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Agnieszka Turoń-Skrzypińska,1,* Grażyna Dutkiewicz,2,* Małgorzata Marchelek-Myśliwiec,2 Aleksandra Rył,1 Violetta Dziedziejko,3 Krzysztof Safranow,3 Kazimierz Ciechanowski,2 Iwona Rotter1 1Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Rehabilitation, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-210, Poland; 2Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-111, Poland; 3Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-111, Poland*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Agnieszka Turoń-Skrzypińska Email agi.skrzypinska@gmail.comIntroduction: Chronic kidney disease and renal replacement therapy are associated with reduced motor activity, which may result in the presence of mineral bone disorders and an increase in inflammation markers. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the performance of daily physical activity, expressed in the number of steps performed by patients undergoing hemodialysis and the concentration of selected biochemical parameters (SCL, IL-6).Patients and Methods: The study group (B) involved 33 patients aged 59.8 ± 9.8 years from the dialysis station at the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine PUM. In group B, interventions considering an increase in physical activity expressed in the number of steps were introduced. Group C consisted of 30 people aged 54.9 (9.37), with GFR over 60 mL/min/1.73m. Physical activity was measured with pedometers. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were assessed at baseline, after the third and sixth month of the study. Descriptive statistics, intergroup comparisons using Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. The level of significance was set at p≤ 0.005.Results: A relationship between IL-6 concentration and the number of steps in group B after three months of intervention was demonstrated. In group C, the concentration of SCL and IL-6 decreased with the increase in the number of steps taken. Only in group C the waist circumference decreased with the increase of the number of steps performed.Conclusion: Patients receiving renal replacement therapy by hemodialysis showed significantly lower physical activity compared to people without kidney disease. Performing bigger number of steps can lower interleukin 6 levels in hemodialysis patients.Keywords: physical activity, hemodialysis, sclerostin, interleukin 6

Małgorzata Michalska,1,* Piotr Wąż,2,* Katarzyna Zorena,1 Maria Bartoszewicz,1 Katarzyna Korzeniowska,3 Sylwia Krawczyk,4 Iwona Beń-Skowronek,4 Małgorzata Myśliwiec31Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; 2Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; 3Clinic of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; 4Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland*These authors contributed equally to this workAim: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the concentration of psychrophilic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria and mold fungi in bioaerosols, and the number of new cases of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children.Methods: Air samples from the Lubelskie and Pomeranian voivodeships in Poland were collected from January 2015 to December 2016 in winter, spring, summer and autumn. Thirty-three samples were collected in the Pomeranian and 27 in the Lubelskie voivodeship. The air samples were collected on the first day of each month at 1:00 pm for 10 mins at a height of 1.5 m above the ground. The number of mesophilic bacteria was detected after 24–48 hrs incubation at 37°C on tryptone soya agar (TSA; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The number of psychrophilic bacteria was detected after 72 hrs incubation at 22°C on TSA. The number of fungi was detected by a 5-day long incubation at 28°C on chloramphenicol yeast glucose agar.Results: In the Lubelskie voivodeship, the mean concentration of psychrophilic bacteria was significantly higher than in the Pomeranian voivodeship (2739 vs 608 CFU/m3, respectively), the mean concentration of mesophilic bacteria was significantly higher (2493 vs 778/m3, respectively) and the concentration of fungi was significantly higher (3840 vs 688 CFU/m3, respectively). We also showed a statistically significant relationship between the number of children with recently diagnosed T1DM and the mean concentration of psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria in the Pomeranian and Lubelskie voivodeships (P

Beata Kowalewska,1 Katarzyna Zorena,2 Małgorzata Szmigiero-Kawko,3 Piotr Wąż,4 Małgorzata Myśliwiec3 1Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, 2Department of Immunology and Environmental Microbiology, 3Clinic of Paediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, 4Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland Objective: To conduct qualitative and quantitative assessment of yeast-like fungi in the feces of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with respect to their metabolic control and duration of the disease.Materials and methods: The studied materials included samples of fresh feces collected from 53 children and adolescents with T1DM. Control group included 30 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Medical history was taken and physical examination was conducted in the two study arms. Prevalence of the yeast-like fungi in the feces was determined as well as their amounts, species diversity, drug susceptibility, and enzymatic activity.Results: The yeast-like fungi were found in the samples of feces from 75.4% of T1DM patients and 70% controls. In the group of T1DM patients, no correlation was found between age (Rs=0.253, P=0.068), duration of diabetes (Rs=−0.038, P=0.787), or body mass index (Rs=0.150, P=0.432) and the amount of the yeast-like fungi isolated in the feces. Moreover, no correlation was seen between the amount of the yeast-like fungi and glycated hemoglobin (Rs=0.0324, P=0.823), systolic blood pressure (Rs=0.102, P=0.483), or diastolic blood pressure (Rs=0.271, P=0.345).Conclusion: Our research has shown that children and adolescents with T1DM show higher species diversity of the yeast-like fungi, with Candida albicans being significantly less prevalent versus control subjects. Moreover, fungal species in patients with T1DM turn out to be more resistant to antifungal treatment. Keywords: children, diabetes mellitus type 1, yeast-like fungi, drug susceptibility, metabolic control, duration of the disease