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Scientometrics is a valuable asset in science management. However, application of scientometric indicators in the sociohumanistic sciences reveals some drawbacks. The problems of assessing researcher efficiency are analyzed and several solutions are proposed. The number of citations in the sociohumanistic sciences and STEMS are analyzed in terms of languages presented in the Web of Science. The author agrees with the expert opinion that research activities in the social sciences and the humanities cannot be correctly assessed with scientometric indicators. On the basis of the study, the author formulates the proposals on how to eliminate these problems. The study covers the wide time period (over 40 years) revealing citation trends in the social sciences, STEM and the humanities. The proposals can be applied in science management in universities and academic organizations.

We aimed to determine if non-invasive electrical spinal cord stimulation (NIE-SCS) is associated with acute changes in systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics and cardiac electrophysiology at rest. Nine subjects without structural heart disease referred for catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmia were included. NIE-SCS was performed in each patient at vertebral levels T1, T7, and T11. Higher systolic BP (BPs) was detected during T1 NIE-SCS as compared with baseline (147.9 ± 22.5 vs 135.4 ± 17.4 mmHg; P = 0.02). Atrioventricular nodal effective refractory period (AVN ERP) was shorter during stimulation at T1 and T7, when compared with baseline values (baseline 303.3 ± 15.0 vs 272.0 ± 19.2 for T1 vs 278.0 ± 8.3 ms for T7; P

We aimed to determine if non-invasive electrical spinal cord stimulation (NIE-SCS) is associated with acute changes in systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics and cardiac electrophysiology at rest. Nine subjects without structural heart disease referred for catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmia were included. NIE-SCS was performed in each patient at vertebral levels T1, T7, and T11. Higher systolic BP (BPs) was detected during T1 NIE-SCS as compared with baseline (147.9 ± 22.5 vs 135.4 ± 17.4 mmHg; P = 0.02). Atrioventricular nodal effective refractory period (AVN ERP) was shorter during stimulation at T1 and T7, when compared with baseline values (baseline 303.3 ± 15.0 vs 272.0 ± 19.2 for T1 vs 278.0 ± 8.3 ms for T7; P 0.05). NIE-SCS at the T1 level is associated with an elevation of BPs. NIE-SCS at the T1 and T7 levels shortens AVN ERP. Further studies are needed for the evaluation of chronic effects.

The purpose of this study is to develop an instrument to measure the effectiveness of public investment in R&D and make timely adjustments to scientific and technical policy. This will contribute to the growth of fundamental results, patents as well as their commercialization and innovative development for the overall economy. This article assesses the effectiveness of public investment in research and technological development (RTD), including attracted extra-budgetary funds, on the basis of the authors' methodology for assessing the efficiency of public spending on RTD projects. The main distributors of state budget funds in Russia are the Federal Executive Bodies (FEB). The proposed tool first allows the evaluation of the effectiveness of public expenditure on RTD in general, although it does not involve comparing individual FEB administrations, but only evaluates their work in promoting the development of their assigned research areas in terms of dynamics. This method sets the general rules for an evaluation of effectiveness in the state financial support of RTD, defines the key indicators reflecting the performance of such support and the use of science as a tool for ensuring the achievement of indicators and the socio-economic development of the state.

