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The presence of excess weight, especially visceral obesity contributes to the increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease.To determine the prevalence and associated factors with abdominal obesity in patients on hemodialysis (HD).Cross-sectional study with 344 patients older than 18 years. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference94 cm in men and80 cm in women. The independent variables involved socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, duration of HD, food consumption and body mass index (BMI). The analysis of associated factors was performed by multiple Poisson regression, remaining in the final model variables with p0.05.The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 44.77% and was more prevalent in women (55.71%) than in men (37.25%), p = 0.001. The end result of the multivariate analysis identified factors associated with abdominal obesity in men and women: age over 40 years, protein intake below 1.2 g/kg/day and BMI25 kg/m². In men the economic class D/E remained associated with abdominal obesity, p0.05.There was a high prevalence of abdominal obesity in hemodialysis patients. Age greater than 40 years, lower socioeconomic classes, below the recommended protein intake and overweight were associated with abdominal obesity.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre consumo alimentar e controle metabólico em crianças e adolescentes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 11 crianças e 39 adolescentes com DM1. Coletaram-se dados alimentares (hábitos, três recordatórios de 24 horas - R24h), terapêuticos (insulinoterapia), bioquímicos (índice da hemoglobina glicada - inHbA, glicemias casuais - GLC, pós-prandiais - GLPP e perfil lipídico). Utilizou-se o teste t de Student e a correlação de Pearson, sendo significante pOBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between dietary intake and metabolic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 11 children and 39 adolescents with DM1. The following variabes were collected: meals data (habits, three 24-hour recall - R24h), therapeutic (insulin) and biochemical data (index of glycated hemoglobin - inHbA, casual glucose - GLC, post-prandial glucose - GLPP, and lipid profile). Student's t-test and Pearson correlation were applied, being significant p

Estudo transversal, que objetivou determinar fatores socioeconômicos, de estilo de vida e nutricionais associados ao ferro do colostro de puérperas. Utilizou-se questionário socioeconômico e demográfi co para obter características pessoais e de estilo de vida, e outro questionário de frequência de consumo alimentar (QFCA) para avaliação dietética referente aos últimos seis meses de gestação. Coletaram-se amostras de colostro para quantifi car o ferro por espectrometria de absorção atômica por chama. Empregou-se estatística descritiva, teste de Mann-Whitney, teste t de Student e coefi ciente de correlação de Spearman. A média de ferro de 281,25 μg/L está compatível com outros estudos, indicando que o colostro é essencial para o bebê nos primeiros meses de vida. Não houve associações signifi cativas entre ferro do colostro e variáveis socioeconômicas e nem correlação com consumo alimentar. Tais fatores não infl uenciaram o valor do ferro do colostro.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a concentração de chumbo em colostro humano e verificar a existência de relação entre esse dado, consumo alimentar e fatores socioeconômicos das puérperas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 80 puérperas de uma maternidade de Goiânia, Brasil, realizado de julho a dezembro de 2008. Aplicou-se um questionário socioeconômico e de estilo de vida, além do questionário de frequência de consumo alimentar. Posteriormente, foram coletadas amostras de colostro, analisadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica por chama para quantificar o chumbo. Calculou-se a correlação entre o teor de chumbo, as variáveis socioeconômicas e o consumo alimentar. RESULTADOS: A média da concentração de chumbo foi 6,88 μg/L, e a mediana foi 4,65 μg/L. Os aspectos socioeconômicos não apresentaram associação significativa com o teor de chumbo. A ingestão de ácidos graxos saturados, ovos, carnes suínas, frango e derivados (todos com valores de r = -0,26 e P = 0,020) correlacionou-se inversamente ao teor chumbo do colostro humano, ao passo que a ingestão de abóbora (r = 0,26 e P = 0,019) e berinjela (r = 0,27 e P = 0,015) correlacionou-se proporcionalmente ao valor obtido. A correlação entre abóbora cozida, ovos, carnes suínas, de frango e derivados foi mantida após ajuste na regressão logística. CONCLUSÕES: Foi detectada presença de chumbo no colostro materno, possivelmente como resultado da exposição dietética das puérperas deste estudo. Além da correlação entre presença de chumbo e consumo alimentar, os resultados sugerem que a ingestão de nutrientes específicos pode propiciar maior ou menor concentração desse contaminante, sem relação direta com fatores socioeconômicos.OBJECTIVE: To estimate the levels of lead in human colostrum and investigate whether they are correlated with dietary intake and socioeconomic factors in puerperal women. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 80 puerperal women from a maternity hospital in Goiânia, Brazil. Data were collected between July and December 2008. A questionnaire was used to collect socioeconomic and lifestyle information. A dietary intake frequency questionnaire was also applied. After that, colostrum samples were collected and analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry to quantify lead levels. The correlation between lead levels, socioeconomic variables, and dietary intake was calculated. RESULTS: The mean concentration of lead in colostrum samples was 6.88 μg/L, and the median concentration was 4.65 μg/L. There was no association between socioeconomic aspects and lead levels. The intake of saturated fatty acids, eggs, pork meats, chicken, and chicken products (r = -0.26 and P = 0.020) was inversely correlated with the levels of lead in human colostrum, whereas the intake of squash (r = 0.26; P = 0.019) and eggplant (r = 0.27; P = 0.015) was positively correlated with the levels of lead. The correlation observed for cooked squash, eggs, pork and chicken meats, and chicken products was maintained after logistic regression adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of lead was detected in human colostrum in this sample, probably as a result of dietary exposure. In addition to a correlation between presence of lead and dietary intake, the present findings suggest that specific nutrients may result in increased or decreased levels of lead, without a direct relationship with socioeconomic factors.

