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ئامانجه‌كانی ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌ خۆی له‌دوو به‌ش ده‌بینێته‌وه‌، ئامانجی گشتی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌، كه‌ بریتی یه‌ له‌زانینی ئاستی خودچالاكی مامۆستایانی زانكۆ، و ئامانجی تایبه‌تی كه‌ بریتییه‌ له‌ زانینی كاریگه‌ریی جیاوازی ڕه‌گه‌ز له‌سه‌ر ئاسته‌كه‌یان، ئینجا زانینى په‌یوه‌ندى خودچالاكی مامۆستایانى زانكۆ بۆ یه‌كێك له‌ گۆڕاوه‌ دیمۆگرافیه‌كانی ڕاپرسی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌، كه‌بریتییه‌ له‌ گۆڕاوی بڕوانامه‌، بۆ به‌ده‌ستهێنانی ئه‌م ئامانجه‌ گشتی و تایبه‌تیانه‌ی توێژینه‌وه‌ی به‌رده‌ست، 72 مامۆستای زانكۆ به‌شێوه‌یه‌كی هه‌ڕه‌مه‌كی خۆبه‌خشانه‌ به‌شداریان كرد. بۆ كۆكردنه‌وی زانیاری توێژینه‌وه‌ی به‌رده‌ست ڕاپرسیه‌كی 10 بڕگه‌یی وه‌رگیراو به‌كارهات كه‌ 5 هه‌ڵبژاردنی هه‌یه‌، له‌به‌رامبه‌ر هه‌ر بڕگه‌یه‌ك به‌شێوه‌یه‌كی یه‌كسانی ئاماژه‌ی پێكرابو تاكو به‌شداربو به‌ئاسانی بتوانێت ئه‌و وه‌ڵامه‌ هه‌ڵبژێرێت كه‌له‌گه‌ڵ بۆچونی تایبه‌تی خۆی ده‌گونجێت، بۆ دڵنیایی بون له‌به‌های ڕاستگۆیی و جێَگیری ئامرازی كۆكردنه‌وه‌ی زانیاری توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌، ڕاپرسیه‌كه‌ له‌ماوه‌یه‌كی كورتدا كه‌ له‌ڕۆژێك زیاتر نه‌بو به‌سه‌ر به‌شێك له‌ نمونه‌ی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ دابه‌شكرا پاش كۆكردنه‌وه‌ی ڕاپرسیه‌كان و دابه‌زاندنی بۆ سه‌ر به‌رنامه‌ی ئاماری تایبه‌ت، داتاكان شیكردنه‌وه‌یان بۆ ئه‌نجامدرا، پاشان ده‌ركه‌وت كه‌ به‌هاكه‌یان له‌ئاستێكی گونجاودایه‌ به‌مه‌ش تویژینه‌وه‌كه‌ به‌رده‌وامی پێدرا بۆ دابه‌شكردن به‌سه‌ر نمونه‌ی كۆتایی . پاش كۆكردنه‌وه‌ی زانیاری له‌ نمونه‌ی كۆتای تو‌ێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ ئینجا شیكردنه‌وه‌یان به‌ به‌رنامه‌ی spss هه‌گبه‌ی ئاماری بۆ زانسته‌ كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تییه‌كان كه‌ تایبه‌ته‌ به‌ بواری ده‌رونی و په‌روه‌رده‌ی كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تی مرۆڤایه‌تی، ئه‌نجامه‌كان ده‌ریانخست كه‌ ئاستی گشتی خودچالاكی په‌روه‌رده‌یی مامۆستایانی زانكۆ له‌ئاستێكی به‌رزدایه‌، به‌ڵام هیچ جیاوازیه‌كی به‌ڵگه‌داری ئاماریی له‌ ئاستی خودچالاكی مامۆستایان ده‌رنه‌كه‌وت له‌نێوان هه‌ردوو ڕه‌گه‌زی جیاوازی نێر ومێی به‌شداربوانی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌، هه‌رچه‌نده‌ ئه‌نجامەکانی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ ئاماژه‌ به‌وه‌ده‌كه‌ن كه‌، ئاستی خودچالاكی ڕه‌گه‌زی مێ ئاسته‌كه‌یان به‌رزرتر بو به‌ڵام به‌ڵگه‌داری ئاماریی نه‌بوو. له‌كۆتایی ئامانجە تایبه‌تیه‌كان ده‌ریانخست كه‌ په‌یوه‌ندییه‌كی نه‌رێینی له‌نێوان بڕوانامه‌ وئاستی خودچالاكی په‌روه‌ده‌ییان هه‌یه‌، واته‌ هه‌رچه‌نده‌ بڕوانامه‌ به‌رزتر بێت ئاستی خودچالاكیان نزمتره‌، به‌ڵام ئه‌م په‌یوه‌ندییه‌ له‌ئاستی به‌ڵگه‌داری ئاماریی نه‌بو. له‌کۆتایی وله‌ژێر ڕۆشنایی ئه‌نجامه‌كان چه‌ندین پیشنیاز و ڕاسپارده‌ پێشكه‌شكران.

