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The objective of the study was to prepare active films based on pectin and polyphenol-rich extracts from Tommy Atkins mango peels. Aqueous and methanolic extracts showed a variety of phenolic compounds that were identified by UPLC-MS analysis, and a high content of total phenolics that were quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The methanolic extract showed better results in antioxidant tests and was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The pectin extracted from mango peels showed good thermal stability and a degree of methoxylation of 58.3% by 1H NMR. The films containing the phenolic extracts showed lower water vapor permeability when compared to the control film (without any phenolic extracts). The incorporation of the extracts led to an increase in elongation (e) and a decrease in tensile strength (σ) and modulus of elasticity (Y). The films with aqueous or methanolic extracts showed higher antioxidant activity in terms of inhibition of the DPPH radical. Therefore, the films developed in this work are presented as a promising alternative for food packaging and/or coating applications.

The main goal was the development of a polysaccharide microcapsule for anticancer application based on guar gum and sodium alginate for the controlled release of hesperidin and betulinic acid by spray drying technique. The microcapsule showed an Encapsulation Efficiency of 98.15 ± 0.34 % for hesperidin and 99.76 ± 0.22 % for betulinic acid. In the release study, the Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model was identified as the most adequate to explain the observed release mechanism. In vivo tests were performed in zebrafish model, revealing that the microcapsules did not alter the locomotor activity and were not toxic within 96 h by oral administration, suggesting their biological safety. In vitro cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells confirmed an IC

The objective of this study was to prepare, for the first time, active films and coatings from fruit starch (SPFS) and phenolic stem bark extract (SBPE) from Spondias purpurea L. Starch film formulations were prepared with different SBPE contents (5–20 wt% on starch), then cast and dried into films. SBPE showed higher antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Chemical, morphological, thermal, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties were studied for SPFS-SBPE films. In general, the phenolic extract caused significant changes in starch films (especially when in excess), such as gradual reduction of elastic modulus and tensile strength, increased elongation, opacity, and thermal properties (e.g. glass transition and melting enthalpy). On the other hand, SBPE provided the films with active properties (antioxidant and UV-absorbing). Coatings were applied to minimally processed mangoes (MPM), which were stored for 10 days at 12 °C. SBPE-containing coatings provided better protective action, reducing the total color difference (∆E⁎) and delaying the browning index (BI) during storage as well as reducing fungus attack. The active SPFS-SBPE films showed great potential as environmentally friendly active films and coatings.

This study aimed to isolate, characterize chemical-structurally and evaluate the effects of polysaccharides from Caesalpinia (Libidibia) ferrea stem barks in the haemostatic system. The deproteinated-polysaccharide extract (PE-Cf) after being fractionated by ion exchange chromatography-DEAE-cellulose resulted in three fractions (FI, FII, FIII) containing total carbohydrates (14.3–38%), including uronic acid (5–16%), and polyphenols (0.94–1.7 mg/g GAE). The polysaccharide fractions presented polydisperse profile in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (detected by Stains-All) and molecular masses (9.5 × 104 Da–1.5 × 105 Da) identified by gel permeation chromatography. FT-IR showed absorption bands (1630 cm−1, 1396–1331 cm−1), indicative of uronic acid, and a band at 1071 cm−1, typical of COO− groups of galacturonic acid. The NMR spectra of C. ferrea polysaccharides revealed a central core composed mainly by 5-linked α-Araf and minority components as α-Rhap and α-GalAp. UV spectra of fractions revealed discrete shoulders at 269–275 nm, characteristic of polyphenolic compounds. In vitro, polysaccharides inhibited the intrinsic and/or common coagulation pathway (aPTT test) (2.0–3.7 fold) and the platelet aggregation induced by 3 μM adenosine diphosphate (25–48%) and 5 μg/mL collagen (24%), but not that induced by arachidonic acid. In vivo, the polysaccharides inhibited (36–69%) venous thrombosis induced by hypercoagulability and stasis, showing discrete hemorrhagic effect. In conclusion, the polysaccharides of C. ferrea barks, containing arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and uronic acid, possess anticoagulant, antiplatelet and antithrombotic properties of low hemorrhagic risk, suggesting potential applicability in thromboembolic disorders.

Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) and immobilized in Immobead was utilized in the transesterification of Nile tilapia’s oil. The oil was obtained using the rejects of the farming process of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). The transesterification process was optimized using factorial experimental design. Quantity of the enzyme, molar ratio of methanol/oil, temperature, and co-solvent were the parameters evaluated. The response selected for optimization was biodiesel yield (%). The success of the reaction using optimized conditions was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen. The physicochemical properties determined for Nile tilapia’s biodiesel were in accordance with international standards. An enzyme concentration of 20%, a 6/1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a temperature of 33.5 °C, and toluene as a co-solvent were found as optimized parameters. The statistical data suggested the co-solvent as a factor which explains a possible deactivation of the enzyme by the addition of alcohol.

The aim of the study was to produce and characterize chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils (CMEOs), evaluate the essential oil (EO) release profile and the CMEOs' anti-Candida activity. The chitosan microparticles (CMs) loaded with lemongrass essential oil (LEO) and geranium essential oil (GEO) were produced by the spray-drying method and characterized regarding CMEO morphological and physicochemical parameters and EO encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release profile. The planktonic activity was quantified by broth microdilution, and the activity against biofilm was quantified by biomass formation measurement. The LEO and GEO compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), finding the main components citral (83.17%) and citronellol (24.53%). The CMs and CMEOs showed regular distribution and spherical shape (1 to 15 μm), without any morphological and physical modifications after EO incorporation. EE% ranged from 12 to 39%. In vitro release tests demonstrated the EO release rates, after 144 h, were 33% and 55% in PBS and HCl media, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for CMEOs were lower than for CMs and pure EOs (P

