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Summary Muscular degeneration (MD) was produced in pigs experimentally by feeding grain which was associated with field outbreaks. The manifestations of disease were increased blood-plasma levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and/or glutamic-pyruvic trans-aminase (GPT) but normal ornithin-carbamyl transferase (OCT), and characteristic changes in skeletal muscle, observed by microscopical examination of biopsy specimens. Addition of d, l-α-tocopherol and sodium selenite to the ration prevented the disease and had probably a curative effect. Protein supplement had no effect. Zusammenfassung Muskeldystrophie bei Schweinen nach Futterung mit bestimmten Getreidearten Muskeldegeneration wurde bei Schweinen experimentell durch Futterung mit Getreide hervorgerufen, das mit einem Spontanausbruch der Erkrankung in Zusammenhang stand. Bei der Erkrankung waren die Blutplasmaspiegel der Glutaminoxalessig-saure-Transaminase und/oder Glutaminpyruvat-Transaminase erhoht, wogegen die Werte fur Ornithin-Carbamyl-Transferase normal waren. Dabei wurden charakteristische Veranderungen in der Skelettmuskulatur bei der mikroskopischen Untersuchung von Biopsieproben beobachtet. Ein Zusatz von d, l-α-Tocopherol und Natriumselenit zum Futter verhutete die Erkrankung und hatte vermutlich auch eine heilende Wirkung. Eine zusatzliche Eiweisverabreichung blieb ohne Wirkung. Resume Dystrophie musculaire chez des porcs alimentes avec certaines cereales On a provoque experimentalement une degenerescence musculaire chez des porcs en les fournissant des grains qui ont des rapports avec l'apparition spontanee de la maladie. Au cours de la maladie le taux sanguin de la transaminase de l'acide glutamino-oxalacetique et/ou du pyruvate de glutamine etait augmente, tandis que les valeurs de la transferase de l'ornithine-carbamyl etaient normales. On constata par biopsie des lesions caracteristiques a l'examen microscopique des muscles. L'adjonction de d, l-α-Tocopherol et de selenite de sodium aux aliments empechait la maladie et avait probablement aussi une action curative. L'administration d'un supplement de proteines resta sans effet. Resumen Distrofia muscular en cerdos tras alimentacion con determinadas especies de cereales Una degeneracion muscular se produjo experimentalmente mediante alimentacion con cereales, que estaban relacionados con el desencadenamiento espontaneo de la enfermedad. Durante la enfermedad, estaban aumentados los niveles plasmaticos de la acido glutaminoxalacetico-transaminase y/o glutaminpiruvato-transaminasa, mientras que los valores de la ornitin-carbamil-transferasa continuaban normales. Por medio del examen microscopico de las pruebas biopsicas, en la musculatura del esqueleto se observaron alteraciones caracteristicas. La adicion de d, l-α-tocoferol y selenito sodico al forraje impedia la enfermedad y probablemente tambien ejercia una accion terapeutica. La administracion aditiva de proteina quedo sin efecto.

Summary The plasma levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and ornithine-carbamyl transferase (OCT) were studied in 11 pigs with spontaneous liver dystrophy (LD) and 14 pigs with spontaneous muscular dystrophy (MD). LD is associated with elevations of all three enzymes. In MD, GOT and GPT are elevated but OCT is normal. This is in accordance with the observation that the content of OCT is very low in swine muscles. GOT and OCT are more specific than GPT, which may be elevated in other diseases, too, in pigs. Zusammenfassung Plasma-Transaminase- und Transferase-Aktivitaten bei Schweinen mit Muskel- und Leberdystrophie Bei 11 Schweinen mit spontaner Leberdystrophie und 14 Schweinen mit spontaner Muskeldystrophie wurden die Plasmaspiegel der Glutaminoxalessigsaure- (GOT), der Glutaminpyrovatsaure-Transaminase (GPT) und der Ornithin-Carbamyl-Transferase (OCT) bestimmt. Leberdystrophie ist mit einer Erhohung der 3 Fermente verbunden. Bei Muskeldystrophie sind GOT und GPT erhoht, wahrend OCT normal ist. Dies stimmt mit der Beobachtung uberein, das der OCT-Gehalt der Muskulatur beim Schwein sehr gering ist. GOT und OCT sind spezifischer als GPT, die auch bei anderen Krankheiten des Schweines erhoht sein kann. Resume L'activite de la transaminase et de la transferase dans le plasma sanguin des porcs atteints de dystrophie musculaire et hepatique Chez des porcs atteints de dystrophic spontanee du foie (11 cas) et de la musculature (14 cas), on determina le taux serique de la transaminase de l'acide glutamino-oxalacetique (GOT), de la transaminase de l'acide glutamino-pyruvique (GPT) et de la transferase de l'ornithine-carbamyl (OCT). La dystrophic hepatique provoque une augmentation des trois ferments. Dans la dystrophic musculaire GOT et GPT sont augmentes, tandis que OCT est normal Cela correspond donc aux observations selon lesquelles la teneur en OCT de la musculature du porc est tres faible. GOT et OCT sont plus specifiques que GPT dont le taux peut aussi etre augmente dans d'autres maladies du porc. Resumen Actividades transaminasica y transferasica plasmaticas en cerdos con distrofias distrofias muscular y hepatica En 11 cerdos con distrofia hepatica espontanea y 14 cerdos con distrofia muscular espontanea, se determinaron los niveles plasmaticos de la acido glutamin-oxalacetico-transaminasa (GOT), de la acido glutamin-piruvatico-transaminasa (GPT) y de la ornitin-carbamil-transferasa (OCT). La distrofia hepatica esta ligada a un aumento de los tres fermentos. En la distrofia muscular se encuantran aumentadas GOT y GPT, mientras que OCT permanece normal. Esto coincide con la observacion de que el contenido en OCT de la musculatura del cerdo es muy escasa. GOT y OCT son mas especificas que GPT, la cual tambien puede hallarse aumentada en otras enfermedades porcinas.