OBJETIVO: Identificar a associação de condições socioeconômicas, demográficas, nutricionais e de atividade física sobre o controle glicêmico de adolescentes portadores de DM1. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 71 adolescentes com diagnóstico clínico de diabetes tipo 1. Foram obtidos dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e antropométricos. O controle glicêmico foi classificado pelo índice de hemoglobina glicada (A1C). Foram aplicados quatro recordatórios de 24 horas de consumo alimentar e de atividade física. RESULTADOS: A A1C foi inadequada para a maioria dos adolescentes. A menor escolaridade do cuidador influenciou para o controle glicêmico inadequado. Pacientes com menor dose de insulina apresentaram melhor controle glicêmico. A alimentação observada foi hipoglicídica e hiperlipídica. A maioria dos pacientes era sedentária. CONCLUSÃO: Fatores relacionados à educação, à insulina e à alimentação influenciaram no controle glicêmico.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a concentracao de chumbo em colostro humano e verificar a existencia de relacao entre esse dado, consumo alimentar e fatores socioeconomicos das puerperas. METODOS: Estudo transversal com 80 puerperas de uma maternidade de Goiânia, Brasil, realizado de julho a dezembro de 2008. Aplicou-se um questionario socioeconomico e de estilo de vida, alem do questionario de frequencia de consumo alimentar. Posteriormente, foram coletadas amostras de colostro, analisadas por espectrometria de absorcao atomica por chama para quantificar o chumbo. Calculou-se a correlacao entre o teor de chumbo, as variaveis socioeconomicas e o consumo alimentar. RESULTADOS: A media da concentracao de chumbo foi 6,88 μg/L, e a mediana foi 4,65 μg/L. Os aspectos socioeconomicos nao apresentaram associacao significativa com o teor de chumbo. A ingestao de acidos graxos saturados, ovos, carnes suinas, frango e derivados (todos com valores de r = -0,26 e P = 0,020) correlacionou-se inversamente ao teor chumbo do colostro humano, ao passo que a ingestao de abobora (r = 0,26 e P = 0,019) e berinjela (r = 0,27 e P = 0,015) correlacionou-se proporcionalmente ao valor obtido. A correlacao entre abobora cozida, ovos, carnes suinas, de frango e derivados foi mantida apos ajuste na regressao logistica. CONCLUSOES: Foi detectada presenca de chumbo no colostro materno, possivelmente como resultado da exposicao dietetica das puerperas deste estudo. Alem da correlacao entre presenca de chumbo e consumo alimentar, os resultados sugerem que a ingestao de nutrientes especificos pode propiciar maior ou menor concentracao desse contaminante, sem relacao direta com fatores socioeconomicos.

