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Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures cause socioeconomic concerns, and medical system and policies appear insufficient to prepare for these issues in Korea, where the older adult population is rapidly increasing. Many countries around the world are already responding to osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures by adopting fracture liaison service (FLS), and such an attempt has only begun in Korea. In this article, we introduce the operation methods for institutions implementing FLS and characteristics of services, and activities of the FLS Committee for FLS implementation in the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research. In addition, we hope that the current position statement will contribute to the implementation of FLS in Korea and impel policy changes to enable a multidisciplinary and integrated FLS operated under the medical system.

In ocean color remote sensing, the importance of developing and validating atmospheric correction and ocean bio-optical algorithms has been emphasized. However, if uncertainty remains in the fundamental procedure of converting the sensor signal to the top of the atmosphere (TOA) radiance, the errors will affects the overall reliability of the ocean satellite products.The purpose of this study is to monitor the gain parameters of two on-board GOCI-II calibration using Solar Diffuser (SD) and Diffuser Aging Monitoring Device (DAMD) and to improve the accuracy of ocean color sensors for radiometric calibration (RC) quality at the TOA level. Our results show that the SD gains parameter tends to decrease with seasonal periodicity in all bands, confirming sensor degradation and solar azimuth angle over time. In addition to the current RC model using only SD gain in the relationship between the sensor-observed digital counts and TOA radiance, we develop an azimuth angle correction model and a sensor degradation correction model. Verification will be performed by calculating the TOA radiation applied with an improved RC model around the Korean Peninsula. It will contribute to providing more stable GOCI-II ocean color products for short-term and long-term analysis.

Under a warming climate, extreme ocean warming events, namely Marine Heatwaves (MHW), have become more frequent and stronger in global ocean regions. This study examines how the long-term variability of global marine heatwave characteristics is affected by global warming. We quantify the long-term trends (1982-2022) of MHW and investigate the connection between mean climate change and MHW trends. Since 1982, MHW properties over most global regions have increased positive signals during winter and summer. We investigate the rapidly variation of marine heatwave duration and intensity over the global ocean regions compared to the global average change. In addition, this study reveals the possible atmospheric and oceanic processes driving these rapidly changes in ocean areas where MHW occurs dramatically increasing. For example, during winter, the MHW has increased rapidly over the northern East Sea region (over 600 %) compared to the past two decades and this region is influenced on the northward shift of warm ocean current.

This study will present how climate change impacts ocean ecosystems using NASA’s historical ocean color data (SeaWiFS-MODIS-VIIRS). The general trend analyses of ocean color data for less than three decades are hard to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic changes in multiple climate-forcing impacts. Alternatively, we bring a new approach for extracting the ocean’s primary physical modes for modulating climate variability to the ocean ecosystem, called Ocean Physical Modes projection to Ocean Color data (OPM-OC) analysis. This will show how the multiple climate-forcing components separately contribute to the satellite observable biological properties, such as Chlorophyll-a concentration, Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), and Inherent optical properties. Also, applying the OPM-OC to the Apparent Visible Wavelength (AVW) index enables to detection of a more extensive shift of ocean color remote sensing reflectance spectrum in the tropical ocean gyre circulation by global warming.

Background: Children in the affected area were exposed to large amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the Hebei Spirit oil spill accident. Objectives: We investigated the lung function loss from the exposure to VOCs in a longitudinal panel of 224 children 1, 3, and 5 years after the VOC exposure event. Methods: Atmospheric estimated concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene for 4 days immediately after the accident were calculated for each village (n = 83) using a modeling technique. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) as an indicator of airway status was measured 1, 3, and 5 years after the exposure in 224 children 4~9 years of age at the exposure to the oil spill. Multiple linear regression and linear mixed models were used to evaluate the associations, with adjustment for smoking and second-hand smoke at home. Results: Among the TVOCs (geometric mean: 1319.5 mg/m3·4 d), xylene (9.4), toluene (8.5), ethylbenzene (5.2), and benzene (2.0) were dominant in the order of air concentration level. In 224 children, percent predicted FEV1 (ppFEV1), adjusted for smoking and second-hand smoke at home, was 100.7% after 1 year, 96.2% after 3 years, and 94.6% after 5 years, and the loss over the period was significant (p < 0.0001). After 1 and 3 years, TVOCs, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were significantly associated with ppFEV1. After 5 years, the associations were not significant. Throughout the 5 years’ repeated measurements in the panel, TVOCs, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were significantly associated with ppFEV1. Conclusions: Exposure to VOCs from the oil spill resulted in lung function loss among children, which remained significant up to 5 years after the exposure.

