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Background/Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and progressive joint disease, leading to functional limitations and significantly impairing the quality of life. Muscle weakness, reduced mobility, and compensatory biomechanical changes are common consequences, further exacerbating functional decline. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of hip osteoarthritis on muscle functionality and to evaluate the effectiveness of hip arthroplasty using the MyotonPro device to measure key biomechanical parameters, i.e., tension, stiffness, and flexibility. Methods: This cohort study included 40 patients (17 women and 23 men; mean age 64.55 ± 10.49 years) with advanced hip OA (Kellgren–Lawrence grade III–IV) undergoing hip arthroplasty. Measurements of muscle tension (F), stiffness (S), and flexibility (D) in the gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris were performed at three time points: before surgery, on postoperative days 8–10, and one month after hospital discharge. Pain (VAS), balance (Tinetti scale), and functional ability (WOMAC index) were also assessed. Results: Hip arthroplasty significantly reduced pain levels (VAS: 6.38 ± 0.28 preoperatively to 1.88 ± 0.22 postoperatively, p < 0.001) and improved functional ability (WOMAC: p < 0.001). Muscle tension and stiffness of the gluteus maximus initially increased after surgery (tension: 11.57 ± 0.32 to 12.15 ± 0.38, p = 0.009), reflecting compensatory stabilization but decreased by the final evaluation. Flexibility improved significantly over time (p = 0.014). The biceps femoris muscle exhibited a significant reduction in tension one month postoperatively (p = 0.015), alongside decreased stiffness (p = 0.015) and enhanced flexibility. The rectus femoris muscle showed minor changes in biomechanical properties, with no statistically significant differences detected. Conclusions: Osteoarthritis significantly impacts muscle function, reducing the gluteus muscle tension and stiffness, which compromises joint stability and triggers compensatory activity in the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles. Postoperative rehabilitation is essential for improving flexibility and addressing compensatory muscle tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: MyotonPRO technology is a clinically accessible tool for objectively monitoring the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of musculoskeletal tissues. This study aimed to identify the level of accuracy needed for recording from specified measurement sites on the soleus muscle and plantar fascia (PF), which are important for postural control and gait. Methods: In 20 healthy adults, MyotonPRO measurements were taken 1 cm above and below a standardized point on the soleus and PF. Ultrasound scans were also taken at each site to measure subcutaneous tissue thickness to aid interpretation of MyotonPRO findings. Results: Biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the soleus and PF, measured using the MyotonPRO, were not affected by the change in the recording site. Subcutaneous tissue thickness above the PF changed significantly (p < 0.001) by 0.61 cm when moving distally by 2 cm, whilst above the soleus, these did not differ significantly (p = 0.175) when moving distally by 2 cm. Conclusion: Changing the recording site 1 cm above or below the standardized site did not affect either the MyotonPRO results (soleus and PF) or ultrasound results for soleus, whilst this same distance affected ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous tissue thickness above the PF significantly. Moving away from the musculoskeletal junction reduces the need for precision in relocating the recording site for measuring soleus. These findings allow for quicker and easier measurement of soleus or PF using the MyotonPRO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate changes in muscle contractile properties during a training microcycle in semi-professional female football players and explore their relationship with training load variables. Nineteen players (age: 23.9 ± 3.9 years; body mass: 60.6 ± 6.9 kg; height: 164.5 ± 6.7 cm) underwent myotonometric assessments of the biceps femoris (BF) and rectus femoris (RF) before and after the following training sessions: MD1 (i.e., 1 day after the match), MD3, MD4, and MD5. Training loads were quantified for each session, revealing significant variations, with MD4 exhibiting the highest values for high-speed running distance, number of sprints, and accelerations. Notably, MD3 showed the highest perceived exertion (RPE), while MD5 recorded the lowest total distance run. Myotonometric assessments indicated significant differences in stiffness of the RF in MD3 and BF in MD5, as well as RF tone in MD5. The findings underscore a notable relationship between training load and myotometric variables, particularly in muscle stiffness and tone. These results emphasize the need for further research to clarify how training loads affect muscle properties in female athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biomechanical muscle properties, such as stiffness, can be valuable indicators of tissue health and show promise as a diagnostic and treatment measure for chronic low back pain (CLBP). The development of accessible assessment technologies, such as the MyotonPRO portable device, allows for the convenient quantification of muscle tone and stiffness changes. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of lumbar erector spinae muscle stiffness with the MyotonPRO in healthy adults and to compare stiffness changes between prone and sitting position. Methods: Thirty asymptomatic participants (N = 15 women and N = 15 men) aged between 18 and 65 years were recruited to participate in this study. Two examiners tested muscle stiffness at the palpable muscle belly, one finger away from the spinous process at the level of the L4 vertebra, first from the left and then from the right side, both in prone position and after in sitting position. For inter-rater reliability, all participants were tested by two examiners on the same day, and intra-rater reliability was calculated using the same examiner's assessment results with an exact 24-h interval. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error measures (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC) with a 95% confidence interval were calculated to assess intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. Results: Statistical analysis revealed good intra-rater reliability with an ICC of 0.88 (95% CI [0.76–0.94]) for the stiffness of the left erector spinae and excellent intra-rater reliability with an ICC of 0.91 (95% CI [0.82–0.95]) for the right erector spinae, both in the prone position. Intra-rater reliability in the sitting position was excellent to very good with an ICC of 0.91 (95% CI [0.82–0.96]) for the left side and an ICC of 0.89 (95% CI [0.78–0.95]) for the right side. The results for the left-sided prone position showed good inter-rater reliability with an ICC of 0.87 (95% CI [0.73–0.94]). The prone position on the right side also showed good inter-rater reliability with an ICC of 0.84 (95% CI [0.68–0.92]). The inter-rater reliability for the left and right side in the sitting position was excellent with an ICC of 0.96 (95% CI [0.92–0.98]) for the left side and an ICC of 0.95 (95% CI [0.90–0.97]) for the right side. Conclusion: This study demonstrated high reliability in measuring lumbar erector spinae muscle stiffness with the MyotonPRO in healthy adults and the ability of the device to detect even small changes in erector spinae muscle stiffness, testing both the right and left sides and measuring in both prone and sitting positions. The use of the sitting position to assess lumbar tissue tension in individuals may serve as a valuable substitute for the prone position, particularly for patients who experience discomfort in the prone position, and could have additional practical significance in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveStudy designMethodsResultsConclusionThe main objective of this study is to test the reliability of a non-invasive objective method for the measurement of biomechanical parameters of cervicofacial muscle groups, with the purpose of diagnosis and evaluation of voice disorders’ treatments, especially focused on muscle tension dysphonia.Prospective study.The device used is a handheld myotonometer (MyotonPRO) that measures biomechanical and viscoelastic properties in superficial soft tissues frequency, stiffness, elasticity, relaxation time and creep. It is used in the field of medicine, sport and research. This pilot study includes 10 subjects, who have been measured in the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, orbicularis oris, semispinalis capitis, suprahyoid, infrahyoid and trapezius muscles on each side. Measurements were performed by 2 evaluators to assess inter-evaluator reliability. Subsequently, one of them repeated the measurements to assess intra-evaluator reliability.The results revealed good to excellent inter-rater reliability for the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and suprahyoid muscles, with lower ICCs for the stiffness and creep properties. Intra-rater reliability was good to excellent for the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, semispinalis capitis and suprahyoid muscles. The lowest ICCs were found in the stiffness and creep properties.The use of a myotonometer to measure the mechanical properties of selected cervical and orofacial muscles is a reliable and reproducible method. Future research is needed to establish an association between the properties of these muscles and their role in voice disorders, as well as to determine whether this tool can aid diagnosis with quantifiable and objectifiable indicators, and for monitoring and treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Biomechanical muscle properties, such as stiffness, can be valuable indicators of tissue health and show promise as a diagnostic and treatment measure for chronic low back pain (CLBP). The development of accessible assessment technologies, such as the MyotonPRO portable device, allows for the convenient quantification of muscle tone and stiffness changes. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of lumbar erector spinae muscle stiffness with the MyotonPRO in healthy adults and to compare stiffness changes between prone and sitting position. Methods Thirty asymptomatic participants (N = 15 women and N = 15 men) aged between 18 and 65 years were recruited to participate in this study. Two examiners tested muscle stiffness at the palpable muscle belly, one finger away from the spinous process at the level of the L4 vertebra, first from the left and then from the right side, both in prone position and after in sitting position. For inter-rater reliability, all participants were tested by two examiners on the same day, and intra-rater reliability was calculated using the same examiner’s assessment results with an exact 24-h interval. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error measures (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC) with a 95% confidence interval were calculated to assess intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. Results Statistical analysis revealed good intra-rater reliability with an ICC of 0.88 (95% CI [0.76–0.94]) for the stiffness of the left erector spinae and excellent intra-rater reliability with an ICC of 0.91 (95% CI [0.82–0.95]) for the right erector spinae, both in the prone position. Intra-rater reliability in the sitting position was excellent to very good with an ICC of 0.91 (95% CI [0.82–0.96]) for the left side and an ICC of 0.89 (95% CI [0.78–0.95]) for the right side. The results for the left-sided prone position showed good inter-rater reliability with an ICC of 0.87 (95% CI [0.73–0.94]). The prone position on the right side also showed good inter-rater reliability with an ICC of 0.84 (95% CI [0.68–0.92]). The inter-rater reliability for the left and right side in the sitting position was excellent with an ICC of 0.96 (95% CI [0.92–0.98]) for the left side and an ICC of 0.95 (95% CI [0.90–0.97]) for the right side. Conclusion This study demonstrated high reliability in measuring lumbar erector spinae muscle stiffness with the MyotonPRO in healthy adults and the ability of the device to detect even small changes in erector spinae muscle stiffness, testing both the right and left sides and measuring in both prone and sitting positions. The use of the sitting position to assess lumbar tissue tension in individuals may serve as a valuable substitute for the prone position, particularly for patients who experience discomfort in the prone position, and could have additional practical significance in clinical settings.

Introduction: Stiffness and length arewell-established tendon parameters in sports and medicine. Myotonometry and ultrasound imaging are the commonly used methods to quantify these parameters. However, further studies are needed to clarify the reliability of these methods, especially when assessing maximally loaded tendons and when conducted by different experienced investigators. This study aimed to determine the intra- and interrater reliabilities of measuring the stiffness and length of the patellar tendon (PT) and Achilles tendon (AT) using the myotonometry method and the extended field-of-view ultrasound (EFOV-US) technique at rest andmaximal load performed by different experienced investigators. Methods: Twenty-seven participantswere examined on three different days by one experienced investigator and one novice investigator. Primary outcomes were the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and associated 95% confidence interval (95% CI), coefficient of variation (CV), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) across the measurement days and investigators. Results: For PT measurements at rest and maximal load, the estimated ICCs for stiffness and length were ≥.867 and ≥.970, respectively, with 95% CIs ranging from poor (.306) to excellent (.973) and good (.897) to excellent (.999). The CV, SEM, and MDC for PT stiffness and length were ≤5.2% and ≤2.0%, ≤39.3 N/m and ≤0.9 mm, and ≤108.9 N/m and ≤2.6 mm, respectively. For AT measurements, some restrictions were evident for stiffness at rest and both parameters at maximal load. However, regarding AT length at rest, the estimated ICC was ≥.996, with an excellent 95% CI (.987-.999). The CV, SEM, and MDC for AT length at rest were 2.8%, ≤1.1 mm, and ≤2.9 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The estimated ICCs show good to excellent reliability for the myotonometry method and the EFOV-US technique for measuring PT stiffness and length at rest and maximal load for experienced and novice investigators. However, some restrictions are evident for the AT, especially for measurements at maximal load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Muscle properties are critical for performance and injury risk, with changes occurring due to physical exertion, aging, and neurological conditions. The MyotonPro device offers a non-invasive method to comprehensively assess muscle biomechanical properties. This systematic review evaluates the reliability of MyotonPro across various muscles for diagnostic purposes. Materials and Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in Medline (PubMed), Ovid (Med), Epistemonikos, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinical trials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials platform. Studies assessing the reliability of MyotonPro across different muscles were included. A methodological quality assessment was performed using established tools, and reviewers independently conducted data extraction. Statistical analysis involved summarizing intra-rater and inter-rater reliability measures across muscles. Results: A total of 48 studies assessing 31 muscles were included in the systematic review. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were consistently high for parameters such as frequency and stiffness in muscles of the lower and upper extremities, as well as other muscle groups. Despite methodological heterogeneity and limited data on specific parameters, MyotonPro demonstrated promising reliability for diagnostic purposes across diverse patient populations. Conclusions: The findings suggest the potential of MyotonPro in clinical assessments for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of muscle properties. Further research is needed to address limitations and enhance the applicability of MyotonPro in clinical practice. Reliable muscle assessments are crucial for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving patient care in various healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionStiffness and length are well-established tendon parameters in sports and medicine. Myotonometry and ultrasound imaging are the commonly used methods to quantify these parameters. However, further studies are needed to clarify the reliability of these methods, especially when assessing maximally loaded tendons and when conducted by different experienced investigators. This study aimed to determine the intra- and interrater reliabilities of measuring the stiffness and length of the patellar tendon (PT) and Achilles tendon (AT) using the myotonometry method and the extended field-of-view ultrasound (EFOV-US) technique at rest and maximal load performed by different experienced investigators.MethodsTwenty-seven participants were examined on three different days by one experienced investigator and one novice investigator. Primary outcomes were the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and associated 95% confidence interval (95% CI), coefficient of variation (CV), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) across the measurement days and investigators.ResultsFor PT measurements at rest and maximal load, the estimated ICCs for stiffness and length were ≥.867 and ≥.970, respectively, with 95% CIs ranging from poor (.306) to excellent (.973) and good (.897) to excellent (.999). The CV, SEM, and MDC for PT stiffness and length were ≤5.2% and ≤2.0%, ≤39.3 N/m and ≤0.9 mm, and ≤108.9 N/m and ≤2.6 mm, respectively. For AT measurements, some restrictions were evident for stiffness at rest and both parameters at maximal load. However, regarding AT length at rest, the estimated ICC was ≥.996, with an excellent 95% CI (.987–.999). The CV, SEM, and MDC for AT length at rest were 2.8%, ≤1.1 mm, and ≤2.9 mm, respectively.ConclusionThe estimated ICCs show good to excellent reliability for the myotonometry method and the EFOV-US technique for measuring PT stiffness and length at rest and maximal load for experienced and novice investigators. However, some restrictions are evident for the AT, especially for measurements at maximal load.

Background: The investigation of soft tissue stiffness has garnered increasing interest due to its potential applications in detecting tissue conditions, monitoring therapy effects, and preventing sports injuries. This study utilized the MyotonPro as a reliable measurement device to assess muscle stiffness and muscle frequency in the vastus lateralis and medialis muscles of both the dominant and non-dominant legs. Methods: Sixteen young, healthy subjects (seven males and nine females, age 25 ± 3.46 years) participated in this study. To induce maximal muscle fatigue, the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles were subjected to a 30 kg load using a single-leg leg press. Pre- and post-fatigue measurements were conducted by two testers on the dominant and non-dominant legs, respectively, employing the MyotonPro. Results: We revealed a significant increase in muscle stiffness after maximal muscle fatigue. Specifically, on the dominant side, the vastus lateralis exhibited a stiffness increase of 6.5%, while the vastus medialis showed a 6.3% increase. On the non-dominant side, the vastus lateralis demonstrated a 7.6% increase, and the vastus medialis exhibited a 6.7% increase in muscle stiffness. Furthermore, muscle frequency increased by 8.6% (vastus lateralis) and 13.5% (vastus medialis) on the dominant side and by 15.1% (vastus lateralis) and 6.3% (vastus medialis) on the non-dominant side. The reliability of the measurements varied, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from inadequate 0.49 to very good 0.88. Conclusion: This study affirms the efficacy of the MyotonPro as a measurement device for assessing muscle stiffness and establishes its reliability. The observed increase in muscle stiffness after maximal muscle fatigue, accompanied by changes in muscle frequency, underscores the device's utility. However, further research is warranted to validate the reproducibility of these findings and explore additional facets of the muscular response to fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of isometric prone trunk extension (IPTE) contraction intensity on the stiffness of erector spinae (ES), semitendinosus (ST), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius muscles to understand the overall muscle mechanical behavior during IPTE and to explore the mechanisms of oordinated contraction of the body kinetic chain. Methods: Twenty healthy females were recruited, and participants underwent IPTE at three contraction intensities, i.e., 0% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), 30% MVIC, and 60% MVIC, and muscle