We combined the chemical and physical methods of papain immobilization through the aldehyde groups available on oxidized bacterial cellulose (OxBC) to provide high proteolytic activity for future applications as bioactive dressing. Bacterial cellulose (BC) was obtained by the fermentation of Komagataeibacter hansenii in Hestrin-Schramm medium for 5 days, followed by purification and oxidation using NaIO4. Surface response methodology was used to optimize papain immobilization (2%, w/v) for 24 h. The independent variables: pH (3–7) and temperature (5 to 45 °C) were investigated. The mathematically validated optimal conditions of 45 °C and pH 7 had a statistical effect on the immobilization yield (IY) of papain in OxBC (52.9%). These ideal conditions were also used for papain immobilization in BC (unoxidized). The IY of 9.1% was lower than that of OxBC. OxBC-Papain and BC-Papain were investigated using thermal analysis, confocal microscopy, and diffusion testing. The OxBC support exhibited a more interactive chemical structure than the BC support, and was capable of immobilizing papain by covalent bonds (-C-NHR) and adsorption (ion exchange), with 93.3% recovered activity, 49.4% immobilization efficiency, and better thermal stability. Papain immobilized to OxBC by adsorption displayed 53% widespread papain activity. The results indicate the potential of prolonged bioactivity in debrided chronic wounds.

Micelles have aroused interest due to their ability to assist in the transport of poorly soluble drugs. In this study the mixture of copolymers F127/E45S8 in different proportions (F/ES 30/70, 50/50 and 70/30) was performed to improve the bioavailability of griseofulvin and quercetin. The results of cytotoxicity (MTT assay) revealed that the copolymers F127 and E45S8 had considerable biocompatibility and did not affect the metabolism of human neutrophils. The binary systems were also evaluated by critical micellar concentration (CMC) and thermoresponsive behavior. The CMC values were intermediate to those of the isolated copolymers. The systems maintained the thermoresponsive properties present in F127 making the systems interesting for subcutaneous administration. The systems presented small size, an average range in size from 17 to 38 nm, and the samples prepared with higher hydrophobic proportion presented more uniform sizes. Results suggest stability and the increasing of the nanosystems circulation time. The F/ES 30/70 system has polydispersity smaller than 0.1 and showed an increase of 129 times for quercetin solubility. Thus, it is possible to consider F127/E45S8 micelles as potential nanosystems for poorly soluble drug delivery.

A major obstacle in the commercialization of biodiesel is its susceptibility to oxidation when exposed to air and light. Approaches to improving the oxidative stability of biofuels include the addition of antioxidants, mixing of vegetable oils or modification of the fatty ester profile. This work aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of biodiesel synthesized from Tilapia oil and its oxidative degradation process after addition of both natural ethanolic extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) and synthetics butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG) antioxidants. In addition, some thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were obtained in order to determine the activation energy during the biodiesel oxidation process from different temperatures. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel obtained after the addition of antioxidants are in accordance with current regulations, which suggests it as an excellent alternative source for the biofuel industry. The oxidative stability showed that the natural antioxidant has the best response in control of oxidative process compared to the other synthetic antioxidants. The kinetic study showed the addition of natural antioxidant to biodiesel increases the activation energy (Ea) hindering its oxidation process. These results reveal an improvement in biodiesel stability corresponding to an increase over 450%.

Objective: Unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin are the drugs most used today in coagulopathy. Although effective, these drugs have limitations in their usage, which aroused the interest of the scientific community in researching other substances with a similar effect. This study aims to analyze the anticoagulant activity of isolated and chemically modified pectin extracted from Caipira melon (Cucumis melo var. acidulus) and its nanoencapsulation for therapeutic use. Materials and Methods: For the analysis of anticoagulant activity, thrombin time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were performed. The nanoparticles were produced by a double emulsion using poly(lacticco- glycolic acid) and poly (vinyl alcohol) and, subsequently, were analyzed morphologically by scanning electron microscopy and characterized in the Zetasizer Nano ZS90. Results: The pectin tests showed promising anticoagulant activity. In order to increase the biological activity of this substance, nanoparticles of sulfated pectin were obtained, attaining particle size 301.03 nm, polydispersity index of 0.18, zeta potential of -16.63 mV and Acid pH, the results were considered satisfactory by the researchers. The encapsulation efficiency of the sulfated pectin was 76.31% with controlled release. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed uniform and spherical nanoparticles. Conclusion: The results indicated that the sulfated pectin nanoparticles can be seen as an innovative alternative in anticoagulant therapy. Keywords: Anticoagulant, Heparin, Nanoparticles, Sulfated polysaccharides.

To fight against cancer, smarter drugs and drug delivery systems are required both to boost the efficiency of current treatments while reducing deleterious side effects, and combine diagnosis/monitoring with therapy (theranosis) in the search for the final goal of personalized medicine. This work presents the design, preparation, and proof-of-principle validation of a novel hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposite joining together non-invasive imaging capabilities through magnetic resonance imaging and externally actuated therapeutic properties through a combination of chemo- and thermotherapy. The lipidic matrix of the nanocomposite was composed of carnauba wax, which was simultaneously dual loaded with magnetite nanoparticles and the anticancer drug Oncocalyxone A. Obtained formulations were fully characterized and showed outstanding performances as T2 -contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (r2 >800 mm-1 s-1 ), heat generating sources in magnetic hyperthermia (specific absorption rate, SAR>200 W g-1 Fe ), and magnetically responsive drug delivery vehicles. The potential of the designed formulations as theranostic agents was validated in vitro and results indicated a synergistic thermo/chemotherapeutic effect derived from heat generation and controlled drug delivery to cancer growth. Thereby, this external control over the drug delivery profile and the integrated imaging capability open the door to personalized cancer medicine and real-time monitoring of tumor progression.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-01T09:01:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ART20124.pdf: 184715 bytes, checksum: 497ad82eb2acac960ef51ec183dd24de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020 Título em inglês: Infrared And Cytotoxicity Analysis Of Microparticles Of Essential Oils Of Ocimum Gratissimum L. And Cymbopogon Citratus (D.C.) Stapf.

The use of mineral lubricants and petroleum derivatives has become, along the years, harmful to the environment, so renewable raw materials have gained expressive notoriety. The innovation of this ...