The Gulf of Aqaba transform plate boundary is a source of destructive teleseismic earthquakes. Seismicity is concentrated in the central sub-basin and decreases to both the north and south. Although principally a strike-slip plate boundary, the faulted margins of the Gulf display largely dip-slip extensional movement and accompanying footwall uplift. We have constrained rates of this uplift by measurements of elevated Pleistocene coral terraces. In particular the terrace that formed during the last interglacial (~125 ka) is found discontinuously along the length of the Gulf at elevations of 3 to 26 m. Global sea level was ~7 m higher than today at 125 ka indicating net maximum tectonic uplift of ~19 m with an average rate of ~0.015 cm/yr. Uplift has been greatest adjacent to the central sub-basin and like the seismicity decreases to the north and south. We suggest that the present pattern of a seismically active central region linked to more aseismic areas in the north and south has therefore persisted for at least the past 125 kyr. Consequently the potential for future destructive earthquakes in the central Gulf is greater than in the sub-basins to the north and south.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can confound the clinical assessment of patients presenting with features of spinal disorders. Speciality practice within spinal surgery may lead the clinician to a focus upon spinal explanations for symptoms and that belief may be reinforced by supporting imaging. In the presence of mainly sensory symptoms consideration and exclusion of non surgical causes needs to occur. This study aimed at identifying the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency; the presence of dual pathology on imaging performed; the implementation of replacement therapy and their subsequent clinical response as perceived by patients. This was performed through a retrospective review of patients presenting to specialist spine out-patient clinics over a 4-year period via access to pathology reports followed by a telephone survey. 457 patients were investigated of which 8.5% were vitamin B12 deficient. 70% of patients had repeat levels and 31% continued to be deficient. 26% of these patients were not placed on any supplemental therapy. 72% of patients on treatment had self perceived improved outcomes as compared with 55% not on treatment. 73% of patients underwent MRI/CT imaging. 59% of which had evidence of spinal stenosis. In older patients with sensory symptoms, the coexistence of B12 deficiency should be considered. Detection of deficiency with consequent treatment results in better global outcomes than no treatment. Unless the correct blood test is done, the pathology will remain undetected, and patients may continue with their primary symptoms despite high-risk spinal surgical procedures.

This narrative review lays out the epidemiology, pathophysiology and evidence-based management strategies for lumbar nerve root pain with special attention on nerve root blocks. One aim of this paper is to critique the use of steroids in the management of radicular pain. The historical practice of using steroids in nerve root blocks should be challenged; and it is incumbent on those carrying out, or referring patients for this treatment option, to appraise the literature critically, in order to advise on and carry out best clinical practice.

The zebra mussel (Dreissena), inadvertently introduced to the Great Lakes in 1986, has since expanded to cover most of the shallow-water, hard substrates in Lakes Erie and Ontario. Colony densities exceed 300,000 per m2 in some bedrock areas of western Lake Erie. The objective of this study was to investigate the spread of zebra mussel onto soft sediment areas of the western basin of Lake Erie and to identify natural controls on the large-scale colonization of such sediments. Combined side scan sonar, underwater video imagery, and direct diver observation showed three modes of viable zebra mussel colonies in soft substrates: 1) attachment to zebra mussel shell debris deposited in linear troughs (stripes); 2) attachment to shells built up over hard substrates intermittently covered by soft sediments (footballs); and 3) as isolated clumps (druses) attached to dropstones, unionid clams, or their shells. Their spatial distribution suggests that zebra mussel expansion onto soft sediments is supplied primarily by nearby hard substrate areas. Zebra mussel populations living on soft sediment have the normal size distribution as those found on hard surfaces, often with a bimodal or trimodal character, representing cohorts of different ages. At the sites studied, there was a large proportion of dead shells, suggesting colonization over an extended period, as well as a relatively high mortality rate due to burial by periodic catastrophic sedimentation after storms. This vulnerability and the need to be near to source areas make it unlikely that the zebra mussel (D. polymorpha) will continue to expand into areas of soft sediment remote from hard substrate areas. The impact of the zebra mussel colonies on important textural properties of the substrate was not dramatic, but median grain diameter was significantly finer, organic carbon significantly higher, and sediment consistency more clayey below zebra mussel mats. Metal content was generally higher in the samples below zebra mussel mats, but the differences were statistically significant only in the case of iron and maganese. However, the sediment concentrations of metals at all sites were much greater than those at the remote Mid-basin site that was barren of zebra mussels, suggesting an overall metal enrichment near zebra mussel colonies.