stiffness was measured using MyotonPRO. Results: Muscle stiffness was moderately to strongly positively correlated with contraction intensity (r = 0.408-0.655, p < 0.001). The percentage increase in stiffness at low intensity was much greater in ES than in lower limb muscles and greater in ST and BF than in gastrocnemius, whereas at moderate intensity, the percentage increase in stiffness decreased in all muscles, and the percentage increase in stiffness in ES was lower than that in ST. There was a moderate to strong positive correlation between ES stiffness variation and ST (r = 0.758-0.902, p < 0.001), BF (r = 0.454-0.515, p < 0.05), MG (r = 0.643-0.652, p < 0.01), LG (r = 0.659-0.897, p < 0.01). Conclusion: IPTE significantly affected the stiffness of lumbar and lower limb muscles, and low-intensity IPTE activated the ES more efficiently. There were significant coordinated muscle contractions between ES, ST, and LG. This provides preliminary evidence for exploring the overall modulation pattern of the lumbar and lower limb muscles kinetic chains. In future studies, we will combine other stiffness assessment methods (such as Magnetic Resonance Elastography, Shear Wave Elastography, or electromyography) to corroborate our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The research on the change in properties of the lower leg muscles by different intensity sinusoidal vertical whole-body vibration ( SV - WBV ) exposures has not yet been investigated. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine effect of a 20-minute different intensity SV-WBV application to the ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscles properties and hamstring flexibility. Design: Prospective preintervention -postintervention design. Setting: Physiotherapy department. Participants: A total of 50 recreationally active collegeaged individuals with no history of a lower leg injury volunteered. Interventions: The SV-WBV was applied throughout the session with an amplitude of 2 to 4 mm and a frequency of 25 Hz in moderate-intensity vibration group and 40 Hz in a vigorousintensity vibration group . Main Outcome Measures : The gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle tone was assessed with MyotonPRO, and the strength evaluation was made on the same lower leg muscles using hand-held dynamometer. The sit and reach test was used for the lower leg flexibility evaluation. Results: The gastrocnemius muscle tone decreased on the right side (d = 0.643, P = .01) and increased on the left (d= 0.593, P = .04) when vigorous-intensity vibration was applied. Bilateral gastrocnemius muscle strength did not change in both groups (P >.05). Without differences between groups, bilateral tibialis anterior muscle strength increased in both groups (P < .01). B ilateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle tone did not change in the moderate-intensity vibration group (P> .05). Flexibility increased in both groups (P < . 01 ); however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups ( d = 0 . 169, P = . 55 ). Conclusions: According to study results, if SV-WBV is to be used in hamstring flexibility or ankle dorsiflexor muscle strengthening, both vibration exposures should be preferred. Different vibration programs could be proposed to increase ankle plantar Rexor muscle strength in the acute results. Vigorous-intensity vibration exposure is effective in altering ankle plantar flexor muscle tone, but it is important to be aware of the differences between the lower legs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Muscle properties are critical for performance and injury risk, with changes occurring due to physical exertion, aging, and neurological conditions. The MyotonPro device offers a non-invasive method to comprehensively assess muscle biomechanical properties. This systematic review evaluates the reliability of MyotonPro across various muscles for diagnostic purposes. Materials and Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in Medline (PubMed), Ovid (Med), Epistemonikos, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinical trials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials platform. Studies assessing the reliability of MyotonPro across different muscles were included. A methodological quality assessment was performed using established tools, and reviewers independently conducted data extraction. Statistical analysis involved summarizing intra-rater and inter-rater reliability measures across muscles. Results: A total of 48 studies assessing 31 muscles were included in the systematic review. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were consistently high for parameters such as frequency and stiffness in muscles of the lower and upper extremities, as well as other muscle groups. Despite methodological heterogeneity and limited data on specific parameters, MyotonPro demonstrated promising reliability for diagnostic purposes across diverse patient populations. Conclusions: The findings suggest the potential of MyotonPro in clinical assessments for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of muscle properties. Further research is needed to address limitations and enhance the applicability of MyotonPro in clinical practice. Reliable muscle assessments are crucial for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving patient care in various healthcare settings.