Adenanthera pavonina is a native tree of Africa and Asia, introduced in Brazil for reforestation and wood industry. Several pharmacological activities have described scientifically, including antiviral activity. This study evaluated the antiviral effect of sulfated polysaccharide of Adenanthera pavonina (SPAp) against acyclovir (ACV)—resistant (AR-29) and sensitive (KOS) herpes simplex virus strains. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was determined by MTT method and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was evaluated by plaque reduction assay. The in vivo SPAp antiviral activity was performed in Balb/c mice infected by skin scarification and treated with topical 0.5% (w/w) SPAp formulations. SPAp showed a CC50 of 47.81 μg/mL and the IC50 were 0.49 μg/mL (SI = 97.5) and 0.54 μg/mL (SI = 88.5) for the strains KOS and AR-29, respectively. Our results demonstrated that mice treated with SPAp presented a delay in the development and progression of skin lesions compared with the control group.

This work reports the obtaining of the methyl derivative – BP1 (biodiesel) and trimethylolpropyl derivative – BP2 (biolubricant) of the pequi oil – OP, its characterization and evaluation of the thermal degradation of the trimethylolpropyl derivative through thermogravimetric analysis in conjunction with Fourier transform (TG-FTIR). Biodiesel was prepared through homogeneous methyl route and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Biolubricant was prepared using trimethylolpropane and biodiesel (1/4 M ratio) and sodium methoxide as catalyst. Spectroscopy techniques such as infrared with Fourier transform (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen and carbon (NMR 1H and 13C) were used in the analysis of the products. Physicochemical properties such as acid number, iodine number, specific mass, and kinematic viscosity were also determined under international standard. Thermogravimetric analysis of the pequi biodiesel was performed in three different heating rates in order to evaluate the activation energy of the biodiesel by using the method proposed by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and the value found was 67.07 kJ·mol−1. For the biolubricant, the thermogravimetric analysis in conjunction with Fourier transform (TG-FTIR) provided interesting comprehension of the oxidation process for trimethylolpropyl esters, describing the steps of volatilization and combustion.

Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and poliovirus (PV) are both agents of major concern in the public health system. It has been shown that Dimorphandra gardneriana galactomannans can be used as solubilizer vehicles in the manufacturing of medicine. Mangiferin is the major constituent of Mangifera indica and presents multiple medicinal and biological activities. Objective: This study assayed the effect of D. gardneriana galactomannan combined with mangiferin (DgGmM) against HSV-1 and PV-1. Methods: The DgGmM cytotoxicity was evaluated by the colorimetric MTT method and the antiviral activity by plaque reduction assay, immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in HEp-2 cells. Results: The DgGmM showed a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) > 2000 µg/mL. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for HSV-1 and PV-1 were, respectively, 287.5 µg/mL and 206.2 µg/mL, with selectivity indexes (SI) > 6.95 for the former and > 9.69 for the latter. The DgGmM time-ofaddition protocol for HSV-1 showed a maximum inhibition at 500 µg/mL, when added concomitantly to infection and at the time 1 h post-infection (pi). While for PV-1, for the same protocol, the greatest inhibition, was also observed concomitantly to infection at 500 μg/mL and at the times 4 h and 8 h pi. The inhibition was also demonstrated by the decrease of fluorescent cells and/or the inhibition of specific viral genome. Conclusion: These results suggested that the DgGmM inhibited HSV-1 and PV-1 replication, with low cytotoxicity and high selectivity and, therefore, represents a potential candidate for further studies on the control of herpes and polio infections.

A quimioterapia é um dos principais tratamentos oncológicos, no qual acarreta diversos efeitos colaterais, dentre os quais têm-se a mucosite. A rutina pertence à classe dos flavonoides e apresenta clinicamente funções relevantes, potencialmente benéficas na prevenção de doenças e atividade antioxidante. Portanto, objetivou-se com esse estudo, realizar um monitoramento científico e tecnológico acerca das propriedades farmacológicas da rutina e sua relação como possível agente terapêutico no controle da mucosite intestinal. O monitoramento foi realizado através das bases Science direct e Web of Science e, bases tecnológicas, Instituto Europeu de Patentes e Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Intelectual. Os descritores foram: “Rutin, Rutin” e “ulcer, Rutin” e “biological activity”, “Rutin and pharmacology” e “Rutin and câncer”. As buscas foram realizadas em outubro de 2019, sendo consideradas publicações dos últimos 10 anos. Pode-se verificar que houve um crescimento de estudos relacionados à rutina na última década, podendo destacar diversas atividades farmacológica do composto. Chemotherapy is one of the main oncological treatments, in which it has several side effects, including mucositis. Rutin belongs to the class of flavonoids and has clinically relevant functions, potentially beneficial in preventing diseases and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to carry out scientific and technological monitoring of the pharmacological properties of rutin and its relationship as a possible therapeutic agent in the control of intestinal mucositis. Monitoring was carried out through the Science direct and Web of Science bases, and technological bases, the European Patent Institute and the National Intellectual Property Institute. The descriptors were: "Rutin, Rutin" and "ulcer, Rutin" and "biological activity", "Rutin and pharmacology" and "Rutin and cancer". The searches were carried out in October 2019, being considered publications from the last 10 years. It can be seen that there has been an increase in studies related to rutin in the last decade, highlighting several pharmacological activities of the compound. La quimioterapia es uno de los principales tratamientos oncológicos, en el que tiene varios efectos secundarios, entre ellos la mucositis. La rutina pertenece a la clase de flavonoides y tiene funciones clínicamente relevantes, potencialmente beneficiosas en la prevención de enfermedades y actividad antioxidante. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un seguimiento científico y tecnológico de las propiedades farmacológicas de la rutina y su relación como posible agente terapéutico en el control de la mucositis intestinal. El seguimiento se realizó a través de las bases Science direct y Web of Science y bases tecnológicas, el Instituto Europeo de Patentes y el Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Intelectual. Los descriptores fueron: “Rutin, Rutin” y “ulcer, Rutin” y “biological activity”, “Rutin and pharmacology” y “Rutin and câncer”. Las búsquedas se realizaron en octubre de 2019, considerándose publicaciones de los últimos 10 años. Se puede observar que se ha incrementado los estudios relacionados con la rutina en la última década, destacando varias actividades farmacológicas del compuesto.