Zusammenfassung Die in Gewebekulturen isolierten SEP-Stamme liesen sich im Brutei zuchten, wenn sie in den Dottersack 5- bis 7tagiger Huhnerembryonen uberimpft wurden. Auf diese Weise gelang auch die Isolierung des SEP-Agens aus Lungen, aus denen sie bisher in Gewebekulturen mislang. Summary Cultivation of the agent causing enzootic pneumonia of swine in the yolk sac of the incubated egg Strains of the infective agent of SEP isolated in tissue culture can be cultivated in the developing egg by transferring them to the yolk sac of 5 to 7 day embryos. In this way the infective agent could be isolated from lungs from which hitherto it could not be abtained in tissue cultures. Resume La culture du virus SEP dans le sac vitellin de l'oeuf en incubation Les souches SEP isolees en cultures de tissus peuvent etre cultivees dans l'oeuf en incubation quand on les repique dans le sac vitellin d'embryons de poulets de 5 a 7 jours. De cette facon, il fut possible d'isoler egalement l'agent SEP a partir du poumon, ce qui avait echoue jusqu'ici en cultures de tissus. Resumen Las cepas virosicas de la neumonia enzootica del cerdo aisladas en medios histicos se pudieron cultivar en huevos incubados, reinoculandose en el saco vitelino de embriones de gallina de 5 a 7 dias de edad. De esta forma se logro aislar tambien el virus de la neumonia enzootica del cerdo a partir de los pulmones, de los cuales hasta la fecha resulto imposible el aislamiento en cultivos histicos.

The intramural arteries, arterioles and capillaries of the hearts of 23 crossbred pigs, six months old, of Yorkshire and Swedish landrace were presented. The vascular pattern was basically the same in both the ventricular walls. Large branches of two types emerged from the extramural arteries and traversed the myocardial wall, terminating in the subendocardial zone. The largest vessels supplied the papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae. The terminals of these branches formed the subendocardial anastomotic network. No other anastomoses were observed in the ventricular walls. The capillaries had a course parallel to the muscle fibers and anastomosed freely. Most of the interventricular septum was supplied by branches from both the left and the right descending arteries. Only a minor part of the septum was supplied by the anterior and posterior septal arteries. The ventricular vascular pattern of the pig was found to be very similar to that of the human heart. It was concluded that the pig, in contrast to the dog, has ideal attributes for comparative cardiovascular research in man.

In 23 healthy young pigs stress was produced by preventing escape behavior by pharmacologic restraint (Celocurin chloride). In comparison to nine control animals, severe acute cardiopathy was observed in all experimental pigs. In 13 per cent of the animals sudden death occurred. By histologic examination fragmentation, granulation, and necrosis of cardiac cells, with interstitial reaction developing within 24 to 48 hours, was found in all stress-subjected animals. Major ECG changes were T wave inversion, arrhythmias, and transitory lifting of the ST segment. Results are discussed from a comparative point of view. A much higher sensitivity of the myocardium of the pig in comparison to that of the rat or the dog usually used in strees experiments is presumed.