Muscle stiffness provides a key insight toward clinical assessment for rehabilitation. Regarding the high-cost and technical skill requirement of ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) restricting extensive clinical use, MyotonPRO has been proposed as a complementary tool for muscle stiffness measurement. There is a deficiency of studies revealing the use of this tool for measuring muscle stiffness contributing to hand control. The purpose of this study was to assess the capability and effectiveness of MyotonPRO and SWE for hand muscle stiffness characterization. The stiffness of the dominant flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle of 25 healthy participants (12 males and 13 females) aged 29.60 ± 9.81 years was evaluated while they performed grip tasks. The muscle stiffness of males and females was compared. The correlation between dynamic muscle stiffness given by MyotonPRO and Young's modulus obtained from SWE was investigated. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference in the dynamic muscle stiffness between genders in all conditions (p < 0.05), whereas a significant difference in Young's modulus was found only at the resting state. A moderate correlation was found between dynamic muscle stiffness and Young's modulus (r ranged from 0.243 to 0.489). Therefore, MyotonPRO can be used to assess the muscle stiffness of the FDS muscle at rest and during muscle contraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: As a local vibration therapy, deep muscle stimulation therapy can relieve pain and loose fascia adhesion through a specific frequency of mechanical wave by hitting pain points, but less is reported on the changes of muscle tone and stiffness of erector spinaes after its effect on chronic nonspecific low back pain. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of deep muscle stimulation on muscle tone and stiffness of erector spinaes as well as clinical efficacy in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain by a digital muscle detector. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with chronic non-specific low back pain admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University from September 2019 to June 2021 were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups (n=30 per group): a control group and an experimental group. Patients in the control group received the routine physical therapies, including core muscle group practice, stereodynamic interference electrotherapy and health education, and patients in the experimental group received deep muscle stimulation therapy based on the routine physical therapies, five times per week, for 4 consecutive weeks. Pain degree, waist function, changes of muscle tone and stiffness of the erector spinae muscle, and clinical efficacy were statistically analyzed before treatment, after the first treatment, after the completion of all treatments, and 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After the first treatment, the oscillation frequency (F value), visual analog scale scores and stiffness values of the two groups were significantly lowered (P < 0.05), except for the oscillation frequency of the control group (P > 0.05). After the completion of all treatments, the visual analog scale scores, oscillation frequency, dynamic stiffness, and Quebec Baclain Disability Scale scores of the two groups were significantly lower than before treatment (P < 0.05), while the experimental group was better than the control group (P < 0.05). Four weeks after treatment, the Quebec baclain disability scale scores of two groups were improved compared with those after the completion of all treatments (P < 0.05), and the Quebec baclain disability scale score in the control group was significantly improved compared with that in the experimental group (P < 0.05). The number of effective and total effective cases in the experimental group were both better than those in the control group (P < 0.05) after the completion of all treatments. The overall efficiency of the experimental group (97%) was higher than that of the control group (80%; P < 0.05). Four weeks after treatment, the number of effective and total effective cases in the experimental group were also better than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The overall efficiency of the control group (63%) was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Although the overall efficiency of the experimental group (93%) decreased (P < 0.05), the clinical efficacy was mainly maintained. To conclude, deep muscle stimulation with routine physical therapies can effectively relieve pain, reduce muscle tone and stiffness of erector spinaes, and improve and keep the clinical efficacy in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the fascicle length, angle pennation and mechanical properties of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) in dominant and non-dominant limbs in previously injured and uninjured professional football players. Fifteen professional football players were recruited to participate in this study. Seven players had suffered a BFlh injury during the previous season. Myotonometry mechanical properties were measured in the proximal, common tendon and distal BFlh using MyotonPRO, and angle pennation and fascicle length were also measured. We observed significantly higher distal BFlh frequency, stiffness, decrement, relaxation and creep than in the common tendon and proximal BFlh. The previously injured players showed significantly higher frequency and stiffness, and lower relaxation and creep in the dominant BFlh than did uninjured players. There were no significant differences between the fascicle length and angle pennation in previously injured and uninjured BFlh. Myotonometric measurement provides a quick and inexpensive way to check the properties of the BFlh in professional football players. Professional football players with previous BFlh injury showed higher intrinsic tension and a poorer capacity to deform than did players with no injury to the BFlh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the fascicle length, angle pennation and mechanical properties of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) in dominant and non-dominant limbs in previously injured and uninjured professional football players. Fifteen professional football players were recruited to participate in this study. Seven players had suffered a BFlh injury during the previous season. Myotonometry mechanical properties were measured in the proximal, common tendon and distal BFlh using MyotonPRO, and angle pennation and fascicle length were also measured. We observed significantly higher distal BFlh frequency, stiffness, decrement, relaxation and creep than in the common tendon and proximal BFlh. The previously injured players showed significantly higher frequency and stiffness, and lower relaxation and creep in the dominant BFlh than did uninjured players. There were no significant differences between the fascicle length and angle pennation in previously injured and uninjured BFlh. Myotonometric measurement provides a quick and inexpensive way to check the properties of the BFlh in professional football players. Professional football players with previous BFlh injury showed higher intrinsic tension and a poorer capacity to deform than did players with no injury to the BFlh.

