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The Chalkan and Alyutor languages are not related, however their current conditions are simlar, meaning that they exist in comparable sociolin- guistic environments of uneven bi- and triligualism. The writing systems of the- se unwritten languages are still being developed, which is being further compli- cated by the influence of the writing norms of the dominant languages. The handwritten and published materials in Chalkan and Alyutor demonstrate the variety in graphic forms of national texts. The choice of graphemes for the spe- cific sounds of national speech is also a major issue. For the Alyutor writing system, the graphic representations of the super-short vowel [ә], the fricative [ɣ], the glottal stop [ʔ] and the epiglottal stop [ʕ] have not yet been developed. In the following article, we present the analysis of three versions of Alyutor writing systems developed by native Alyutor speakers M. I. Popov, M. V. Nu- tayulgin, A. A. Sorokin. The problem of graphic variety of the written form of the Chalkan languages stems from the following two reasons: the absence of graphemes for specific Chalkan sounds ғ [ɣі], җ [ʒ”], қ [q], њ [n’] and the in- fluence of the Standard Altai orthographic norms.

The paper describes the phonetic correlations found in the records done by V. V. Radlov (1866–1907), N. A. Baskakov (1934–1952), and modern Chalkan records (2010–2019). We show certain phonetic shifts that have taken place since the middle of the 19th century: spirantization of labial consonants in the inlaut; the shifts in consonants: j-č-t’; elimination of the auslaut -ғ (-ɣ). Graphic correlations are also shown in anlaut: p- (mid-19th century), b- (mid-20th century), p- (early 21st century). The text analysis in the diachronic aspect allowed us to assume that the anlaut grapheme “b” in the texts of N. A. Baskakov is not a confirmation of the presence of the corresponding sound [b] in the language of the Chalkans of the beginning of the 20th century. The use of the analog sound [p] instead of [b] is evidenced by the materials of V. V. Radlov. N. A. Baskakov most likely used the grapheme “b” in his texts to reflect Chalkan speech at the beginning of the 20th century by analogy with other Turkic closely related languages in which this sound is present. Graphic correlations are also shown in inlaut: -џ- (mid-19th century), -dž- / -ž- (mid-20th century), -ž- / -š’- (early 21st century). Graphic variations stem from the fact that the Chalkan language remains unwritten to this day, and for the transmission of national speech, researchers and native speakers use graphics of written Altai and Russian languages, adapting it to the features of their speech.

In the following article, we describe the changes that have occurred in Chalkan phonetics over the last 70 years. We compare the consonant system data collected by N. A. Baskakov to modern research data of Siberian experimental phonetics. Certain differences between the Chalkan phonetic systems and other Siberian languages are revealed. We also describe the phonetic processes that are currently taking place in the modern Chalkan language. We list the following changes in Chalkan consonantism: nasalization of labial consonants in anlaut (p- → m-), denasalization of labial consonants in inlaut (-m- → -β-), spirantization of occlusive labial phonemes in inlaut (-p- → -β-), replacement of the anlaut č- by the Altai ħ-, removal of the final fricative low-obstruent super-weak -ɣ. In Siberian Turkic languages, including the Chalkan language (as well as some Kipchak languages, including Kyrgyz, Kazakh, etc.), one may observe a process that can be characterized as a shift of phonotactic trends typical for monosyllabic roots in inter-morphemic clusters of consonants. As the model of affix annexation via connective vowels disappeared, the number of inter-morphemic consonant combinations increased, intensifying the processes of assimilation. Cases of progressive assimilation are the most common: if a stem ends with a vowel or a sonorous consonant, the first obstruent consonant of the affix is either voiced or sonorous (tүn=de ‘at night’, palъ=ɡe ‘to the child’ in Chalkan). If a stem ends with a voiceless consonant, the first consonant of the affix is also voiceless (pᴜlᴜt(t)e ‘on a cloud’, kaske ‘to a goose’ in Chalkan). The Chalkan languages possesses traits typical for Southern Siberian Turkic languages; however, it also has traits similar to those of Kipchak languages, namely the relatively high degree of preservation of voiceless intervocalic consonants in stems (whereas in inter-morphemic positions they are voiced).

Microvolt T-wave alternans (MTA) is one of markers of electrical myocardial instability.To elucidate normal range of MTA parameters during bicycle exercise test (ET) in adolescent elite athletes.We examined 500 athletes aged 9-18 (mean 16.1 ± 2.2) years members of national teams of 27 kinds of sport. There were 333 females with mean age 16.0 ± 1.01 years and 167 males with mean age 16.3 ± 1.4. All athletes underwent ECG registration in clino- and ortho- positions and bicycle ET with automatic analysis of MTAT-wave alternans.Mean MTA value was 26 ± 13 (9-51) mV. MTA above 65 mV was registered in 10 persons (2.1%) 5 of whom had signs of overtraining. Sensitivity (Se) of MTA for detection of overtraining state was 21%, specificity (Sp)--99%, positive and negative predictive value--50 and 96%, respectively.Normal MTA range during ET is 9-51 mV. MTA values during ET do not depend on age and sex but are determined by duration of participation in sports and myocardial mass. MTA value is related to length of QT-interval. Increase of maximal MTA values above 65 mV is insensitive (Se 21%) but highly specific (Sp 99%) sign of overtraining in adolescent elite athletes.

A case of a rare disease - Andersen-Tawil the syndrome (ATS) is presented. Diagnosis of ATS, 7-th molecular-genetic variant of long QT syndrome was made basing on the characteristic clinical picture (periodic stress induced syncopal states), data of ECG and its Holter monitoring (pronounced QT prolongation, bouts of polymorphic bidirectional ventricular tachycardia), typical dysmorphic features (low-set ears, small mandible, brachydactyly, fifth-digit clinodactyly). However mutation of the KCNJ2 gene typical for this variant was not detected. Problems of pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment of the disease are discussed with special stress on class IC antiarrhythmic drugs.