Magnetic nanocomposites were synthesized for the targeted delivery of hydrophilic bioactives through guidance generated by a magnetic field. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were used to generate hydroxyethyl starch magnetic nanocapsules (HES MNCs). This synthesis allowed the co-encapsulation of oncocalyxone A (onco A) and surface-modified magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4@citrate) into the same nanostructure. The synthesized nanocapsules exhibited a core-shell morphology, with an average diameter of 143 nm. This nanocomposite showed potential anticancer activity (IC50) against four human tumor cell lines: glioblastoma SNB-19 (1.010 μgmL−1), colon carcinoma HCT-116 (2.675 μgmL−1), prostate PC3 (4.868 μgmL−1), and leukemia HL-60 (2.166 μgmL−1). Additionally, in vivo toxicity and locomotor activity were evaluated in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. The nanocomposite exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity, prolonged drug release profile and also responded to an applied magnetic field, representing a versatile compound with perspectives for highest concentration of different hydrophilic bioactives in a target tissue through magnetic vectorization.

Plant phenolic extracts are widely recognized as an important source of natural antioxidant substances and potential compounds for cosmetic formulations. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile, photoprotective and antioxidant activities of stem bark extract of Spondias purpurea L. (ciriguela) and its application in photoprotective formulations. Thirty phenolic constituents were annotated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in mode negative (UPLC‑QTOF-MS2). The stem bark extract antioxidant and chelation potential, expressed in half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), showed 6.25 and 352.22 μg mL−1, respectively. The phenolic extract was used as an active ingredient in six sunscreen formulations, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 10%. The ultraviolet (UV) protection properties of the formulations were evaluated by sun protection factor (SPF) values obtained in 0.2 mg mL−1 (0.495 to 2.27) and 2.0 mg mL−1 (2.29 to 15.87). The SPF value for the extract (14.37 and 26.16) was high, but there was a reduction in the base formulation. However, these results suggested that the bioactive extracted of stem bark of Spondias purpurea L. has interesting potential to reduce the damage caused by UV radiation and may be utilized as an active ingredient in a sunscreen formulation.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bioceramic very similar to the mineral component of bones and teeth. It is well established that osteoblasts grow better onto HA-coated metals than on metals alone. Herein, the preparation of a new system consisting of magnetite (Fe3O4) and HA functionalized with oleic acid and simvastatin (SIMV), and incorporated in chitosan (CHI) scaffolds, was undertaken. HA was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, while Fe3O4 was synthesized by co-precipitation. The polymer matrix was obtained using a 2% CHI solution, and allowed to stir for 2 h. The final material was freeze-dried to produce scaffolds. The magnetic properties remained unchanged after the formation of the composite, as well as after the preparation of the scaffolds, maintaining the superparamagnetism. CHI scaffolds were analyzed by scanning electronic spectroscopy (SEM) and showed a high porosity, with very evident cavities, which provides the functionality of bone growth support during the remineralization process in possible regions affected by bone tissue losses. The synthesized composite showed an average particle size between 15 and 23 nm for particles (HA and Fe3O4). The scaffolds showed considerable porosity, which is important for the performance of various functions of the tissue structure. Moreover, the addition of simvastatin in the system can promote bone formation.

Edible mushrooms have been increasingly introduced into the human diet, which has driven research into their functional properties. Thus, Agaricus brasiliensis Murill or Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) is a species native to the Brazilian biome, whose fruiting body has been used not only for dietary purposes, but also in the development of functional foods or as source of molecules of pharmacological interest. The bioactivity of ABM has been related to the presence of polysaccharides, although the contribution of other metabolites cannot be discharged. This work describes the polysaccharides isolation methodology and preparation of the extracts of ABM and their biological activities. Furthermore, it presents a general outline of its characterizations regarding composition, chemical structure and properties in solution. The ABM and its chemical constituents exhibit several biological activities that support their potential use for prevention or treatment of diseases with inflammatory background, such as cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis. The mechanism of action of the extracts and polysaccharides from ABM is mainly related to a modulation of immune system response or reduction of inflammatory response. This review shows that the ABM has great potential in the pharmaceutical, biotechnological and food sectors that deserves additional research using standardized products.

Troxerutin is a natural flavonoid present abundantly in tea, coffee, olives, wheat, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. Due to its diverse pharmacological properties, this flavonoid has aroused interest for treatment of various diseases, and consequently prompted investigation into its toxicological characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic effects and chemoprotective activity attributed to troxerutin using human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) through several well-established experimental protocols based upon different parameters. Data demonstrated that troxerutin (100 to 1000 µM) induced no marked cytotoxic effect on PBLs after 24 hr, and did not produce strand breaks and mutagenicity. Regarding chemoprevention, this flavonoid attenuated cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity initiated by hydrogen peroxide (H

The herpes simplex virus, also known as HSV, is an important human pathogen. Acyclovir (ACV) is the first-line antiviral for the treatment of HSV infections; nevertheless HSV resistance to ACV has been increasingly reported and, therefore, search for alternative drugs have been encouraged. Herein, the effect of Cucumis melo sulfated pectin (SPCm) was evaluated in the HSV-1 infection. Pectin cytotoxicity and its antiherpetic action were determined by assays of MTT and plaque reduction, respectively. The SPCm concentration that reduced the cell viability by 50% (CC50) was 1440 μg/mL, while the concentration that reduced PFU in 50% (IC50) was 6 μg/mL against ACV-sensitive (KOS) strain and 12 μg/mL for ACV-resistant (AR-29) strain. The pectin showed high selectivity index (SI) for both viral strains. Therefore, we suggest that SPCm has been effective for HSV-1, strenghten by viral protein and DNA syntheses inhibition. In conclusion, we have found that SPCm is a promising alternative compound to control HSV infection.