This review of the literature publications is focused on the articles in domestic and foreign editions devoted to the research on biological effects of electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. It makes use of the Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, RSCI, and other databases containing the relevant references for the period from 1970 up to the present days. This physical factor has found application in the Russian physiotherapeutic practice not very long ago. The main areas of its application include cardiovascular disease and neurological conditions. At the same time. the influence of electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz frequency range on human health and vital activity remains virtually unexplored. The available publications give evidence of the high biological activity of the terahertz electromagnetic waves which suggests the necessity of their further investigation.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a serious medical and social problem due to the widespread prevalence, profound and long-term disability of patients. The effectiveness of pharmaceutical neuroprotection in IS remains low which necessitates the investigation of new therapeutic methods in post-stroke patients.The rationale for the use of infrared (IR) radiation with terahertz (THz) modulation in the complex treatment of patients in the acute period of IS.The results of transcranial application of IR radiation with THz modulation in 112 patients in the acute period of IS are presented. In the main group (38 patients) the infrared radiation with THz modulation was used on the projection of the IS focus in addition to basic drug therapy; in the control group (37 patients) - basic drug therapy; in the placebo group (37 patients) the physiotherapy was mimicked. The data of neurological status and neuro-functional indicators were assessed using the NIHSS, MMSE, Rankin, and Rivermid scales. Cerebral blood flow was examined using duplex scanning of brachiocephalic vessels.The inclusion in the complex treatment of IR radiation with THz modulation on the projection of the IS focus in the acute period contributed to a significant regression of neurological deficit, a complete recovery of cognitive functions and an increase in daily activity due to the restoration of adequate blood supply on the side of the affected hemisphere.A pathogenesis justified method of treating acute IS is proposed which can increase the effectiveness of early neurorehabilitation measures. An early improvement in cerebral hemoperfusion led to the creation of optimal conditions for the survival of neural structures and the preservation of their functional activity that demonstrated the neuroprotective feasibility of early inclusion of IR radiation with THz modulation in the complex treatment of patients in the acute period of IS.Ишемический инсульт (ИИ) является серьезной медико-социальной проблемой в связи с широкой распространенностью, глубокой и длительной инвалидизацией пациентов. Эффективность фармацевтической нейропротекции при ИИ остается невысокой, что обусловливает необходимость изучения новых методов лечебных воздействий у постинсультных пациентов.Обоснование применения инфракрасного (ИК) излучения с терагерцевой (ТГц) модуляцией в комплексном лечении пациентов в остром периоде ИИ.Представлены результаты транскраниального применения ИК-излучения с ТГц-модуляцией у 112 пациентов в остром периоде ИИ. В основной группе (38 пациентов) применяли ИК-излучение с ТГц-модуляцией на проекцию очага ИИ в дополнение к базисной медикаментозной терапии; в контрольной группе (37 пациентов) — базисную медикаментозную терапию; в группе «плацебо» (37 пациентов) физиотерапевтическое лечение было имитировано. Оценивали данные неврологического статуса и нейрофункциональных показателей с использованием шкал NIHSS, MMSE, Rankin и Rivermid. Церебральный кровоток исследовали с помощью дуплексного сканирования брахиоцефальных сосудов.Включение в комплексное лечение ИК-излучения с ТГц-модуляцией на проекцию очага ИИ в остром периоде способствовало значимому регрессу неврологического дефицита, полному восстановлению когнитивных функций и повышению повседневной активности за счет восстановления адекватного кровоснабжения на стороне пораженного полушария.Предложена патогенетически оправданная методика лечения острого ИИ, которая может повысить эффективность ранних нейрореабилитационных мероприятий. Раннее улучшение церебральной гемоперфузии привело к созданию оптимальных условий для выживания нейронных структур и сохранения их функциональной активности, что продемонстрировало нейропротективную целесообразность включения ИК-излучения с ТГц-модуляцией в комплексное лечение пациентов на ранних этапах в остром периоде ИИ.

The results of examination and surgically treatment of 50 patients with sciatic nerve and branches lesions are presented in paper. Sciatic nerve and branches injury and degree of their damage is diagnosed, functional outcome were described, tactic and treatment recommendations were given in dependence to injury mechanisms, location, surgical techniques.

Aim. The aim of the study is to reveal the relationship between the level of effectiveness of national intellectual capital use and the level of national competitiveness and to detect if there is a difference in the character of the relationship in developed and developing countries. In the article the description of national intellectual capital and its components is presented. The character of the relationship between the indicators that reflect the level of intellectual capital development and the efficiency of its use and one of the macroeconomic indicators of national competitiveness – the national labor productivity, expressed in gross domestic product (GDP) per person employed, – is examined. Method. The analysis of the influence of country’s intellectual capital and the efficiency of its use on the national competitiveness increase was performed by the method of correlation-regression analysis as the most suitable for this for this purpose. The study was conducted on a sample of 215 countries and their indicators on the basis of their assignment to the groups depending on income level. Results. The study has confirmed the dependence of the target indicator of country’s labor productivity, expressed in GDP per person employed on the indicators of the efficiency of intellectual capital use. The belonging of a country to one or another income group does not affect the nature of the relationship between the level of national competitiveness and the level of indicators which characterize the efficiency of intellectual capital use. Conclusion. To develop an effective set of measures to improve the efficiency of national intellectual capital use it is advisable to consider not only the experience of countries which belong to the group of high income level, but also the experience of countries from other groups, for example, the experience of rapidly developing countries from upper middle and middle groups such as China, Brazil, India. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p420