BACKGROUND Consumption of fried food has been suggested to promote obesity, but this association has seldom been studied. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the association of energy intake from fried food with general and central obesity in Spain, a Mediterranean country where frying with oil is a traditional cooking procedure. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of 33 542 Spanish persons aged 29-69 y who were participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition between 1992 and 1996. Dietary intake was assessed by a diet history questionnaire. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured by trained interviewers. Analyses were performed with logistic regression and were adjusted for total energy intake and other confounders. RESULTS The prevalence of general obesity [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) >or= 30] was 27.6% in men and 27.7% in women. Respective figures for central obesity (waist circumference >or= 102 cm in men and >or= 88 cm in women) were 34.5% and 42.6%. The average proportion of energy intake from fried food was 15.6% in men and 12.6% in women. The adjusted odds ratios for general obesity in the highest versus the lowest quintile of fried food intake were 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.45; P for trend < 0.001) in men and 1.25 (1.11, 1.41; P for trend < 0.001) in women. The corresponding values for central obesity were 1.17 (1.02, 1.34; P for trend < 0.003) in men and 1.27 (1.13, 1.42; P for trend < 0.001) in women. CONCLUSION Fried food was positively associated with general and central obesity only among subjects in the highest quintile of energy intake from fried food.

Um questionário de freqüência de consumo alimentar (QFA) foi planejado para avaliar a freqüência média de consumo de alguns alimentos e caracterizar o padrão alimentar entre os trabalhadores. Uma lista de alimentos consumidos e as porções servidas, usualmente, foram obtidas através de prévias entrevistas locais, usando-se o recordatório de 24 horas e o questionário de freqüência. Uma lista foi elaborada com 127 alimentos e a composição nutricional foi calculada utilizando-se o programa DietPro versão 3.0. O QFA foi aplicado, por duas vezes, em cada indivíduo num período de seis meses. Para caracterizar o padrão de consumo alimentar, os alimentos mais freqüentemente mencionados foram identificados. Foram estudados 104 trabalhadores selecionados ao acaso. Os itens consumidos, no mínimo uma vez ao dia, por 50% dos trabalhadores foram o pão branco, margarina, café preto, açúcar branco, feijão roxinho e arroz branco. A variedade dos alimentos diariamente consumidos foi pequena. Os 30 principais alimentos básicos diários variaram de menos que 1,5 a 92%. Este questionário é um instrumento de fácil aplicação para estudar o consumo alimentar de população semelhante ao do presente trabalhoA food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was designed to assess the average consumption frequency of food items and to characterize the food pattern among workers. A list of consumed food and usual serving sizes was compiled from previous local survey, using single 24 hours dietary recalls and frequency questionnaires. The list was composed of 127 items and the nutrient composition was calculated by the computer program DietPro version 3.0. The FFQ was administered to each subject twice in a period of six months. To characterize food pattern consumption, the most frequently mentioned foods were identified. One hundred and four (104) workers were studied, randomly selected. Items consumed at least once a day by 50% of the workers were: white bread, margarine, black coffee, white sugar, red beans and white rice. Variety of daily consumed foods was small. The top 30 foods on a daily basis ranged from less than 1.5 to 92%. This FFQ is easy to administer when studying the dietary intake of low-income populations

Pacientes infectados com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana ou com Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida freqüentemente apresentam desnutrição protéico-energética, com manifestações heterogêneas, as quais dependem do estado de saúde prévio do paciente. O estado nutricional deve ser avaliado e monitorado cuidadosamente para que o plano terapêutico possa ser efetivo. Uma avaliação nutricional abrangente é fundamental; além disso, toda a equipe de profissionais da saúde e os próprios pacientes devem estar atentos para uma ação precoce e integrada.Patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome often present protein-energy malnutrition. The manifestations are heterogeneous and depend on the patient's previous health status. The nutritional status must be assessed and carefully controlled, so that satisfactory results can be achieved and the therapeutic plan can be effective. A complete detailed nutritional assessment is fundamental; besides, the health professional team and the patients themselves need to be aware of the symptoms and the disease progress, in order to take an early and integrated action.