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of information on the effects of different types (Segmental rehabilitation service (SRS) vs Community-based rehabilitation service (CRS)) on the parenting stress and family quality of life in parents of children who have individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). OBJECTIVE: This paper is to compare the effects of SRS and CRS on parenting stress and family quality of life in parents of individuals with IDD. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used to examine parenting stress and family quality life in cohorts of 120 fathers and mothers of children with IDD who had received either SRS or CRS participated in the survey. The outcome measures included the modified Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the modified Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale (mBCFQLS). The Mann-Whitney U test was performed at P< 0.05. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed in social stress in PSI between the SRS and CRS groups (P= 0.03). The child rearing, emotional well-being, and physical and material well-being variables in mBCFQLS were different between the SRS and CRS groups (P< 0.05), indicating superior benefits from CRS than SRS. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide important information and about parenting stress and family quality of life in children with IDD, for developing effective rehabilitation programs and services for these parents.

This review article summarizes recent (2014–2019) advances in our understanding of tropical cyclogenesis, stemming from activities at the ninth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones. Tropical cyclogenesis involves the interaction of dynamic and thermodynamic processes at multiple spatio-temporal scales. Studies have furthered our understanding of how tropical cyclogenesis may be affected by external processes, such as intraseasonal oscillations, monsoon circulations, the intertropical convergence zone, and midlatitude troughs and cutoff lows. Additionally, studies have furthered our understanding of how tropical cyclogenesis may be affected by internal processes, such as the organization of deep convection; the evolution of the “pouch” structure; the role of friction; the development of the moist, warm core; the importance of surface fluxes; and the role of the mid-level vortex. A relatively recent class of idealized, numerical simulations of tropical cyclogenesis in radiative-convective equilibrium have highlighted the potential importance of radiative feedbacks on tropical cyclogenesis. We also offer some recommendations to the community on future directions for tropical cyclogenesis research.

This study aimed to develop a service-learning program based on motivational interviewing for older adults living alone and at risk for dementia. This paper focused on description and implementation of the developed program and students' preliminary outcomes as a mixed-methods pilot study. Participants were nine students in occupational therapy, physical therapy, and social work and three older adults matched to each of the three interdisciplinary student groups. Students' attitudes about community service improved. Also, participation in the program was regarded as a new useful experience that helped in realizing the importance of interprofessional collaboration, expanding knowledge about other disciplines, contributing to the community and professional development, and understanding older adults living alone. Future study should include a larger sample size and measure the program's effectiveness for both the students and older adults.

본 연구는 실천인력이 독거노인 클라이언트에게 돌봄서비스를 제공하는 과정에서 경험하는 ‘공감하기’에 주목하고 실천과정에서 활용하는 공감기술은 무엇이며 공감의 기능과 필요성에 대하여 어떻게 이해하고 있는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 독거노인돌봄서비스 실천인력의 공감경험을 깊이 있게 이해하기 위하여 질적연구방법을 선택하였고 독거노인종합지원센터에서 근무하는 서비스관리자와 생활관리사 14명이 포커스 그룹에 참여하였다. 귀납적 주제분석법을 적용하여 분석한 결과, 독거노인에게 돌봄서비스를 제공하는 실천인력들은 공감기술의 중요성을 알고 있는 동시에 클라이언트에게 공감하는 것에 어려움을 겪고 있으며 때때로 공감피로를 느끼고 있었다. 또한, 실천인력의 공감역량을 강화할 수 있는 지지체계가 부족하고 따라서 플랫폼 역할을 할 수 있는 공감프로그램이 필요하다고 인식하고 있다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 독거노인돌봄서비스를 제공하는 실천인력의 공감능력을 향상시키고 클라이언트와의 관계형성과 서비스제공과정에서 공감기술을 활발하게 활용할 수 있도록 돕는 실천적 방안을 제시하고자 하였다.

Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) observations are applied to marine fog (MF) detection in combination with Himawari-8 data based on the decision tree (DT) approach. Training and validation of the DT algorithm were conducted using match-ups between satellite observations and in situ visibility data for three Korean islands. Training using different sets of two satellite variables for fog and nonfog in 2016 finally results in an optimal algorithm that primarily uses the GOCI 412-nm Rayleigh-corrected reflectance (Rrc) and its spatial variability index. The algorithm suitably reflects the optical properties of fog by adopting lower Rrc and spatial variability levels, which results in a clear distinction from clouds. Then, cloud removal and fog edge detection in combination with Himawari-8 data enhance the performance of the algorithm, increasing the hit rate (HR) of 0.66 to 1.00 and slightly decreasing the false alarm rate (FAR) of 0.33 to 0.31 for the cloudless samples among the 2017 validation cases. Further evaluation of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation data reveals the reliability of the GOCI MF algorithm under optically complex atmospheric conditions for classifying marine fog. Currently, the high-resolution (500 m) GOCI MF product is provided to decision-makers in governments and the public sector, which is beneficial to marine traffic management.