The isolation in swine kidney t. c. of a cytopathogenic enteric porcine virus is described. Inoculation of baby pigs with this virus produced paresis after 5–9 days. Post mortem changes were non-suppurative encephalomyelitis and pneumonitis. Most of the experimental animals recovered and the mortality was low. Neutralization tests with field sera indicate that the virus or antigenically related viruses may be widely spread in the swine population.

(1964). The Fatty Acid Composition of Swedish Varieties of Wheat, Barley, Oats, and Rye. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 3-11.

SUMMARY A combined distemper-hepatitis contagiosa vaccine (DTCV), consisting of living attenuated dog kidney tissue distemper virus and formalin-inactivated hepatitis virus (HCC), and an egg distemper vaccine (EV) were compared with regard to their immunizing capacity in dogs and ferrets. The DTCV was inferior as a vaccine in ferrets hut considerably superior in dogs. It is concluded that ferrets are not suitable as experimental animals for testing the immunizing capacity of vaccines intended for use in dogs. It is suggested that such tests should be performed in dogs. The inactivated hepatitis virus component in the combined vaccine caused the appearance of relatively high HI antibody titres and afforded protection against a challenge of 106 TCD50 of HCC vims 4 weeks after immunization.

In 23 healthy crossbred pigs of Yorkshire and Swedish Landrace (body weight 85 to 90 kg), stress was produced by pharmacological restraint. Cardiac lesions were observed in all the experimental animals, but no alterations were seen in the 9 controls. The lesions consisted of focal myocardial necrosis with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. Histochemical stains for two dehydrogenases, cytochrome oxidase and unspecific esterase, were applied to fresh-frozen sections of heart muscle. The damaged muscle fibers exhibited initially an increase in formazan deposits, and then a decrease and total loss of enzymatic activity. A reduction or total loss of glycogen and accumulation of lipids were demonstrated in the damaged myocardium ultrastructurally. The mitochondria were swollen with focal loss of the cristae. They often exhibited electron-dense of diverse appearance. In degenerating cells, the myofilaments usually lacked the normal cross-striations whereas, in necrotic foci, the changes ranged from clumping to complete lysis of the myofilaments. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T system contained numerous dilated vesicles in cells with mitochondrial and myofibrillar damage. It was concluded that the myocardial alterations, following restraint stress, were caused by a reflex liberation of cardiotoxic catecholamines.

Sodium selenite was mixed in a commercial pig food so as to increase the original selenium content (0.126 ppm) by 1.2 ppm. The supplemented food was given to 7 pigs during 78 days. A control group of as many pigs was given the non-supplemented commercial food. The pigs were killed, starting 4 hours after the last selenium-supplemented food had been given and then with intervals during the next 14 days. Small but significant increases of tissue selenium were noticed in liver and striated muscle as compared with the control animals. The kidneys showed no increase.

Treadmill training of pigs was shown to retard the pH-drop of longissimus dorsi biopsy samples. Training similarly had an inhibiting effect on the post-mortem pH, ATP and glycogen, and on fluid loss (expressible juice) of the gracilis muscle.

ADMINISTRATION of iron preparations to piglets is a routine procedure for prevention of anaemia. It is observed that some or most of the piglets in an occasional litter may develop symptoms of acute disease and die within some hours or days after the administration. The post-mortem picture is characterized by pericardial and pleural effusion1, and by waxy degeneration of the skeletal musculature2.

APPARENTLY healthy piglets in sporadic litters may fall ill and die suddenly after having been treated with conventional doses of an iron preparation for prevention of anaemia. Until recently the cause of this hypersensitivity was unknown.

POULTRY may be the most important animal reservoir for Salmonella infective for man.1,2,9,1s This fact, as well as direct losses from the disease (in terms of mortality, diminished production of meat and eggs, and destruction of infected animals) has warranted costly, though not always successful, measures to eliminate the disease. Vaccinations have not proved satisfactory. The results of experiments with a live strain of S. gallinarum are promising.5,l721 The evolution of research on antibiotics and chemotherapy has aroused interest in this field, and numerous publications report prophylactic and therapeutic experiments on Salmonella infections of poultry, most of them dealing with S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. The most promising substance tested so far is probably furazolidone (FZ), a chemotherapeutic agent belonging to the nitrofuran group of compounds. Because of its slight solubility in water, FZ is mixed with the feed. The mean bactericidal concentration was determined not to exceed 0.39 mg per 100 ml when FZ was tested in vitro against six Salmonella strains, including S. typhimurium, S. montevideo, and S. cholerae suis.12 Nystrom,10 using in vitro procedures, tested 302 Salmonella strains comprising 108 different serotypes, not including S. gallinarum and S. pullorum