Objectives:To assess the reproducibility and validity a 127-item, habitual intake, food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), developed for low-income and low-literacy Brazilian workers, by comparison with a 24-hour dietary recall (24-HDR).Design:The FFQ and 24-HDR were interviewer-administered at the local workplace to each subject twice, with a period of 6 months between estimates; and four 24-HDRs were conducted during the 4-month period between the two FFQs (FFQ1 and FFQ2). Reproducibility was tested by comparing mean nutrient intakes from the two FFQs. Validity was determined by comparing the mean nutrient intakes from the FFQs with the corresponding averages of the six 24-HDRs (reference method).Setting:Goiânia City, in Central West Brazil.Subjects:The study was based on 104 (62 women and 42 men) subjects, aged 18 to 60 years, who were randomly selected.Results:Dietary intake from the FFQ was higher than from the 24-HDR. Reproducibility was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients for nutrients from FFQ1 and FFQ2, and ranged from 0.23 for retinol to 0.69 for total energy (mean 0.52). Intra-class coefficients for nutrients averaged by the 24-HDRs ranged from 0.29 for vitamin C to 0.76 for total energy; retinol was not significant. In the validation study, correlation between the FFQ and the 24-HDR ranged between 0.21 for vitamin C and 0.70 for total energy (mean 0.50). Adjusting for total energy lowered the coefficients, except for calcium, retinol and vitamin C. Coefficients increased with attenuation, ranging from 0.35 for carbohydrate to 0.65 for calcium.Conclusions:Results indicate that this questionnaire had satisfactory reproducibility and reasonable validity.

Patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome often present protein-energy malnutrition. The manifestations are heterogeneous and depend on the patient's previous health status. The nutritional status must be assessed and carefully controlled, so that satisfactory results can be achieved and the therapeutic plan can be effective. A complete detailed nutritional assessment is fundamental; besides, the health professional team and the patients themselves need to be aware of the symptoms and the disease progress, in order to take an early and integrated action.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre o perfil antropométrico e bioquímico de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 11 crianças e 43 adolescentes com DM1. Coletaram-se dados socioeconômicos e demográficos (idade, sexo, escolaridade, renda), clínicos (insulinoterapia), antropométricos (peso, estatura, dobras cutâneas, circunferência da cintura - CC) e bioquímicos (hemoglobina glicada - HbA, glicemias casual - GLC, pós-prandial - GLPP, e perfil lipídico). Foram utilizados o teste t de Student (p

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre consumo alimentar e controle metabólico em crianças e adolescentes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 11 crianças e 39 adolescentes com DM1. Coletaram-se dados alimentares (hábitos, três recordatórios de 24 horas - R24h), terapêuticos (insulinoterapia), bioquímicos (índice da hemoglobina glicada - inHbA, glicemias casuais - GLC, pós-prandiais - GLPP e perfil lipídico). Utilizou-se o teste t de Student e a correlação de Pearson, sendo significante p

To identify the association of socioeconomic, demographic, nutritional and of physical activity factors in the glycemic control of adolescents with T1DM.Sectional study of 71 adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Socioeconomic, demographic and anthropometric data were obtained. The glycemic control was classified by the index of glycated hemoglobin (A1C). Four 24-hours recalls of food consumption and physical activity were applied.The A1C was inadequate for the majority of the adolescents. The low educational level of the caregivers influenced the inadequate glycemic control. Patients with lower insulin dose presented better glycemic control. The food consumption was high of fat and poor of carbohydrate. Most of the patients were sedentary.Factors related to education, insulin and food consumption influenced the glycemic control.