Microgravity induces spinal elongation and Low Back Pain (LBP) but the pathophysiology is unknown. Changes in paraspinal muscle viscoelastic properties may play a role. Dry Immersion (DI) is a ground-based microgravity analogue that induces changes in m. erector spinae superficial myofascial tissue tone within 2 h. This study sought to determine whether bilateral m. erector spinae tone, creep, and stiffness persist beyond 2 h; and if such changes correlate with DI-induced spinal elongation and/or LBP. Ten healthy males lay in the DI bath at the Institute of Biomedical Problems (Moscow, Russia) for 6 h. Bilateral lumbar (L1, L4) and thoracic (T11, T9) trunk myofascial tone, stiffness and creep (MyotonPRO), and subjective LBP (0- 10 NRS) were recorded before DI, after 1h, 6 h of DI, and 30min post. The non-standing spinal length was evaluated on the bath lifting platform using a bespoke stadiometer before and following DI. DI significantly modulated m. erector spinae viscoelastic properties at L4, L1, T11, and T9 with no effect of laterality. Bilateral tissue tone was significantly reduced after 1 and 6 h DI at L4, L1, T11, and T9 to a similar extent. Stiffness was also reduced by DI at 1 h but partially recovered at 6 h for L4, L1, and T11. Creep was increased by DI at 1 h, with partial recovery at 6 h, although only T11 was significant. All properties returned to baseline 30 min following DI. Significant spinal elongation (1.17 ± 0.20 cm) with mild (at 1 h) to moderate (at 6 h) LBP was induced, mainly in the upper lumbar and lower thoracic regions. Spinal length increases positively correlated (Rho = 0.847, p = 0.024) with middle thoracic (T9) tone reduction, but with no other stiffness or creep changes. Spinal length positively correlated (Rho = 0.557, p = 0.039) with Max LBP; LBP failed to correlate with any m. erector spinae measured parameters. The DI-induced bilateral m. erector spinae tone, creep, and stiffness changes persist beyond 2 h. Evidence of spinal elongation and LBP allows suggesting that the trunk myofascial tissue changes could play a role in LBP pathogenesis observed in real and simulated microgravity. Further study is warranted with longer duration DI, assessment of IVD geometry, and vertebral column stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study were to (1) examine the effects of different cervicothoracic postures on the stiffness of trapezius muscles and (2) compare the stiffness of the dominant and non-dominant trapezius muscles. Twenty-one healthy participants joined in this project. After maintaining different cervicothoracic postures for 2 min, MyotonPRO was used to measure the stiffness of the trapezius. The results showed that (1) the stiffness of trapezius muscles was significantly affected by different cervicothoracic postures. With the increase of neck flexion angle, the stiffness of the trapezius muscles increased (p < 0.05). The muscle stiffness of upper back relaxed was higher than that of upper back upright (p < 0.05). (2) The trapezius muscles on the non-dominant side were stiffer than that on the dominant side (p < 0.05). Poor cervicothoracic postures will increase the stiffness of upper, middle and lower trapezius muscles. Keeping the neck and upper back upright will keep the muscle stiffness at a low level, so as to reduce the occurrence of neck and shoulder fatigue and pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgravity induces spinal elongation and Low Back Pain (LBP) but the pathophysiology is unknown. Changes in paraspinal muscle viscoelastic properties may play a role. Dry Immersion (DI) is a ground-based microgravity analogue that induces changes in m. erector spinae superficial myofascial tissue tone within 2 h. This study sought to determine whether bilateral m. erector spinae tone, creep, and stiffness persist beyond 2 h; and if such changes correlate with DI-induced spinal elongation and/or LBP.Ten healthy males lay in the DI bath at the Institute of Biomedical Problems (Moscow, Russia) for 6 h. Bilateral lumbar (L1, L4) and thoracic (T11, T9) trunk myofascial tone, stiffness and creep (MyotonPRO), and subjective LBP (0-10 NRS) were recorded before DI, after 1h, 6 h of DI, and 30min post. The non-standing spinal length was evaluated on the bath lifting platform using a bespoke stadiometer