Toxicol.andEnviron.Chem., Vol. 84, No. 1–4, pp. 53–67 2001 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V.Reprints available directly from the publisher Published by license underPhotocopying permitted by license only the Gordon and Breach SciencePublishers imprint,a member of the Taylor & Francis Group.

The retrospective analysis of surgical and rehabilitation treatment of 172 patients with neurotrauma was made. The patients were treated in Russian Polenov Neurosurgical Institute and Municipal hospital of St. Elizabeth in the period since 2009 till 2012. Rehabilitation of different types of neurotrauma presented the system of surgical and recovery methods of treatment, which should be used in a short term after damage. Means of internal cerebral decompression, including drainage of ecephalocoel and cerebral basal cistern and the tentoriotomy, should be used in acute period of craniocerebral trauma according to morphometric data of beam inspection. Management of wound by means of laser or LED radiation, SHWF-therapy, magnetic and electrostimulation were the effective methods of neurorehabilitation. It is noted, that 73 (43,4%) patients returned to a former employment rate among 172 victims, though 26 patients had a moderate invalidization. An average figures of Glasgow scale outcomes were 1,9+/-0,2.

A simulation model was built to describe the growth patterns of Zostera marina in an area in the Venice lagoon. The model tracks changes in the above- and below-ground biomass and shoot density and is based on data for Zostera biomass, net production and growth rates, chemical-physical parameters and nutrient concentrations in water, sediment and particulate matter. It was assumed that the most important factors controlling Zostera growth and distribution are light and temperature, and that Zostera growth was not limited by nutrient availability. The goal was to simulate biomass production and its seasonal changes as a function of external forcing variables (light, water temperature, wind and tide-generated water movements) and internal control (plant density). A series of simulation experiments were performed with the basic model and its modifications showed that among the most important phenomena affecting Zostera growth are: (1) inhibition of production and recruitment of new shoots by high temperature and (2) light attenuation due to seasonal fluctuation and wind- and tide-induced suspension of sediments.

A retrospective analysis of diagnostics and surgical treatment was made in 440 patients with polytrauma, who were on the treatment in hospitals in Saint-Petersburg, Syktyvkar and Omsk during 2009-2012. The neurotrauma was the dominating damage. The patients were divided into two groups: the main and the control group, using the equal quantitative ratio according to the sex, age, circumstances of trauma and type of damages. The strategy of programmed multistage surgical treatment ("damage control surgery") was used in the main group (220 patients, average age 31.7 +/- 5.2 years). The traditional strategy of treatment was applied in the control group (220 patients, average age 30.7 +/- 5.4 years). The damage control surgery allows the reduction of lethality in neurotrauma by 15.0% and improvement of social adaptation of patients by 12.7%.

Trans-CSF brain stimulation is on of applied methods of stimulation in posttraumatic vegetative state. The paper analyzes application of this technique under the control by different methods of electrophysiological monitoring. Authors suggest principles of selection of stimulation parameters and detectable criteria of its effectiveness.

A user-friendly package for simulations of wind-induced currents and dispersion of non-conservative pollutants in aquatic media is discussed. The hydrodynamics are modelled by a stationary shallow-water approximation of the Eckman type. The generated patterns of currents are fed into the 2-D advection-diffusion model to calculate the concentration fields of a pollutant coming with inflows or injected directly into the water body. The package runs on IBM compatible PCs with a mathcoprocessor being very desirable. The package is simple to learn. It may be useful for preliminary qualitative analysis of water pollution, as well as for education and demonstration purposes.

