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The article analyzes resilience factors of tight oil and gas production in the USA. The US is the only country in the world that currently produces shale hydrocarbons on a commercial scale, though other petroleum states try to emulate their success in this sphere. The American shale revolution became possible due to a massive application of hydrofracking in combination with horizontal drilling to produce tight oil and gas. Therefore, the mighty technological potential of the American petroleum sector became the key success factor of the US shale revolution. However, technological breakthroughs are necessary, but not sufficient for ensuring a stable development of the shale industry. Of particular importance is the institutional framework of the US shale sector that is characterized by an efficient system of subsurface use, a powerful financial and industrial base, a long-term strategy of the state support for R&D, a reasonable fiscal policy, a transparent regulation, as well as a competitive and diversified structure of the shale sector. This unique combination of factors will be extremely difficult to replicate in other countries. When constructing long-term scenarios of oil and gas production, the US Energy Information Administration proceeds from the key assumptions of resource availability and rates of improving production technologies. The analysis of the shale phenomenon permits to conclude that these two factors are interconnected – the continuous technological progress of the sector ensures the enhanced oil and gas recovery ratio. As a result, the production growth is accompanied by the growth of resource availability. The limits to this trend are not visible yet, and, therefore, it means that the upside potential of shale production is not exhausted.

The paper shows that the efficiency of the machine and tractor fleet is significantly influenced by operating conditions. It is known that the harsher the operating conditions, particularly those related to climate, the higher the frequency of failures, which, in turn, results in the reduced durability and efficiency of the equipment. One way to mitigate failures and power losses in the motor-transmission unit, as well as improve fuel efficiency, is by utilizing the waste heat from the internal combustion engine. This approach ensures an optimal temperature in the main units of the machinery at negative ambient temperatures. (Research purpose) The research aims to develop a technological scheme for utilizing waste heat from the internal combustion engine, specifically the heat from exhaust gases, to maintain the optimal temperature in the main units of the machine and tractor unit. (Materials and methods) The potential for using exhaust gas heat in the proposed scheme was studied and assessed using an experimental setup. The results were processed using the exergy research method. (Results and discussion) It is found that the power of the exhaust gas heat fl w at various engine operating modes provides favorable conditions for its utilization in the proposed scheme. Based on the research results, a system for maintaining a set temperature regime in the main units and trailer unit of a self-propelled machine was developed and patented. (Conclusions) The presence of significant kinetic and thermal energy in the exhaust gases enables its secondary use. A technological scheme for utilizing the heat of exhaust gases from internal combustion engines has been developed as a system for maintaining a set temperature regime in the main units and trailer unit of a self-propelled machine. The application of the developed system will maximize the utilization coefficient of the heat released during fuel combustion in the engine.

The paper notes the feasibility of a vibration-based method for feed grain grinding. However, preference should be placed on dynamic machine configurations that enhance energy efficiency and increase the overall structural reliability. In this regard, it is worth considering the vibration grinder proposed in Patent RU 2688424C1. (Research purpose) The study aims to improve the technical capabilities of feed grain vibration grinders through the utilization of self-synchronization effects in vibration exciters and anti-resonance in working components. (Materials and methods) The authors developed a mathematical model for the dynamics of the working bodies in this type of a grain vibration grinder, taking into consideration the design of these bodies and their interaction with the technological environment. (Results and discussion) The findings show that effective execution of the technological process requires counter-rotating unbalance shafts and fine-tuning the working bodies to operate in an anti-resonance mode. The experiment confirms stable self-synchronization of vibration exciters in the anti-resonance mode of the working bodies, although the phasing of the unbalance shafts deviates slightly from the theoretical 180-degree mark, measuring between 168 and 170 degrees. This deviation does not have an adverse impact on the grinding process. As a result, the initial hypothesis combining the effects of self-synchronization in vibration exciters and anti-resonance in working bodies has received both theoretical and experimental confirmation. (Conclusions) It has been established that effective implementation of the technological process necessitates the counter-rotation of unbalance shafts, resulting in the self-synchronization of vibration exciters, and adjustment of the working bodies to an anti-resonance mode.