To relate the cadmium concentration of colostrum with the lifestyle of women in the puerperium period.A cross-sectional study was conducted in Goiânia, Goiás (Mid-western Region of Brazil). Eighty women, according to inclusion criteria, were interviewed about their socioeconomic characteristics and lifestyle. They answered a questionnaire about food frequency consumption (FFQ). The colostrum samples collected were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry to quantify cadmium levels. For statistical analysis, central tendency measures were obtained, and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed, as well as correlation and regression tests.The average cadmium concentration was 2.3 µg/L and the median was 0.9 µg/L. Variables such as age and parity showed a nonsignificant positive correlation with cadmium. Smoking habit was not significantly associated with cadmium.Postpartum food intake influences the level of cadmium in colostrum, especially vegetables such as cereals.

To estimate the levels of lead in human colostrum and investigate whether they are correlated with dietary intake and socioeconomic factors in puerperal women.This cross-sectional study was carried out with 80 puerperal women from a maternity hospital in Goiânia, Brazil. Data were collected between July and December 2008. A questionnaire was used to collect socioeconomic and lifestyle information. A dietary intake frequency questionnaire was also applied. After that, colostrum samples were collected and analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry to quantify lead levels. The correlation between lead levels, socioeconomic variables, and dietary intake was calculated.The mean concentration of lead in colostrum samples was 6.88 μg/L, and the median concentration was 4.65 μg/L. There was no association between socioeconomic aspects and lead levels. The intake of saturated fatty acids, eggs, pork meats, chicken, and chicken products (r = -0.26 and P = 0.020) was inversely correlated with the levels of lead in human colostrum, whereas the intake of squash (r = 0.26; P = 0.019) and eggplant (r = 0.27; P = 0.015) was positively correlated with the levels of lead. The correlation observed for cooked squash, eggs, pork and chicken meats, and chicken products was maintained after logistic regression adjustment.The presence of lead was detected in human colostrum in this sample, probably as a result of dietary exposure. In addition to a correlation between presence of lead and dietary intake, the present findings suggest that specific nutrients may result in increased or decreased levels of lead, without a direct relationship with socioeconomic factors.