Natural polymer-based hybrid nanocomposites have been proposed as one of the most promising tools for biomedical applications, including disease treatment and diagnosis procedures. Xyloglucan nanocapsules can simultaneously load magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and bioactive for a specific tissue, reducing the processes of degradation and metabolic inactivation of molecules with biological activity. In this work, magnetic nanocapsules of xyloglucan loaded with hydrophilic sulfated quercetin (MNXQ_SO3) were successfully synthesized by inverse miniemulsion process through interfacial polymerization. The polymeric shell formation of nanocapsules was evidenced by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The ferrofluid (Fe3O4@PAAS) incorporated into the xyloglucan nanocapsules was synthesized by hydrothermal method, using polyacrylic acid sodium salt as coating. Dynamic Light Scattering technique confirmed the nanomeric dimensions (202.3 nm) and the good colloidal stability (−40.2 mV) of MNXQ_SO3. The saturation magnetization analyses pointed out the superparamagnetic behavior of Fe3O4@PAAS (48 emu/g) and MNXQ_SO3 (4.2 emu/g). MNXQ_SO3 was able to modify the release profile of sulfated quercetin (67%) when compared to the free bioactive (100%), exhibiting a release profile compatible with the zero-order kinetic model. The results showed that the development of MNXQ_SO3 presents a new perspective for biomedical applications, including studies of targeted drug delivery.

In this work, cashew apple pectin (CP) of the species Anacardium occidentale L. was used as an encapsulation matrix for hydrophobic drugs. The model drug chosen was mangiferin (Mf), a glycosylated C-xanthone which has antioxidant properties but low solubility in aqueous medium. CP (1–100 μg mL−1) was not toxic to human neutrophils and also did not significantly interfere with the pro-inflammatory mechanism of these cells in the concentration range of 12.5 and 100 μg mL−1. The results are promising because they show that pectin encapsulated mangiferin after spray drying presented an efficiency of 82.02%. The results obtained in the dissolution test, simulating the release of mangiferin in the gastrointestinal tract (pH 1.2, 4.6 and 6.8) and using Franz diffusion cells (pH 7.4), showed that cashew pectin may be a promising vehicle in prolonged drug delivery systems for both oral and dermal applications.

In this work, chitosan/magnetite nanoparticles (ChM) were quickly synthesized according to our previous report based on co-precipitation reaction under ultrasound (US) irradiation. Besides ChM was in-depth structurally characterized, showing a crystalline phase corresponding to magnetite and presenting a spheric morphology, a &ldquo, nanorod&rdquo, type morphology was also obtained after increasing reaction time for eight minutes. Successfully, both morphologies presented a nanoscale range with an average particle size of approximately 5&ndash, 30 nm, providing a superparamagnetic behavior with saturation magnetization ranging from 44 to 57 emu&middot, g&minus, 1. As ChM nanocomposites have shown great versatility considering their properties, we proposed a comparative study using three different amine-based nanoparticles, non-surface-modified and surface-modified, for removal of azo dyes from aqueous solutions. From nitrogen adsorption&ndash, desorption isotherm results, the surface-modified ChMs increased the specific surface area and pore size. Additionally, the adsorption of anionic azo dyes (reactive black 5 (RB5) and methyl orange (MO)) on nanocomposites surface was pH-dependent, where surface-modified samples presented a better response under pH 4 and non-modified one under pH 8. Indeed, adsorption capacity results also showed different adsorption mechanisms, molecular size effect and electrostatic attraction, for unmodified and modified ChMs, respectively. Herein, considering all results and nanocomposite-type structure, ChM nanoparticles seem to be a suitable potential alternative for conventional anionic dyes adsorbents, as well as both primary materials source, chitosan and magnetite, are costless and easily supplied.

Intestinal mucositis, characterized by inflammatory and/or ulcerative processes in the gastrointestinal tract, occurs due to cellular and tissue damage following treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Rutin (RUT), a natural flavonoid extracted from Dimorphandra gardneriana, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and gastroprotective properties. However, the effect of RUT on inflammatory processes in the intestine, especially on mucositis promoted by antineoplastic agents, has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the role of RUT on 5-FU-induced experimental intestinal mucositis. Swiss mice were randomly divided into seven groups: Saline, 5-FU, RUT-50, RUT-100, RUT-200, Celecoxib (CLX), and CLX + RUT-200 groups. The mice were weighed daily. After treatment, the animals were euthanized and segments of the small intestine were collected to evaluate histopathological alterations (morphometric analysis), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glutathione (GSH) concentrations, mast and goblet cell counts, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, as well as to perform immunohistochemical analyses. RUT treatment (200 mg/kg) prevented 5-FU-induced histopathological changes and reduced oxidative stress by decreasing MDA concentrations and increasing GSH concentrations. RUT attenuated the inflammatory response by decreasing MPO activity, intestinal mastocytosis, and COX-2 expression. These results suggest that the COX-2 pathway is one of the underlying protective mechanisms of RUT against 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a global problem, by reducing the effectiveness of traditional antibiotics and decreasing the therapeutic arsenal to treat bacterial infections. This has led to an increase in researches about how to overcome this resistance to antibiotics. One strategy is the repositioning (or repurposing) of existing drugs not previously used to combat microorganisms, rather than the development of new drugs. Fluoxetine (FLX) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) and is considered one of the first highly selective antidepressants of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). The objective of this study is to prepare and physically characterize fluoxetine microparticles with galactomannan and evaluate their efficacy against strains of Staphylococcus aureus sensitive and resistant to methicillin. The microparticles were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared analysis (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, the percentage of encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and drug release kinetics were determined in vitro, along with the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and evaluation of the action against biofilms. Physical tests were conducted to characterize galactomannan (GAL), FLX, oxacillin (OXA) and the galactomannan/fluoxetine microparticles (GFM). The EE% value was 98 % and, in regard the release, tests with the microparticles released about 60 % of the drug in 200 min. The isolated MIC results for FLX (255 μg/mL) and OXA MIC (1.97-15.62 μg/mL) showed that the strains were resistant. Furthermore, in the biofilms, microparticles showed statically significant improvement for all concentrations used. The study revealed that fluoxetine encapsulated in microparticles has the potential to act as an effective antimicrobial agent.

