculated using 11 microsatellite markers, showed reduced diversity in wisent (Bison bonasus) groups compared to bison (Bison bison) and cattle. The largest number of monomorphic loci as well as the absence of private alleles were found in the group of Belarusian wisent. The analysis of the DJost pairwise genetic distances allowed us to establish clear genetic differentiation of the wisent from the outgroups. This fact was also confirmed by PCA analysis, carried out in the context of population identity and the analysis of population structure which demonstrated some proximity of bison (Bison bison) to wisent (Bison bonasus), which is due to their belonging to the same genus. The data obtained from this study showed differentiation between wisent (Bison bonasus) from bison (Bison bison) and cattle. It can be used in assessing the population genetic parameters of wisent, identifying and eliminating hybrid individuals. It also can be used in developing strategies and measures for the preservation and improvement of the wisent genetic resources.

Removal of the ethoxycarbonyl group in ethyl cyano-(2,2-dimethyl-4-propyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4 -yl)acetate afforded the corresponding (2,2-dimethyl-4-propyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)acetonitrile. The reduction of the latter with lithium aluminum hydride furnished 2-(2,2-dimethyl-4-propyltetrahydro-2H-pyran- 4-yl)ethanamine, which reacted with furfural and a heterocyclic ketone followed by reduction to form the secondary amines and some amides. Hydrolysis of the above nitrile resulted in the corresponding acid, which was converted in a series of amides.

Cyclization of 2,8-dimethylnona-3,6-diene-5-one furnished 2,6-diisopropyltetrahydro-2H-4-pyranone. The condensation of the latter with alkylaryl and aliphatic amines afforded azomethines, which were converted into the corresponding amines by reduction with sodium borohydride.

Condensation of 2-(4-isopropyl-2-methyl-2-ethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethanamine with aromatic aldehydes and ketones and subsequent reduction of the azomethines formed gave secondary amines of the tetrahydropyran series. Reaction of the latter with acetic acid and propionic acid chlorides provided the corresponding amides.

Alkylation of aminobenzoic acids and their derivatives with 3-diethylamino-1-arylpropan-1-one hydrochlorides gave the corresponding β-aminopropiophenones some of which were tested for antioxidant activity.

The diffraction of polarized light transmitted through an optically anisotropic substrate with surface microrelief is calculated using the Exedeep program (optically anisotropic lattices with surface microrelief). The diffraction parameters are determined in different diffraction orders of transmitted and reflected TE and TM waves for materials with both positive and negative optical anisotropy. Such materials can be low- and high-molecular-weight calamitic and discotic liquid crystals. The results of modeling are used to create diffraction optical elements that operate in the visible, IR, and terahertz ranges.

Aminomethylation of 1-(4-butoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethanone with paraformaldehyde and substituted piperazines in ethanol medium results in 1-(4-butoxyphenyl)-3-(4-R-piperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropan-1-ones. The latter react with cyclohexylmagnesium halide to give 1-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-cyclohexyl-3-(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropan-1-ols. Reduction of the prepared β-aminoketones with lithium aluminum hydride in absolute diethyl ether leads to the secondary aminopropanols. The prepared compounds could be converted into the corresponding dihydrochlorides.

Reduction of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propionitrile produced 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propylamine, the reaction of which with aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes and subsequent reduction with NaBH4 yielded [3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-substituted amines. Hydrolysis of the corresponding nitrile afforded 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propionic acid, acylation of the chloride of which with various amines led to amides that were reduced to amines. The corresponding ammonium oxalates were prepared from the amines. The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the ammonium oxalates were studied. It was established that some of the compounds exhibited high antibacterial activity but in most cases did not neutralize superoxide radicals.