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the components of test-retest reliability including time interval, sample size, and statistical methods used in patient-reported outcome measures in older people and to provide suggestions on the methodology for calculating test-retest reliability for patient-reported outcomes in older people. Design This was a systematic literature review. Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched from January 1, 2000 to August 10, 2017 by an information specialist. Review methods This systematic review was guided by both the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist and the guideline for systematic review published by the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency in Korea. The methodological quality was assessed by the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments checklist box B. Results Ninety-five out of 12,641 studies were selected for the analysis. The median time interval for test-retest reliability was 14days, and the ratio of sample size for test-retest reliability to the number of items in each measure ranged from 1:1 to 1:4. The most frequently used statistical methods for continuous scores was intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Among the 63 studies that used ICCs, 21 studies presented models for ICC calculations and 30 studies reported 95% confidence intervals of the ICCs. Additional analyses using 17 studies that reported a strong ICC (>0.09) showed that the mean time interval was 12.88days and the mean ratio of the number of items to sample size was 1:5.37. Conclusions When researchers plan to assess the test-retest reliability of patient-reported outcome measures for older people, they need to consider an adequate time interval of approximately 13days and the sample size of about 5 times the number of items. Particularly, statistical methods should not only be selected based on the types of scores of the patient-reported outcome measures, but should also be described clearly in the studies that report the results of test-retest reliability.

This study evaluated risk factors for sustained psychological symptoms in affected residents, nine years after the Hebei Spirit oil spill in Korea in 2007. The participants included residents of high-exposure areas, living within 2 km from the contaminated coast (n = 2013), among the cohort of the Health Effect Research on Hebei Spirit oil spill study from 2009 to 2016. Symptoms for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, psychosocial distress, and anxiety, as well as sociodemographic information were assessed through questionnaire interviews. Trajectory analysis was conducted to identify the group with sustained symptoms over time and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for sustained symptoms adjusted for covariates. A longer duration of clean-up work, lower household income, and presence of a chronic disease in all type of symptoms, and being female, younger age, and higher educational level in all symptoms but PTSD, showed a significant association with increased risk of sustained symptoms. The highest risk was found in the subgroup with a longer clean-up together with offshore and maritime occupations or lower income in PTSD, depression, and anxiety, compared with those with a shorter clean-up and other occupation or higher income. Increased risk of sustained PTSD in relation to a longer clean-up was limited to those with a lower educational level (p-interaction = 0.009). The results suggested that participating longer in clean-up work increased sustained psychological symptoms, synergistically with socioeconomic factors such as offshore and maritime occupations, lower household income, or economic losses related to educational level.

Summary: Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the methodological issues and comprehensiveness of workplace bullying instruments and to suggest a taxonomy of psychological abuse. Methods: Nineteen instruments applied in health care organizations and 469 questionnaire items mainly regarding psychological abuse were collected through a literature review. Three researchers classified the questionnaire items according to a “taxonomy of psychological abuse in the workplace.” Results: Many instruments of workplace bullying were developed in the 2000s using a reflective measurement model, but their psychometric property was not sufficient and the measurement model is questioned. Based on the questionnaire items, the “taxonomy of psychological abuse in the workplace” was modified by adding two new subcategories (unachievable work and unfair treatment) and clarifying some operational definitions. According to the modified taxonomy of 11 (sub)categories, the reviewed instruments assessed 6.5 (sub)categories on average. No instrument measured all (sub)categories. Category 4.2 (disrespect, humiliation, and rejection of the person) was measured in all instruments, followed by Categories 5 (professional discredit and denigration) and 1.2 (social isolation) behaviors. Conclusion: The current instruments are not comprehensive enough. It is suggested that the modified taxonomy is verified and guide more reliable and inclusive instruments in the future. Furthermore, a formative measurement model, which defines a bullying as an inventory of different types of behaviors, should be used. Keywords: aggression, bullying, hostility, mobbing, surveys and questionnaires