This work proposes the development of a starch-based drug carrier for fluoxetine (FLX) delivery and evaluate the improvement of the drug antibacterial activity. The starch nanocapsules were prepared via interfacial polyaddition reaction presenting a core-shell morphology, based on polyurethane linkage, with a particle size in the range 250–300 nm. Furthermore, FLX-loaded nanocapsules were evaluated regarding antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 6538P ™) and its clinical strains of methicillin-resistant. As expected, the FLX-loaded presented lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, in the range of 190–95 μg mL−1, against all isolated microorganisms in comparison to FLX, 255 μg mL−1. According to results, the FLX-loaded starch nanocapsules have successfully improved drug antibacterial activity, generating promising perspectives on the field of the hydrophilic drug delivery systems.

Xylan extracted from corn cobs was used to produce mesalamine-loaded xylan microparticles (XMP5-ASA) by cross-linking polymerization using a non-hazardous cross-linking agent. The microparticles were characterized by thermal analysis (DSC/TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A comparative study of the in vitro drug release from XMP5-ASA and from gastro-resistant capsules filled with XMP5-ASA (XMPCAP5-ASA) or 5-ASA was also performed. NMR, FTIR-ATR, XRD and DSC/TG studies indicated molecularly dispersed drug in the microparticles with increment on drug stability. The release studies showed that XMPCAP5-ASA allowed more efficient drug retention in the simulated gastric fluid and a prolonged drug release lasting up to 24 h. XMPCAP5-ASA retained approximately 48 % of its drug content after 6 h on the drug release assay. Thus, the encapsulation of 5-ASA into xylan microparticles together with gastro-resistant capsules allowed a better release control of the drug during different simulated gastrointestinal medium.

The known biotechnological properties of chitosan and the recent biological activities attributed to polysaccharides from Agaricus brasiliensis have been of interest to obtain films constituted by these two polymers. The glucans obtained from the mushroom inhibited about 96.5% of the ferrous ion, besides not promoting a significant increase of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH), which indicates that the polysaccharide is able to inhibit the production of radical species and also presents low cytotoxicity to the biological systems. The results of spectroscopy analyses in the infrared region (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction suggest an existing electrostatic interaction between the substances. A reduction in the films’ swelling capacity was observed with an increase in the polysaccharide content in the composition. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed greater surface density of the films. In convening the biological properties of the substances, it is expected that this study raises interest in evaluating the films and their capacity for healing wounds and burns.

Intestinal mucositis is a common complication associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent used for cancer treatment. Troxerutin (TRX), a semi-synthetic flavonoid extracted from Dimorphandra gardneriana, has been reported as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of TRX on 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis. Swiss mice were randomly divided into seven groups: Saline, 5-FU, TRX-50, TRX-100, TRX-150, Celecoxib (CLX), and CLX + TRX-100. The weight of mice was measured daily. After treatment, the animals were euthanized and segments of the small intestine were collected to evaluate histopathological alterations (morphometric analysis), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), mast and goblet cell counts, immunohistochemical analysis, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity. Compared to the saline treatment, the 5-FU treatment induced intense weight loss and reduction in villus height. TRX treatment (100 mg/kg) prevented the 5-FU-induced histopathological changes and decreased oxidative stress by decreasing the MDA levels and increasing GSH concentration. TRX attenuated inflammatory process by decreasing MPO activity, intestinal mastocytosis, and COX-2 expression. TRX also reversed the depletion of goblet cells. Our findings suggest that TRX at a concentration of 100 mg/kg had chemopreventive effects on 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis via COX-2 pathway.

Cashew gum and maltodextrin microcapsules containing green tea leaf extracts were made using a spray-dryer. Green tea extracts were submitted to cytotoxicity analysis and characterization of bioactive compounds. Three formulations of microcapsules were performed, which were then submitted to characterization through morphological study, particle diameter and distribution, zeta potential, Exploratory Differential Calorimetry, entrapment efficiency, dissolution test and X-ray diffraction. The extract had a high bioactive compound content and no cytotoxicity was observed. The amorphous microcapsules presented irregular shapes with a circular predominance and dentate surface, mean diameters varying from 2.50 to 3.64 μm, solubility ranging from 63% to 72.66%. Low values of microencapsulation efficiency, zeta potencial and dissolution profile were observed. The microparticles based on the dry extract of green tea present potential as a food ingredient and as a promoter of health benefits.

Nowadays, around 40% of the lubricant market is dominated by petroleum-derived products, resulting in a negative impact on environment. Herein, it was aimed to develop a biodegradable lubricant-grade ester using Tilapia oil as primary feedstock. The synthetic route was carried out in three steps: (1) transesterification, (2) epoxidation and (3) ring-opening reaction with different long chain alcohols, where the final esters were characterised regarding their physicochemical properties. The lubricant-grade esters showed superior biodegradability and viscosity index (>117) compared to commercial petroleum-based oils. The ester synthesized with 2-ethyl hexanol showed highest thermal stability (Tonset = 230 °C) compared to other long chain alcohols. Therefore, as mainly proposed, this study shows that esters from Tilapia oil have a great potential to obtain lubricants with high biodegradability and better physicochemical properties.

Riboflavin (Rf) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for living beings; it acts as cofactor in various processes of oxidation-reduction in a cellular system. However it is photosensitive and may suffer reactions of degradation. In this way, the objective of this study was to perform the microencapsulation of (Rf) by spray drying with the galactomannan biopolymer (G), in order to preserve or enhance their functional properties. Microencapsulation was used as the coating matrix for the biopolymer (G) and the surfactant F127 in concentrations of 0.10% and 0.15%. The biopolymer (G), (Rf) and the microparticles produced (GRf, GRfF1 and GRfF2) were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA, DSC and SEM. Biopolymer (G) was characterized by 1H NMR and its viscosity was studied. The microparticles produced were analyzed for viscosity, antifungal activity and controlled release in vitro. The antifungal activity of the microparticles was evaluated by means of the broth microdiluition method and checkerboard test using strains of Trichophyton rubrum e Candida albicans. Controlled release was performed with the (Rf) and the microparticles in pH 1.2 (0.1 M) and pH 6.8 (0.025 M). By means of chemical tests it was found that the efficiency of encapsulation in microparticles ranged from 87.14-88.53%. The viscometric study pointed to greater fluidity of the microparticles produced when compared with biopolymer (G). All the microparticles produced showed antifungal potential against T. rubrum, however the (GRf) demonstrated better inhibitory capacity. In the checkboard test there was no synergistic effect of the (GRf) microparticles with ketoconazole. The release showed that the biopolymer (G) is a satisfactory matrix for the microencapsulation of (Rf), since it slows the release in both acidic and basic media when compared with the isolated (Rf). These results indicate that the galactomannan can be used efficiently in the microencapsulation of (Rf), since it conserves the antifungal potential against T.rubrum and slows the delivery of the bioactive.