Coastal waters in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world are among the most productive and intensely commercialized marine ecosystems, and are also the most threatened by contamination from industrial and urban land-use activities. Insights into issues of potential importance for the Red Sea area may be obtained from experiences in analogous waters elsewhere in the world, including the western hemisphere. Globally, the major challenges to a healthy coastal environment are posed by urbanization/industrial activity, intense coastal shipping, offshore petroleum exploitation, and tourism development. Although the Red Sea is characterized by low population densities along its coasts, the need still exists for proper coastal zone management. Urbanization and industrial activity are the major factor in pollution by metals in the vicinity of the city of Jeddah as well as by effluents from desalination plants and refineries. Such urban-generated contamination almost always goes together with contamination by sewage and nutrients from waste water treatment. All can have a negative effect on valued coastal amenities such as coral reefs, bathing beaches, coastal fisheries/mariculture, and coastal mangroves. Research in Lake Ontario, Canada can be used to provide means to study the dispersal of such pollutants via sediments. Ships using the Suez Canal carry cargoes (some of which are toxic or harmful to aquatic life) that pose a threat to coastal resources by accidental and deliberate spills/ discharges. Research carried out elsewhere (the Bahamas) into the fouling of tourist beaches by petroleum tar-balls has shown that this effect is serious and cumulative and, in addition to sensitive coastal amenities (beaches, coral reefs, and fishing grounds), might also cause damage to valued benthic communities. Ships traversing the Red Sea also have the potential for introducing exotic species from remote areas that may be harmful to the diverse Red Sea aquatic fauna, especially Acanthaster planci, the crown-of-thorns starfish. This possibility is dramatically illustrated by the case of the inadvertent introduction of the European zebra mussel (Dreissena) to the Great Lakes in 1986. تعتبر المياه الساحلية في المناطق المدارية والتحت مدارية من أهم البيئات، من حيث إنتاجيتها وعائداتها الاستثمارية، وكذلك الأكثر عرضة للتهديدات من التلوث الناتج من الصناعات والأنشطة الأدمية. والتعرف على المحاور ذات الأهمية في البحر الأحمر، يمكن أن يأتي من خلال الخبرات المكتسبة في مناطق شبيهة في أماكن مختلفة من العالم، بما في ذلك نصف الكرة الغربي. بشكل عام فإن أهم ما يهدد صحة البيئة الساحلية هو الامتداد العمراني، والنشاط الصناعي، والملاحة المكثفة، واستغلال آبار البترول في المياه العميقة، والتطور السياحي. وبالرغم من أن البحر الأحمر يتميز بكثافة سكانية منخفضة على سواحله ، مازالت هناك حاجة ملحة لإدارة ساحلية مناسبة. والامتداد العمراني والأنشطة الصناعية هي العوامل الرئيسية للتلوث بالعناصر بالقرب من مدينة جدة، إضافة إلى مياه الصرف من محطات التحلية ومعامل التكرير. هذه الملوثات المرتبطة بالتوسع العمراني عادة ما تتوافق مع التلوث بمخلفات الصرف الصحي والعناصر المغذية من محطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي، كلها يمكن أن تترك آثارا سلبية على الشعاب المرجانية، الشواطئ ، ومزارع الأسماك، والبحار، وكذلك على اشجار المانجروف. ويمكن أن يستخدم البحث الذي أجري في جدة أو أونتاريو بكندا ليمدنا بوسائل لدراسة انتشار هذه الملوثات عن طريق الرواسب. السفن العابرة لقناة السويس تحمل شحنات ( بعضها سام أو ضار للحياة البحرية) تهدد الثروات الساحلية عن طريق الحوادث التي تؤدي على انتشار هذه الشحنات في الوسط. وقد أفادت البحوث التي أجريت في أماكن أخرى ( جزر البهاماس) عن تواجد كرات القطران أن تاثيرها خطر وتراكمي ليس فقط على الشواطئ ، والشعاب، والمصايد، وإنما أيضا على أحياء القاع. كما أن السفن التي تعبر البحر الأحمر لها المقدرة على إدخال أنواع من الأحياء السامة من مناطق بعيدة، والتي يمكن أن تضر بالحيونات البحرية للبحر الأحمر، خاصة نجم البحر Acanthaster planc هذه الإمكانية تبرزها حالة إدخال بلح البحر الأوروبي European sebra mussel (Dreissena) إلى البحريات الكبرى عام 11986.

Preliminary phytochemical screening of Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Cassia tora and Tamarindus indica did not reveal alkaloids and unbound anthraquinones while glycosides as well as flavonoids were present in all the four species of the family caesalpiniaceae. Cardiac glycosides were absent only in C. tora and saponins were present only in T. indica, B. variegata and T. indica were devoid of bound anthraquinones while bound anthraquinones were present in C. fistula and C. tora. Paper chromatography revealed 6 spots in solvent system I, and 5 spots in solvent system 2, showing different Rf values. The per cent yield of crude glycosides was 3.18 in B. variegata, 4.03 in C. fistula, 4.45 in C. tora and 4.14 in T. indica.