The paper presents a theoretical substantiation of the concept of «discourse» as the most important ontological category in contemporary linguistics. It further explains the semantic evolution of the concept of «discourse» from philosophical scholasticism to modern humanitarian knowledge. The essence of the notion of «discourse» is unveiled through a number of fundamental oppositions in the ontology of the object of linguistics (the language), with the opposition of system and phenomenon, considered as the two sides of the ontology of language, being the most important of them. In each of its sides, the object strives to achieve ontological integrity. Systemic integrity is opposed to the phenomenological totality of language, which is what the notion of «discourse» is about. Systemic integrity in its material aspect relies on a certain sum of elements that are in structural relation to each other and create the structure of language. The discursive integrity of language in its material aspect is based on a speech fact (a word in its speech status, an utterance, a text), which stands in an interpretive relation to (an)other speech fact(s). An intertextual connection arises between speech facts; one fact follows another in a linear-historical sequence. The sum of speech facts constitutes the wholeness of expressive extent of discourse. In its ideal aspect, integrity is subject to the effects of certain semantic constants. As far as the systemic integrity of language is concerned, such a constant is a linguistic function (cognitive, communicative). In its phenomenological integrity, language is governed by the concept, which is the highest semantic setting of discourse, being the intuition of discourse. The two dimensions of integrity are inextricably linked, and complement each other in the general ontology of language. Combining a set of activity-based and sociocultural approaches to language studies, the contemporary paradigm in the development of linguistics can be characterized as phenomenological. The paper is intended for specialists in the field of general theory of language, and history of linguistics.

The literature review is dedicated to the topical subject in current endocrinology and gynecology – clitoromegaly. At present, clitoromegaly is considered as a symptom of an endocrinological disease associated with impaired testosterone or androgen production. However, in most cases, the cause of the disease cannot be determined. A condition described in the clitoromegaly classification as an "idiopathic clitoromegaly" holds a leading place. Despite an opportunity to perform a successful clitoroplasty in childhood, adult patients with clitoromegaly quite often seek specialists` help. Such girls and women often suffer from anxietydepressive disorders related to social maladjustment associated due to sexological and psychological problems, which requires a sexologist or psychotherapist` supervision and treatment. Here, we provide the data on genetic syndromes accompanied by clitoromegaly. Differential diagnostics algorithms for neonates, young and adult women are proposed.

Spina bifida is a developmental defect of the spinal cord and / or spine that results from abnormal closure of the embryonic neural tube. Many factors have been described to determine the risks of developing this pathology, but the incidence of the defect is still high. 61 % of patients with Spina bifida have neurogenic bladder dysfunction based on intravesical hypertension, which contributes to reverse urethral flow and bladder-uretero-renal reflux associated with chronic inflammatory and obstructive urinary tract disease. In 25–50 % of patients with Spina bifida, urological pathology is complicated by the development of chronic kidney disease, which significantly reduces the quality of life of these patients. In some types of Spina bifida, urological symptoms may be prominent or even isolated and may indicate the presence of the malformation. Therefore, early diagnosis of Spina bifida and timely prophylactic and therapeutic measures are of particular importance.