Poliovirus (PV),an enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family, is the agent of poliomyelitis, a devastating neurologic disease that may result in paralysis and even death.Mangiferin is the major constituent of Mangifera indica and has multiple pharmacological activities, including antiviral. This study evaluated the activity of mangiferin against poliovirus type-1 (PV-1). The compound exhibited the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) > 2000 μg/mL in HEp-2 cell cultures, by the dimethylthiazolyl-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method (MTT). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was of 53.5 μg/mL, determined by the plaque reduction assay (PRA) with selectivity index (SI) > 37.4. We investigate the possible mechanism of action of mangiferin and a maximum inhibition of PV was found for virucidal and inhibition of adsorption assays, at all tested concentrations. The inhibition of viral protein synthesis was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence assay (IFA).These results suggested that mangiferin is an attractive candidate for the control of PV infection.

The use of copolymeric micelles of copoly(oxyalkylene)s for dissolution of poorly soluble bioactive compounds has been studied due to their efficiency in the blood dilution process and biocompatibility. In this study we investigated the use of micellar system of copolymers F127, EO65SO9EO65 (EO = ethylene oxide/SO = styrene oxide) and the binary mixtures of these copolymers for the solubilization of lapachol. Solubility was estimated by UV–Vis. The samples, with and without drug, were characterized by X-ray, DSC, particle size and zeta potential. The antioxidant activity, the cytotoxicity and the release assay for the system SO970(blend of EO65SO9EO65/F127 in the proportions 70/30) were also investigated. The SO970LA system presented the best solubilization capacity (Scp) value. It showed antioxidant activity, a prolonged release time, non-toxic with LC50 > 1000 and a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. Results showed IC50 values starting at 5.8 μg mL−1 for the free lapachol and 12.3 μg mL−1 for the lapachol-loaded. Therefore, the system presents a potential for anticancer application.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the potential of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) as a renewable resource and low-cost raw material for the synthesis of bio-based epoxy for asphalt binders. The epoxidized material named ECL was synthesized via chemical modifications in alkyl phenols present in CNSL – a good alternative of petrochemicals based on phenols to replace the toxic bisphenol A, currently used to synthetize epoxidized products. The additive was structurally characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), presenting results in accordance with the epoxidation reactions. Testing was conducted on asphalt binder with 10% and 20% of epoxidized CNSL to explore the influence of bio-epoxidized additives on the properties of binder, both unaged and RTFO-aged conditions. The Rotational Viscosity, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and Binder bond strength (BBS) tests were utilized. The viscoelastic behaviour of epoxy modifier asphalt presented higher viscosity than neat asphalt binder. The rheological parameters from DSR showed that the epoxy modifiers enhance the elasticity of the binder, suggesting the presence of polymer elastic networks in modified binders. The rutting resistance of epoxidized modified binder at the high temperature was evaluated by Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test, while the fatigue life was analysed by Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test. The MSCR results indicated that the 10% of the ECL additive, increasing rutting resistance, while the LAS test showed that fatigue resistance of AB-10% ECL was positively affected by epoxidized CNSL additive. BBS results showed that the aged AB-10% ECL has the highest binder bond strength. Furthermore, the use of renewable energy resources is a strong incentive towards the development of less pollutant technologies.

In this study, a spray drying technique was used to encapsulate bixin in the galactomannan polymer to give greater stability to this carotenoid. The microparticles were characterized using physical-chemical techniques, quantum chemical calculations, and evaluated the particle sizes, encapsulation efficiency, stability, controlled release, and toxicological potential. The bixin was successfully encapsulated, with an average size of 5.55 ± 0.50 µm, and infrared spectroscopy showed no chemical reaction between bixin and galactomannan during the encapsulation process. The values for the encapsulation efficiency were higher than 90 %, indicating that galactomannan was a good encapsulating agent. A stability test revealed that microencapsulation provides significant protection for bixin. It was observed that the microparticles were capable of releasing the pigment homogeneously and gradually. The absence of toxicity of these materials allows for their use within the food industry, since there is a need for new products that combine low toxicity, efficiency, and low cost.

The present study determines the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the degradation process of the biodiesel produced from fish viscera oil. The analyses were performed through the accelerated trials of oxidation of biodiesel (EN 14112) at different temperatures (100, 105, 110, 115, 120 e 125 °C). Through the analyses of the results of the induction period, the reaction was considered to be of the first order. It was determined by the rate constants (K) varying from 0.0868 to 0.42271 h − 1 , activation energy (E a ) of 81.99 kJ·mol − 1 , the pre-exponential factor (A) of 2.61 × 10 10 h − 1 , enthalpy of activation (ΔH ≠ ) of 78.79 kJ·mol − 1 , entropy of activation (ΔS ≠ ) – 55.94 J·k − 1 ·mol − 1 and Gibb's free energy of activation (ΔG ≠ ) average of 100.25 kJ·mol − 1 . The results showed that biodiesel oxidation reaction is non-spontaneous (ΔG ≠ > 0), endothermic (ΔH ≠ > 0), and that the temperature and the oxidation concentration influences significantly the degradation process of methyl esters.

This research reports the use of cooking oil waste and moringa biodiesel and their blends into mineral diesel and the influence of the storage conditions. The behavior of the blend between moringa and cooking oil waste and biodiesel were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis and the data were used in the determination of the kinetic parameters of the blends as activation energy and pre-exponential factor and the values found were similar to reported in literature for others samples of biodiesel. The quality of the blend between biodiesel and diesel and the influence of storage conditions were evaluated through the determination of the acid value of the samples. The acid value for the samples that contained mineral diesel was virtually constant. The acid values of the samples of biodiesel were not in accordance with Brazilian legislation, but did not affect the quality of the blend with mineral diesel. The average values of activation energy for waste cooking oil and moringa biodiesel were 70.04 ± 2.99 and 53.80 ± 6.83 kJ mol−1, respectively.