The influences of hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 on the spike activity of respiratory neurons in the bulbar respiratory center were studied in normal conditions and hypoxia. In normoxia, stimulation of hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 had mainly inhibitory influences. During oxygen insufficiency, the activity responses of respiratory neurons in the bulbar respiratory center to stimulation of these structures were phasic. At the beginning of the “elevation” to an “altitude” of 4000–5000 m, the small decrease in pO2 in inspired air induced an increase in neuron spike activity. On this background, the inhibitory influence of stimulation of hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 was more marked than in normoxia. At an “altitude” of 7500–8000 m, with severe oxygen deficit, the inhibitory influences of hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 were minor on the background of sharp suppression of baseline neuron activity in the respiratory center. Comparative analysis of the activities of inspiratory (IN) and expiratory (EN) neurons at different stages of hypoxia revealed marked differences in their behavior, in that IN had relatively greater resistance to hypoxia than EN. Among subgroups of IN, early and complete IN were more resistant to oxygen deficit. After the “descent” of the animals to normal atmospheric pressure, there was gradual recovery of the initial values of both spontaneous phasic neuron activity and responses to stimuli.

The reaction of 2-isopropyltetrahydropyran-4-one [obtained by isomerization and hydration of 3-isopropylpent-1-en-4-yn-3-ol in the presence of 5% sulfuric acid and mercury(II) sulfate] with ethyl cyanoacetate gave ethyl cyano(2-isopropyltetrahydropyran-4-ylidene)acetate which was treated with 4-tolylmagnesium chloride. The resulting ethyl cyano[2-isopropyl-4-(4-tolyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]acetate was subjected to decarbethoxylation to obtain 2-isopropyl-4-(4-tolyl)tetrahydropyran-4-ylacetonitrile. The latter was reduced to the corresponding amine with lithium tetrahydridoaluminate, and the reduction product was brought into condensation with aromatic aldehydes. The Schiff bases thus formed were reduced with sodium tetrahydridoborate, followed by N-acylation with acetyl and propionyl chlorides.

The effect of stimulation of the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala (ABL) on the impulse activity of respiratory neurons (RNs) of the rat medulla and the respiratory function was studied in the norm and under conditions of oxygen deficiency. Electrical stimulation of the ABL under conditions of normal atmospheric pressure exerted ambivalent effects on bulbar RNs; both activation and inhibition of these neurons were observed, but inhibitory effects noticeably prevailed. Electrical stimulation of the ABL within an initial phase of hypobaric hypoxia corresponding to ascent to a 4,000 to 5,000 m altitude exerted mostly inhibitory effects on the RN activity (similarly to what was observed under normoxia conditions). Stimulation of these nuclei within a phase of intensive hypoxia (7,500 to 8,000 m) evoked no typical responses of such neurons against the background of hypoxic suppression of their activities.

Dynamic studies were performed in conditions of hypoxia on the effects of stimulation of the ventral, lateral, and medial nuclei of the septum on the spike activity of bulbar respiratory neurons and respiration. The various phases of hypoxia provided a model experiment over which the overall effects of the septal neurons were summed. Electrical stimulation of these septal nuclei in conditions of normal atmospheric pressure had both facilitatory and inhibitory effects on the spike activity of respiratory neurons in the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata, inhibitory effects being predominant. The ventral nucleus had the most effective inhibitory effect on the activity of respiratory neurons. Electrical stimulation of the septal nuclei in the initial phase (4000-5000 m) of hypoxia, on the background of activation, had a predominantly inhibitory influence on the activity of respiratory neurons. During the phase of severe hypoxia (7500-8000 m), on the background of marked hypoxic suppression of respiratory neuron activity, stimulation of the septal nuclei produced no characteristic changes in the activity of these neurons.

The effects of the associated mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus on spike activity of respiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata and on respiration were studied in normal conditions and in oxygen insufficiency. At normal atmospheric pressure, before animals were elevated to low pressures, electrical stimulation of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus had predominantly inhibitory effects. At the initial phase of hypoxia, at a "height" of 4,000-5,000 m, hypoxic activation of neuron discharge frequency occurred. with an increase in the frequency of respiration. In these conditions, the inhibitory effect of stimulation of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus was less marked than in normoxic conditions. The opposite effect occurred at the second phase of hypoxia (7,500-8,000 m)-inhibition of activity in the medulla oblongata and thalamic center. In severe hypoxia, there was inhibition of neuron spike activity and a decrease in the frequency of respiration, which became superficial; in these conditions, the inhibitory effect of the thalamus was insignificant.