Introduction. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ failure caused by the body’s dysregulated response to infection. The prevalence of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM) in patients with sepsis ranges from 10 to 70%, while there are no special sections on SICM in the known resuscitation manuals. There is also a lack of large clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of SICM treatment.Case. A 59-year-old patient was urgently hospitalized in the intensive care unit with shock of unknown origin. Emergency coronary angiography revealed no coronary obstruction. Two hours after admission, asystole was recorded with effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, infusion of inotropic and vasopressor drugs. The patient was diagnosed with leukocytosis up to 19*109/l, procalcitonin >0,5 ng/ml. Subsequently, stage 2 acute kidney injury, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, SICM, combined shock (cardiogenic, septic) were diagnosed. Antibiotic and hemosorption therapy using a CytoSorb column were started. On the 6th day, there was a improvement of hemodynamic parameters, a decrease in the rate of vasopressor infusion, and normalization of the left ventricular ejection fraction. The condition has stabilized with further favorable changes.Discussion. Despite the wide prevalence and high mortality in SICM, this condition is not well described in the literature, and there are no clear diagnostic criteria and treatment algorithms. This case demonstrates the effective treatment of SICM at the stage when the prognosis of patients becomes extremely unfavorable, reaching 90% mortality.Conclusion. This case demonstrates the effective treatment of SICM as an element of multiple organ failure, in the outcome of sepsis, using efferent methods, when the prognosis becomes extremely unfavorable. Personalized approach and management of these patients is critical to improve disease outcomes.

The electronic document management system is one of the most popular products for implementation at various enterprises in various industries, ranging from heavy industry to state organizations and federal authorities. Document flow in many companies is carried out on paper, and this, in turn, causes great difficulties in processing, storing and executing documents. Paper archives occupy hundreds of square meters of storage space, and if necessary, it is very difficult to find the right document among a large amount of waste paper. In this regard, many companies begin to review their activities and move away from paper document management to electronic

Background and Aim: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; conjunctivitis) is a widespread eye disease in cattle. In 1960, the Gram-negative bacillus Moraxella bovis was discovered as one of IBK's etiological causal agents. This study aimed to clarify the epidemiological (epizootic) situation of cattle moraxellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study also maps the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the epidemiological (epizootic) process to develop more effective antiepizootic measures. Materials and Methods: We clinically examined both imported and local cattle species based on existing epidemiological (epizootological) units of economic entities in Kazakhstan. Then, we selected biomaterials for laboratory tests to screen for moraxellosis. Results: We clarified the epizootic situation for moraxellosis of cattle in Kazakhstan using data from the Meat Union of Kazakhstan, veterinary reports from the Veterinary Control and Surveillance Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kazakhstan, and our results, obtained during visits to farms in the various regions of the republic. Conclusion: Based on the data of the conducted studies, we developed epizootic visualization maps with quantitative indicators of the cattle moraxellosis epizootic-transfer processes within various regions of Kazakhstan for 2019. The data obtained from studies of the properties of the isolated cultures compared with the characteristics of reference strains gave grounds to classify them as belonging to the Moraxella genus.

An effective method for preventing the operation of computer network nodes for organizing a botnet is proposed. A botnet is a collection of devices connected via the Internet for the purpose of organizing DDoS attacks, stealing data, sending spam and other malicious actions. The described method implies the detection of generated domain names in DNS queries using a neural network with parallel organization of convolutional and bidirectional recurrent layers. The effectiveness of the method is based on the assumption that generated domain names are used to create a botnet for merging. Experiments confirm that the proposed neural network is superior to the accuracy of existing counterparts on the UMUDGA dataset. The estimation of the quality of recognition of generated domain names using ROC analysis is calculated for a trained neural network. The article also formulates a model for controlling detectors using a partially observable Markov decisionmaking process to block infected nodes of a computer network. The search for the optimal policy for the formulated model by means of Q-learning of value agents is proposed. A comparative analysis of the average, minimum and maximum value of actions taken by agents in the process of interacting with the environment is carried out.

The paper proposes effective method of computer network protection from data exfiltration by the system of domain names. Data exfiltration by Domain Name System (DNS) is an approach to conceal the transfer of confidential data to remote adversary using data encapsulation into the requesting domain name. The DNS requests that transfer stolen information from a host infected by malicious software to an external host controlled by a malefactor are considered. The paper proposes a method of detecting such DNS requests based on text classification of domain names by convolutional neural network. The efficiency of the method is based on assumption that domain names exploited for data exfiltration differ from domain names formed from words of natural language. To classify the requests in convolutional neural network the use of character embedding for representing the string of a domain name is proposed. Quality evaluation of the trained neural network used for recognition of data exfiltration through domain name system using ROC-analysis is performed.The paper presents the software architecture used for deployment of trained neural network into existing infrastructure of the domain name system targeting practical computer networks protection from data exfiltration. The architecture implies creation of response policy zones for blocking of individual requests, classified as malicious.