Studies involving foods associated with pain reversal and anti-inflammatory effects using zebrafish are rarely reported in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of graviola (Annona muricata L.) fruit bar (GFB) and GFB added with acerola (Malpighia glabra L) seed extract (ASE) on acute nociception and abdominal inflammation in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acute nociception was induced by formalin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, acidic saline, glutamate (cutaneous models), and hypertonic saline (corneal model), and inflammation was induced by carrageenan. Both GFB and ASE exhibited antinociceptive effect modulated by the nitrergic system, guanylate cyclase, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and acid-sensing ion channels. The antinociceptive effect of GFB also appears to be modulated by the opioid system and glutamatergic receptors (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor). Only ASE presented corneal antinociceptive effect. Both samples showed anti-inflammatory effect, being more significant the effect of GFB. The addition of acerola by-product extract in GFB results in a product with greater biological potential.

This work aims to formulate a new semisolid pharmaceutical form based on clove essential oil and polysaccharides for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The nanoemulsions showed excellent colloidal stability with values of zeta potential higher than 30 mV in module, as well as hydrodynamic diameter between 198.8 and 321.0 nm and moderate polydispersity. The nanosystems did not show macroscopic instability phenomena and demonstrated adequate pH values for vaginal use. The presence of clove essential oil in the nanoemulsion was attested by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with encapsulation efficiency greater than 99%. Emulsions based on carboxymethylcellulose and alginate (Ecmc and Ealgi, respectively) showed ferrous ion chelating ability in a range of 42-62%, with results superior to those of ascorbic acid. Ecmc formulation exhibited a higher inhibitory effect against Candida albicans and higher content of essential oil, being used in the formulation of emulgel. The rheological properties of the emulgel showed a non-Newtonian behavior, pseudoplastic type, with values of G' higher than G”, which characterizes the formation of a gel. The micrographs obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the incorporation of the nanoemulsion in the polymeric matrix, whose diameters corroborated with the results obtained by dynamic light scattering.

Due to the toxicity and low biodegradability, mineral lubricants have been sharing space with green lubricants. Moringa oleifera can grow naturally in dry regions with subtropical climates and the oil, rich in unsaturated compounds (79.87 %), may be a potential feedstock for fuel and lubricant base stocks. Moringa oil was hydrolyzed and then esterified with polyols, trimethylolpropane (MTMPE) and pentaerythritol (MPEE), in the temperature range of 130–140 °C. P-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA) was used as the catalyst. The products obtained were characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and mass spectral techniques. The main physicochemical properties, the thermal behavior and toxicity against Artemia salina of products were evaluated. In addition, blends with the naphthenic lubricant, NH10, were prepared with 20 %, 35 %, and 50 % of the moringa esters. The synthesized samples have high viscosity indices (VI = 170) and they were found to be non-toxic against A. salina (LC50>1000 ppm). MTMPE presented higher thermal stability and showed a melting point of -38.5 °C, which reveals its potential for applications in very low temperatures. Blends showed high viscosity indices and reduced toxicity compared to pure NH10. The study revealed that moringa esters are interesting to be applied as environmental friendly lubricants or additives.

The brute oil obtained by sesame seed mechanical extraction and biodiesel obtained through transesterification with methyl and ethyl alcohol was analyzed by the use of the following techniques: gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (CG/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen and carbon (NMR 1H and 13C). The seeds were cultivated in Sousa city, located in the northeast of Brazil. The linoleic acid was found as major component of the oil followed by the oleic acid. The NMR spectra confirm the obtaining of the methyl and ethyl biodiesel. The thermal behavior of the oil and the biodiesel were determined by the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The TG curves were obtained in three different heat rates (10, 20 e 30 °C.min−1) in oxidative atmosphere. The decomposition of the biodiesels occurred in only one-step. However, three steps were observed for the thermal degradation of the brute oil. These steps can be attributed to evaporation and/or decomposition of the triglycerides. The analysis of the thermogravimetric data allowed the determination of the thermodynamics parameters as pre exponential factor and activation energy. The average value of the energy activation for the methyl biodiesel was 67.54 ± 0.84 KJ mol−1 and for the ethyl biodiesel was 66.74 ± 0.75 KJ mol−1.

Chitosan-based magnetite nanocomposites were synthesized using a versatile ultrasound assisted in situ method involving one quick step. This synthetic route approach results in the formation of spheroidal nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ) with average diameter between 10 and 24 nm, which were found to be superparamagnetic with saturation magnetization (Ms) ranges from 32–57 emu g −1 , depending on the concentration. The incorporation of Fe 3 O 4 into chitosan matrix was also confirmed by FTIR and TG techniques. This hybrid nanocomposite has the potential application as electrochemical sensors, since the electrochemical signal was excepitionally stable. In addition, the in situ strategy proposed in this work allowed us to synthesize the nanocomposite system in a short time, around 2 min of time-consuming, showing great potential to replace convencional methods. Herein, the procedure will permit a further diversity of applications into nanocomposite materials engineering.

In the present work, carnauba wax (CW) type 4 was used as an additive in warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology. Rheological experiments were performed with the binders to determine viscoelasticity properties such as complex shear modulus (G ∗ ) and phase angle (δ). Binders were also evaluated in terms of its penetration and softening point. Master curves of G ∗ and δ were obtained from the rheological data. Multi-stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test was used for determination of percent recovery and non-recoverable creep compliance of modified and neat asphalt cements. The effect of CW addition produced higher values of complex modulus when compared to the neat asphalt cement. The CW modified asphalt cement has also shown small values of δ in the range of frequency investigated, showing improved elastic properties. The use of CW as an additive allowed the hot mix asphalt (HMA) to be mixed and compacted using lower temperatures. Those values of reduction in mixing and compaction temperatures were obtained comparing the compaction densification index (CDI) and the traffic densification index (TDI) results with the ones found for conventional HMA.