A new series of 3-allylseleno-6-alkylsulfonylpyridazines and 3-allylseleno-6-alkylsulfinylpyridazines were synthesized from 3,6-dichloropyridazine for anticancer agent development. The inhibitory effects of 3-allylseleno-6-alkylsulfonylpyridazines on human cancer cell lines were investigated. The synthesis involved thiolation, oxidation, selenylation, and Se-allylation of alkylthiols. That is, sodium methanethiolate, ethanethiol, propanethiol, butanethiol, pentanethiol, and hexanethiol were inserted into the 6-position of the pyridazine nucleus. These new synthetic compounds exhibited antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer (MCF-7), hepatocarcinoma (Hep3B), and human colon carcinoma (RKO) cells in CCK-8 assays, and are potential candidates for cancer chemotherapy.

The variation of the tropical cyclone (TC) season in the western North Pacific (WNP) was analyzed based on the percentiles of annual TC formation dates. The results show that the length of the TC season is highly modulated by the TC season’s start rather than its end. The start of the TC season in the WNP has large interannual variation that is closely associated with the variation of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indian Ocean (IO) and the central-eastern Pacific (CEP). When the SSTs of the IO and CEP are warm (cold) in the preceding winter, anomalous high (low) pressure and anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation are induced around the WNP TC basin the following spring, resulting in a late (early) start of the TC season. These results suggest that a strong El Niño in the preceding winter significantly delays the TC season start in the following year.

This comment addresses the Tropical Storm (TS) Earl upper-level vortex structure changes during a critical stage leading to the onset of rapid intensification as described by Rogers et al. Whereas the first NOAA WP-3D mission in TS Earl provided evidence of a shallow, broad vortex structure, the second WP-3D mission just 12 h later documented a deep, vertically stacked vortex undergoing rapid intensification. The authors attribute this vortex structure change to vertical alignment processes between the low-level Earl vortex and an upper-tropospheric mesoscale vortex about 50 km to the east in the mission 1 analyses. An alternate environmental control explanation is proposed in which a special kind of upper-tropospheric vertical wind shear (VWS) associated with the outflow of Hurricane Danielle to the northwest of TS Earl is the primary factor. Two estimates of the vertical wind shear changes are interpreted relative to the diurnal convective maximum/minimum to explain how the shallow vortex during mission 1 may have been created. It is proposed that the vigorous convection over sea surface temperatures of about 30°C during the diurnal convective maximum period between mission 1 and mission 2 was able to offset the moderate VWS as Hurricane Danielle had moved farther away from Earl. Thus, an explanation for the vertically stacked TS Earl vortex observed during mission 2 in terms of an environmental VWS modulation of the diurnally varying convective processes is proposed as an alternative to a vortex realignment.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) develop through latent heating from a series of deep convection. To investigate the evolution of diurnal convective burst (CB) activities prior to TC formation, we analyzed 463 tropical disturbances that developed (80) or not-developed (383) into TCs over the western North Pacific during the 2007 − 2009 period. Geostationary satellite data allowed defining deep convection where infrared (IR) brightness temperature is lower than that of water vapor (WV). Diurnal expansions from time series of IR minus WV

In December 2007, the Hebei Spirit oil spill occurred on the west coast of South Korea. Association between crude oil exposure and the levels of urinary oxidative stress biomarkers was reported among the local residents, 1.5 years after the accident. The aim of this study was to follow-up possible longer-term effects of the oil spill among the residents near the oil spill. Six years after the accident, urinary oxidative stress biomarkers of the residents were associated with surrogates of oil exposure. The target subjects were divided into two groups based on the distance of their residence to the spill site, i.e., those near the spill site (‘Near’ group, n = 476), and those far from the spill (‘Far’ group, n = 152). A questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers or self-reporting, and demographic information and other parameters of the participants, such as socioeconomic status, smoking and drinking behaviors, disease history, and duration of clean-up activities after the spill, were collected. The participants' levels of 8–hydroxy–2–deoxyguanosine (8–OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in 12 h urine samples were measured as indicators of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, respectively. A general linear model was used for statistical analysis. Urinary MDA and 8-OHdG levels measured from ‘Near’ group, i.e., geometric mean of 2.19 μmol/g creatinine, and 5.41 μg/g creatinine, respectively, were higher than those of ‘Far’ group. Especially, urinary 8-OHdG levels in the ‘Near’ group were significantly higher than those of ‘Far’ after adjusting relevant covariates. In addition, the duration of clean–up activities showed a significant association with both urinary 8–OHdG and MDA levels. Even 6 years after the oil spill, positive associations between oxidative stress biomarkers and surrogates of oil exposure were evident. While the present study design lacks biomarkers of exposure, the results of this study suggest that the consequences of oil pollution may last for years.