The article presents a broad theoretical view of figure in its expressive and semantic features, as a semiotic and cognitive category. The nature of figure comes out in speech. Figure is a characteristic form of speech sign (sign in speech). The essence of figure is described in terms of transitivity and interpretation. Both are functional qualities which serve to describe relationship between the parts of the figure. The notion parts of the figure has a double meaning: a linear and a conceptual one. Figure, to come to existence, unites and, at the same time, opposes its two parts to each other. The linear approach means a discrete and external expressive evolution of the figure, one part comes to substitute and to complete the other, this transition from one part to another implies a conceptual evolution of the figure. The linear approach applies to different scales of analysis. As figures one can see: forms of structural and nominative reduplication, transition from theme to rheme in the proposition, transition from one proposition to another within the text, intertextual transition from one text to another within the discourse. The conceptual approach goes to inner syncretism of the figure, representing the semiotic link between the sense and the semantic representation of the object in it. A linear figure turns to be a conceptual one. At this point too we see different levels of figure. An inner and an external synergies of the figure are distinguished. The first one refers to the inner correlation between two parts of the figure. The second one characterizes how the figure depends on the conceptual factors of the discourse. The figure in its evolution focuses on the “functional perspective of discourse”. The figure hones conceptual features and contributes to conceptual structuring of discourse. A conceptual figure of discourse grows in this process. The most stable conceptual features are seen in so called institutional types of discourse. The article analyses examples from political and juridical discourses. It may be of interest of different specialists working in fields of discourse, semiotics, cognition theory and logic.

Better fi eld operations are performed result in lower weed contamination of crops, which means less chemical protection is required. This makes a positive eff ect on soil fertility, crop quality and the ecological situation in general. (Research purpose) To study weed circulation in mechanized farm technologies for cereal production and propose ways of reducing the weed content at all stages of cultivation, taking into account the favorable environmental response of the agricultural background. (Materials and methods) The authors have revealed the fundamental criteria for the implementation of fi eld operations based on a multifactorial model of crop cultivation: reduction of the weed content, reduction of soil compaction sites and re-processing, and environmenta response. They have demonstrated weed circulation in traditional cereal production technologies, identifi ed the development dynamics of weeds and their distribution in the agricultural background. (Results and discussion) The authors controlled weed seeds on spring wheat fi elds under production conditions during the harvest seasons of 2016 and 2017. They experimentally found an increased content of miliary weed seeds in the selected threshing products, the mass of which ranged from 5 to 16 grams per m2. The share of weed seeds in grain hopper amounted to 2.9 percent. It was revealed that weed seeds isolated by a combine remain viable after autumn tillage. Transverse tillage increases the area of contamination in 2 times or more. The authors propose a comprehensive system of weed control at all stages of fi eld operations, taking into account the environmental response of the agricultural background. It is shown that the separation and destruction of weed seeds at the harvest stage is of particular importance. The authors present technical and technological solutions to reduce weeds and ensure a favorable ecological situation. (Conclusions) The authors have designed a comprehensive system to reduce weed contamination, thus reducing the overall impact of plant protection remedies by 30 percent.

Video surveillance applications have to support objects authentic in case of multiple objects tracking. During tracking process errors, caused by different circumstances, such as objects intersections among themselves, intersections with objects on the foreground, objects shape changes are possible. This article describes multiple objects tracking algorithm, based on system of object characteristics. The probabilistic model is based on the Kalman filter. The system is fully automated and does not require any manual input during initialization or execution.

The results of the development and research of laser Doppler flowmetry for the diagnosis of microvascular hemodynamics with a differential analysis of the rhythmic component are presented.