GUALLAR-CASTILLON, PILAR, JON SAGARDUI- VILLAMOR, JOSER. BANEGAS, AUXILIADORA GRACIANI , NELIDA SCHMID FORNES , ESTHER LOPEZ GARCIA, AND FERNANDO RODRIGUEZ- ARTALEJO. Waist circumference as a predictor of disability among older adults. Obesity. 2007;15:233-244. Objective: Few studies have addressed the association be- tween abdominal obesity, as measured by waist circumfer- ence (WC), and disability in the elderly. Moreover, those studies were cross-sectional and yielded inconsistent re- sults. The objective of this study was to examine longitu- dinally the association between WC and self-reported dis- ability among older adults. Research Methods and Procedures: A prospective cohort study was conducted from 2001 to 2003 in 3235 persons (1411 men and 1824 women) representative of the non- institutionalized Spanish population ages 60 years and older. Baseline information was collected by home-based personal interviews and measurement of WC, weight, and height. Two years later, information on disability was ob- tained by telephone interview. The association of interest was summarized with odds ratios obtained by logistic re- gression. Results: Among persons reporting no disability at baseline, WC predicted disability 2 years later. After adjustment for age, education, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and physical activity, men in the highest WC quintile had 2.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 4.09) times more risk of mobility disability and 4.77 (95% confidence interval, 2.50 to 9.13) times more risk of agility disability than those in the lowest quintile. Additional adjustment for BMI, chronic diseases, and cognitive function led to only a slight reduc- tion in this association. Results were similar for women. No statistically significant association was observed between WC and restriction of daily activities, limitation in instru- mental activities of daily living, and limitation in bathing or dressing, in either men or women. Discussion: WC predicts mobility and agility disability in old age. Avoidance of the highest values of WC might decrease the risk of disability in older adults.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o padrão de consumo alimentar avaliado por meio de escores de consumo e relacionar esses escores com os níveis de colesterol total e de lipoproteínas de baixa e alta densidades em população da área metropolitana de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado no município de Cotia, São Paulo, em amostra representativa de 1.045 adultos, foram determinados níveis de lipídeos séricos e a ingestão de alimentos por meio da freqüência de consumo alimentar. Foram utilizados escores de padrão de consumo, estabelecendo um peso para cada categoria de consumo baseado na freqüência anual, obtendo-se, assim, a distribuição quintilar do escore I (alimentos considerados de risco para doenças cardiovasculares) e escore II (alimentos protetores). Foram comparados os valores médios das lipoproteínas para cada um dos quintis pela análise de variância, e foram verificadas possíveis relações entre os escores de consumo e as frações de lipídeos séricos, mediante modelos de regressão linear múltipla (stepwise forward). RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento significativo dos níveis médios de lipídeos, segundo quintis de consumo do escore I para colesterol total e para lipoproteína de baixa densidade-colesterol, e constatou-se um comportamento inverso e significativo dos níveis desses lipídeos séricos em relação ao escore II. O escore I correlacionou-se positivamente e significativamente a esses lipídeos, e o escore II apresentou correlação inversa e significativa com esses constituintes sangüíneos. CONCLUSÕES: Em estudos populacionais, a análise da freqüência de consumo de alimentos por meio de escores pode ser um método de escolha para avaliar qualidade de dieta e de seu potencial efeito nos níveis séricos de colesterol total e de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade. OBJECTIVE: To study food patterns assessed using scores of consumption and their relationship with serum total cholesterol (TOTAL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoproteins (HDL-C) concentration in the population of the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Data on food frequency consumption (FFC), serum lipids, and other covariates were available for a representative sample of 1,045 adults. A 12-month retrospective food frequency questionnaire was used. FFC was assessed using scores of consumption, which was obtained by grouping food according to their composition into two large groups: score I (known as risk food for cardiovascular diseases) and score II (known as healthy food). The association between the scores and serum blood lipoprotein levels among the study population was analyzed through multiple linear regression analyses. Modeling step-wise techniques were used to enter the covariates into the linear models. RESULTS: Increasing mean levels of TOTAL-C and LDL-C were seen from the lowest through the highest quintile of score I when compared to the score II, where decreasing mean levels of TOTAL-C and LDL-C were observed from the lowest to the highest quintile. The results of the linear regression analyses between serum TOTAL-C and LDL-C levels for both FFC score I and score II, after multivariate adjusting, showed a significant positive relationship with score I and a significant and inverse relationship with score II. CONCLUSIONS: In population studies, FFC analyses through scores can be the choice method to evaluate the quality of diet and its potential effect on serum levels of TOTAL-C and LDL-C.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between food group consumption frequency and serum lipoprotein levels among adults. METHODS: The observations were made during a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of men and women over 20 years old living in Cotia county, S. Paulo, Brazil. Data on food frequency consumption, serum lipids, and other covariates were available for 1,045 adults. Multivariate analyses adjusted by age, gender, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, educational level, family income, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption were performed. RESULTS: Consumption of processed meat, chicken, red meat, eggs and dairy foods were each positively and significantly correlated with LDL-C, whereas the intake of vegetables and fruits showed an inverse correlation. Daily consumption of processed meat, chicken, red meat, eggs, and dairy foods were associated with 16.6 mg/dl, 14.5 mg/dl, 11.1 mg/dl, 5.8 mg/dl, and 4.6 mg/dl increase in blood LDL-C, respectively. Increases of daily consumption of fruit and vegetables were associated with 5.2 mg/dl and 5.5 mg/dl decreases in LDL-C, respectively. Alcohol beverage consumption showed a significant positive correlation with HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary habits in the study population seem to contribute substantially to the variation in blood LDL and HDL concentrations. Substantially CHD risk reduction could be achieved with dietary changes.