In this study, we investigated different optical properties between severe versus moderate visibility marine fog using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) visible band measurements. Severe and moderate visibility marine fogs are best distinguishable with the criteria of visibility as 500 m. Using this, we developed an algorithm that classifies severe visibility marine fog based on Decision Tree (DT) method. Calibration and validation data were constructed for 2016 and 2017 marine fog cases, respectively, through match-up between satellite and in-situ data. In general, marine fog region has differences of textural and optical properties with cloud. The GOCI 412 nm Rayleigh Corrected Reflectance (Rrc) reveals small spatial variability in fog than in cloud. Also, it is notable that some distinction exists in Rrc magnitude between severe and moderate visibility marine fog region. Using this feature, we have developed a satellite marine fog detection algorithm with severe/moderate visibility classification. Rrc and Normalized Local Standard Deviation (NLSD) of Rrc were determined as primary input. However, visible channel alone cannot completely distinguish marine fog from cloud because it does not provide cloud height information. Here, we used cloud top height data from Himawari-8 as a supplementary data to remove cloud that was miss-classified as fog. Hit Rate (HR) and False Alarm Rate (FAR) for moderate (severe) visibility marine fog were 0.96 (0.86) and 0.31 (0.12), respectively.

The Hebei Spirit oil spill (HSOS) occurred on the west coast of South Korea (Taean county) on December 7, 2007, and studies revealed that exposure to the oil spill was associated with various adverse health issues in the inhabiting population. However, no studies evaluated the association between crude-oil exposure and epigenetic changes. This study aimed to investigate the HSOS exposure-associated longitudinal and cross-sectional variations in global DNA methylation (5-mc) and/or hydroxymethylation (5-hmc) and expression profiles of related genes in Taean cohort participants from 2009 (AH-baseline) and 2014 (AH-follow-up) relative to the reference group (AL). We measured global DNA 5-mc and 5-hmc levels and related gene expression levels in whole blood. We identified significant associations between HSOS exposure and AH-baseline-5-mc, AH-baseline-5-hmc, and AH-follow-up-5-hmc. HSOS exposure was associated with lower %5-mc content and higher %5-hmc content in the same individuals from both the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. In addition, we found a strong correlation between 5-mc and DNMT3B expression, and between 5-hmc and TET1 expression. Our findings suggested that epigenetic changes are important biomarkers for HSOS exposure and that 5-hmc is likely to be more sensitive for environmental epidemiological studies.

Using the world’s first ocean color sensor at a geostationary orbit (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager; GOCI), we examine the relationship between satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentration and MH events over the East China Sea during recent summers from 2016 to 2018. MH events usually arise in July and August over the study domain. When compared with the average of three days before and after MH events, the chlorophyll-a concentration since MH event occurrence tends to decrease from GOCI satellite images. Previous studies mentioned that the increased sea surface temperature (SST) enhances the stratification in upper ocean surface layer. Strong stratification derives the weak upwelling and the limited supply of nutrients from the deep to surface. These preliminary results show a possibility of real-time application of the geostationary ocean color satellite images for an immediate change in marine ecosystem caused by the extreme ocean warming event.

In order to gain insight into the human health implications of the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill (HSOS), the mechanism of toxicity of the Iranian heavy crude (IHC), the main oil component in the HSOS was investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans and zebrafish. The identified mechanism was translated to humans using blood samples from Taean residents, who experienced HSOS with different levels of exposure to the spill. C. elegans TF RNAi screening with IHC oil revealed the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway as being significantly involved by oil exposure. To identify the main toxicity contributors within the chemical mixture of the crude oil, further studies were conducted on C. elegans by exposure to C3-naphthalene, an alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), which constitutes one of the major components of IHC oil. Increased expression of NER pathway genes was observed following exposure to the IHC oil, C3-naphthalene enriched fraction and C3-naphthalene. As the NER pathway is conserved in fish and humans, the same experiment was conducted in zebrafish, and the data were similar to what was seen in C. elegans. Increased expression of NER pathway genes was observed in human samples from the high exposure group, which suggests the involvement of the NER pathway in IHC oil exposure. Overall, the study suggests that IHC oil may cause bulk damage to DNA and activation of the NER system and Alkylated PAHs are the major contributor to DNA damage. Our study provides an innovative approach for studying translational toxicity testing from model organisms to human health.