An overview of a simple and efficient method to abort execution of a running kernel on graphics processing unit when it is required for fast release of its resources is presented. Required conditions of the method and kernel feedback approaches needed for a kernel restart on another processing unit are described in details.

Sea ice fields in the Antarctic, in contrast to the Arctic ones, did not show a reduction in observed global warming, whereas the global climate models indicate its certain decrease. The purpose of the study is to explain this climatic phenomenon on the basis of the idea of joint dynamics of oceanic structures in the Southern Ocean – the Antarctic polar front and the margin of the maximum distribution of sea ice. We used data from the ERA/Interim and HadISST as well as the database on the sea ice for 1979–2017. Relationship between the SST-anomalies in low latitudes of the Northern hemisphere and positions of the Antarctic polar front and maximum sea-ice extent was investigated. It was found that locations of these structures changed under the influence of the SST anomalies in low latitudes. The results obtained confirm existence of the opposite trends in changes in the sea ice extent in the Arctic and Antarctic under the influence of the SST anomalies in the central North Atlantic Ocean. When positive, the anomalies cause a shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the Hadley circulation to the North, while, on the contrary, the negative anomaly promotes the corresponding shift of the Antarctic polar front, followed by the boundary of sea ice.

Abstract Background Nicotiana rustica (Aztec tobacco), like common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), is an allotetraploid formed through a recent hybridization event; however, it originated from completely different progenitor species. Here, we report the comparative genome analysis of wild type N. rustica (5 Gb; 2n = 4x = 48) with its three putative diploid progenitors (2.3–3 Gb; 2n = 2x =24), Nicotiana undulata, Nicotiana paniculata and Nicotiana knightiana. Results In total, 41% of N. rustica genome originated from the paternal donor (N. undulata), while 59% originated from the maternal donor (N. paniculata/N. knightiana). Chloroplast genome and gene analyses indicated that N. knightiana is more closely related to N. rustica than N. paniculata. Gene clustering revealed 14,623 ortholog groups common to other Nicotiana species and 207 unique to N. rustica. Genome sequence analysis indicated that N. knightiana is more closely related to N. rustica than N. paniculata, and that the higher nicotine content of N. rustica leaves is the result of the progenitor genomes combination and of a more active transport of nicotine to the shoot. Conclusions The availability of four new Nicotiana genome sequences provide insights into how speciation impacts plant metabolism, and in particular alkaloid transport and accumulation, and will contribute to better understanding the evolution of Nicotiana species.

Objectives. The aim of the study is to develop the characteristics of the institutional environment to ensure the sustainable development of regions.Methods. Research methods comprise the system analysis, socio- economic modelling and forecasting. The method of graphic images is used in order to visualise the analytical data and the results.Results. The relevance of sustainable regional development in the current economic conditions is substantiated, the necessity of a complex approach of economic, social and ecological criteria for the implementation of programmes aimed at transforming the social and economic space of territories, small towns, and municipalities is identified. The role of institutions in the development of territories is revealed and their mechanisms and classifications examined. Different scientific approaches to the role and significance of the institutional environment are characterised alongside a discussion of the need for modernisation and adaptation to present economic conditions. An analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of the institutional environment is carried out and the directions for their formation up to a level corresponding to the development strategy of the territory, small town or municipality are determined. The indicators of the development of the institutional environment of small towns are characterised on the example of three subjects of the Russian Federation: Perm Krai, Tula and Vladimir oblast. Data on three types of institutions – constitutional, economic and social – are considered together with living standards. The composition of the institutions of the business environment, education, culture and sport is analysed. The data on budget indicators of small towns of the federal subjects under consideration are reflected and problems concerning local budget deficits in the majority of municipalities are identified.Conclusion. Based on the identified directions and criteria for the development of the institutional environment, the directions for modelling the sustainable development of territories are developed.