The reaction of 2-isopropyltetrahydropyran-4-one [obtained by isomerization and hydration of 3-isopropylpent-1-en-4-yn-3-ol in the presence of 5% sulfuric acid and mercury(II) sulfate] with ethyl cyanoacetate gave ethyl cyano(2-isopropyltetrahydropyran-4-ylidene)acetate which was treated with 4-tolylmagnesium chloride. The resulting ethyl cyano[2-isopropyl-4-(4-tolyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]acetate was subjected to decarbethoxylation to obtain 2-isopropyl-4-(4-tolyl)tetrahydropyran-4-ylacetonitrile. The latter was reduced to the corresponding amine with lithium tetrahydridoaluminate, and the reduction product was brought into condensation with aromatic aldehydes. The Schiff bases thus formed were reduced with sodium tetrahydridoborate, followed by N-acylation with acetyl and propionyl chlorides.

Reactions of 4-fluorophenyl-β-morpholinopropiophenones with various Grignard reagents in anhydrous ether produced new tertiary aminoalcohols, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-alkyl-2-phenyl-3-morpholinopropan-1-ols, that can be regarded as trihexyphenidyl (cyclodol) analogs. The antioxidant properties of the synthesized compounds were studied using a photochemiluminescence analytical method. It is established that the synthesized compounds exhibit antioxidant activity, the intensity of which depends on the length of the alkyl chain in the para-position of the benzene ring.

Under conditions of normal atmospheric pressure the electrical stimulation of the MM nucleus had mainly an activating influence. In the initial phase, at a 4–5 thousand meter altitude, activation of frequent discharge of neurons occurred. In this situation, stimulation of the MM nucleus induced untypical responses of these neurons. In the second phase (an altitude of 7.5– 8 thousand meters) on the reduction of the impulse activity of neurons, stimulation of the MM nucleus of hypothalamus was more accentuated than under conditions of normoxia.

Aus den Hydraziden (I) und den Isothiocyanaten (II) werden die Thiosemicarbazide (III) hergestellt und zu den Triazolen (IV) cyclisiert, die keine antibakterielle Wirkung gegen Staphylokokken haben.

The effect of thymectomy on the formation of tolerance of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep's red blood cells was investigated. If tolerance was induced by combined injection of a massive dose of antigen and cyclophosphamide, thymectomy did not prevent this process and prolonged the state of tolerance. If area activity was induced by a massive dose of antigen alone, thymectomy restored the ability to form DTH and prevented the formation of suppressor cells. Thymetome weakened DTH formation somewhat in intact animals, but not in animals receiving cyclophosphamide. The results confirm views regarding the diversity of the mechanism of tolerance (clonal-deficiency and suppressor). It is also suggested that among DTH effectors and their precursors there are two subpopulations which differ in their sensitivity to cyclophosphamide and thymectomy.

The EEG and impulse activity of the neurons of the cerebral cortex and other structures of the brain were studied in the dynamics of hypoxic influence. In the initial phase of hypoxia (2000-6000 m), activation of the EEG and impulse discharge of neurons set in; in this case EEG activation arose earlier and was more pronounced. In the second phase of hypoxia (7500-10,000 m), the EEG changed in the direction of a reorganization of the frequency spectrum from one rhythm to another - from fast to slow activity of the type of delta waves. At this time the impulse activity was gradually suppressed, and the cortical neurons exhibited higher sensitivity to hypoxia and were inhibited earlier than the cells of the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata.

The analysis of the photoelectron spectra of organofluorine compounds is described. The influence of substitution by fluorine on the electronic structure of the molecules is examined on the basis of experimental data and quantum-chemical calculations. A table of the ionisation energies of organofluorine compounds is presented. The bibliography includes 170 references.

Newborn dogs and rabbits exhibit unequal reactivity of cardiac activity to acute hypoxia as compared to adult ones, being lesser in the newborn. In dogs, during postnatal life as well as during adaptation to hypoxia, tachycardic effect of atropine increases indicating the increase in vagal tone. In growing rabbits, cardiac rhythm decreases, the decrease being presumably due to changes in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system, since no significant changes were observed in cardiac activity during atropine administration.