A simple simulation model was developed to describe the growth trends of Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson based on data sets from the Venice lagoon. The model reproduces the seasonal fluctuations in the above and belowground biomass and in shoot density. The modeling results are in good agreement with data on net production, growth rates and chemical–physical parameters of water. It was assumed that light and temperature are the most important factors controlling C. nodosa development, and that the growth was not limited by nutrient availability. The aim was to simulate biomass production as a function of external forcing variables (light, water temperature) and internal control (plant density). A series of simulation experiments were performed with the basic model showing that among the most important phenomena affecting C. nodosa growth are: (1) inhibition of production and recruitment of new shoots by high temperature and (2) light attenuation due to seasonal fluctuation.

In the period 1999-2003 a monitoring study on the accumulation of organotin compounds in edible organisms in the Lagoon of Venice was conducted. Butyl and Phenyl derivatives were determined in pooled samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes spp. with the aims of assessing organotin contamination in the Lagoon of Venice in the period just preceding their ban in Europe, monitoring the concentrations in organisms with a high commercial use, evaluating a potential hazard for human health due to seafood and identifying the possible contamination sources. Sampling stations (up to 20) were distributed around the Lagoon and particularly concentrated in the area close to the town of Chioggia. Significantly higher (analysis of variance (ANOVA), p0.05) tributyltin (TBT) concentrations were found in mussels (from 38 +/- 8 to 6,666 +/- 1,333 microg kg(-1) d.w., as TBT(+)), than in clams (from 6 +/- 1 to 2,256 +/- 451 microg kg(-1) d.w., as TBT(+)). During the 3 years of the survey no increase in average concentrations of the butyltin compounds (tributyltin (TBT) + dibutyltin (DBT) + monobutyltin (MBT)) was observed (ANOVA, p0.05) in either species. Furthermore, by analyzing the entire data set, it is evident that most stations show analogous concentrations in the 3 years for both species, whereas few have anomalously higher concentrations. If organotin concentrations in specimens from some sites are compared with the Tolerable Average Residue Level, a possible risk for human health must be considered.

Coherent interactions of laser fields with resonant atomic and molecular transitions significantly modify optical characteristics of the medium via quantum interference between transition amplitudes. This interference can result in reduction or enhancement of the laser absorption, decrease of the group velocity of the laser pulse etc. The origin of all these processes is electromagnetically induced transparency. This effect is intensively investigated in the connection with its multiple applications: lasing without inversion, group velocity control, quantum optical storage and quantum computing, effective nonlinear interactions of low field intensities, high-precision measurements, spectroscopy and metrology, plasma diagnostics, atomic clock etc.

For almost one century an important steel plant has been active at the Bagnoli industrial area (Naples, Southern Italy). The environmental survey of near shore and offshore sediments has been carried out as fundamental part of a clean up project. The characteristics of the area, supposed type of pollution, national and international protocols in force were taken into consideration in designing sampling schemes and selecting analytical parameters. For this work, sediment grain size, PAHs, PCBs, trace elements, total hydrocarbons and organic matter were considered. Factor analysis evidenced two main types of pollution in the proximity of the industrial plant, both probably attributable to the activity of the industrial site. The first one, due to Cd, Pb, Zn and Mn seems determined by localised activities at the southern part of the plant. The second one, due to Fe and Mn, appears directly linked to the whole contaminated area.

Laser hole boring is a process of ion expulsion from the path of an intense laser beam under the effect of the ponderomotive force. It is considered as a method for more efficient electron energy deposition in fast ignition of inertial fusion reactions. Analysis of the electron dynamics on the laser–plasma interface shows that the hole boring efficiency can be significantly enhanced by an appropriate temporal shaping of the laser pulse. The pulse shape optimization is carried out with a newly developed fast quasi-neutral particle-in-cell (PIC) code and verified with the full PIC simulations.

The contact of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with DDT one hour prior to the infectious feeding results in a slight decrease of their susceptibility to Plasmodium gallinaceum. The contact 24 hours prior to the infectious feeding does not affect the susceptibility of mosquitoes.

The lack of repeated bloodsucking does not affect essentially the infection of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with malaria agent, P. gallinaceum.

Studies of the effect of P. gallinaceum on Ae. aegypti in different periods of the agent's sporogony and during different gonotrophic cycles of the vector have shown the absence of strong inhibition of mosquitoes' fecundity.