Influence of anomalies of the sea surface temperature (SST) in low latitudes of the North Atlantic on the sea ice cover and the near-surface air temperature in the marine Arctic is discussed in the article. Data on the SST in the Atlantic Ocean from the HadISST dataset, climatic series of the water temperature at the section along the Kola meridian together with mean monthly data on the sea ice extent and the air surface temperature in the Maritime Arctic and the Northern hemisphere were analyzed. Multivariate cross-correlation analysis was applied to determine the maximum correlation coefficients between the SST anomalies, climate characteristics and their corresponding delays within time limits of 33 to 38 months. Existence of intimate link had been found between changes of the Atlantic SST in low latitudes and the sea ice extent in the Arctic with correlation coefficients up to 0.90 and delays up to 3 years. A mechanism of formation of the remote influence of low-latitude SST anomalies on the sea ice anomalies in the Arctic Ocean is proposed. The interpretation of this mechanism includes into consideration the interaction between atmospheric and oceanic circulation modes.

The article analyses reforms of Hugo Chavez (1954-2013, president of Venezuela in 1999-2013). Three years after his death, analyzing his policies, reforms and contribution to the development of the state and nation, we can admit that Chavez was one of the prominent international politicians and public figures of the turn of XX-XXI centuries. He was not only the most influential geopolitical ally of Russia in the Western hemisphere. Reforms of Chávez demonstrate the example of the combination of patriotism, courage and common sense, devotion to his country and its people. The article analyzes the ideological and political origins Chavez’s strategy, his unique “triad” - the combination of religious faith, support of the army and the pursuit of social justice. The author discloses the essence of profound transformations in domestic politics - constitutional reform, nationalization of the oil industry, mining and extraction of raw materials, electricity grids, large-scale projects to improve the social situation of citizens, education and medicine, agrarian reform.

Dynamics of grain crops productivity in the main grain growing regions of Siberian Federal District is presented. Major factors shoud be considered at justification of a class of combine harvesters for their effective operation in various climatic and working conditions. loading efficiency of a combine thresher depends on productivity and operating width of windrowers or headers at straight-cutting and windrowing. A tailings maintenance in the threshed grain heap influences on the harvester capacity. Certificate capacity of combines of a class of 5-12 kg/s at the 1.5 percent admissible level of losses behind a combine thresher is depending on the tailings maintenance in the threshed grain heap. In accordance to analysis the capacity of combines of any class of the classical design increases by 1.45 times at reduction of a straw content from 1.5 to 0.7 relative to standard indicators, and decreases by 1.16 times at increase of this parameter to 2.3. The combine of a class of 7 kg/s is completely loaded when pickup threshing by harvesters with a operating width of 20; 16 and 12 m at a speed of movement 7.2; 9.0 and 12.0 km/h respectively. The combine of a class of 10 kg/s at crop productivity of 1.8 t/ha will be completely loaded when pickup threshing if the operating width is 20 m and the speed equals 12 km/h, and at the width of 16 m speed has to make 13 km/h. The content of the technological certificate by the example of use of combines of a class of 7 kg/s (GS-07) and 10 kg/s (GS-10) is proved. The algorithm of determination of the movement speed is presented. Its use provides certificate loading of a thresher when threshing of grain crops with different productivity at straight-cutting and windrowing.

We considered the issues of the structure, material composition and secondary changes of Karuyarvinskaya suite rocks of riphean Kildin series at Peninsula Srednii. There is the characteristic of stromatolithic biostromes Stratifera aff. flexurata Kom., which was first discovered within very narrow fault zone of the well-known Riphean stromatolithic (reefogenic) formation. It is framing the East-European Epikarelian platform from the east and the north-east. We offered the correlation scheme of Peninsula Srednii Riphean complexes with Riphean deposits of Srednii Timan and Southern Urals.

В статье определено место планирования использования земель в современной системе функций управления земельными ресурсами. Сделан акцент на изучении взаимодействия мероприятий по прогнозированию и планированию в общем цикле регулирования деятельности по использованию и охране земельных ресурсов. Составлен круг задач планирования в системе действий по управлению земельными ресурсами.