before and following DI.DI significantly modulated m. erector spinae viscoelastic properties at L4, L1, T11, and T9 with no effect of laterality. Bilateral tissue tone was significantly reduced after 1 and 6 h DI at L4, L1, T11, and T9 to a similar extent. Stiffness was also reduced by DI at 1 h but partially recovered at 6 h for L4, L1, and T11. Creep was increased by DI at 1 h, with partial recovery at 6 h, although only T11 was significant. All properties returned to baseline 30 min following DI. Significant spinal elongation (1.17 ± 0.20 cm) with mild (at 1 h) to moderate (at 6 h) LBP was induced, mainly in the upper lumbar and lower thoracic regions. Spinal length increases positively correlated (Rho = 0.847, p = 0.024) with middle thoracic (T9) tone reduction, but with no other stiffness or creep changes. Spinal length positively correlated (Rho = 0.557, p = 0.039) with Max LBP; LBP failed to correlate with any m. erector spinae measured parameters.The DI-induced bilateral m. erector spinae tone, creep, and stiffness changes persist beyond 2 h. Evidence of spinal elongation and LBP allows suggesting that the trunk myofascial tissue changes could play a role in LBP pathogenesis observed in real and simulated microgravity. Further study is warranted with longer duration DI, assessment of IVD geometry, and vertebral column stability.

Muscle stiffness provides a key insight toward clinical assessment for rehabilitation. Regarding the high-cost and technical skill requirement of ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) restricting extensive clinical use, MyotonPRO has been proposed as a complementary tool for muscle stiffness measurement. There is a deficiency of studies revealing the use of this tool for measuring muscle stiffness contributing to hand control. The purpose of this study was to assess the capability and effectiveness of MyotonPRO and SWE for hand muscle stiffness characterization. The stiffness of the dominant flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle of 25 healthy participants (12 males and 13 females) aged 29.60 ± 9.81 years was evaluated while they performed grip tasks. The muscle stiffness of males and females was compared. The correlation between dynamic muscle stiffness given by MyotonPRO and Young’s modulus obtained from SWE was investigated. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference in the dynamic muscle stiffness between genders in all conditions (p < 0.05), whereas a significant difference in Young’s modulus was found only at the resting state. A moderate correlation was found between dynamic muscle stiffness and Young’s modulus (r ranged from 0.243 to 0.489). Therefore, MyotonPRO can be used to assess the muscle stiffness of the FDS muscle at rest and during muscle contraction.

Background: There is still a lack of clinically practical device, which allows to perform rapid and accurate examination of the skin condition. For this reason, suitability of the MyotonPRO for the assessment of skin biomechanical and viscoelastic parameters was evaluated in this study. The aim of the study was to establish the reference values of five parameters measured by MyotonPRO various locations of human skin. Materials and methods: Oscillation frequency, dynamic stiffness, logarithmic decrement, mechanical stress relaxation and creep were measured at three different skin locations (clavicula, volar forearm and shin), using L‐shape short and medium arm probes in 32 young female volunteers. Mean values of obtained parameters recorded by both probes were compared among three skin locations while reliabilities of measurements were assessed. Additionally, relationships between all recorded parameters were examined Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the mean values of five measured parameters obtained with both probes in all investigated areas. However, statistically significant differences of mean values of almost all parameters measured among three places examined were found. Despite considerable differences in mean values of obtained parameters, there were visible strong correlations between some studied parameters in all three investigated areas of skin. Conclusion: It was demonstrated in all locations studied that the higher value of oscillation frequency corresponds to the higher value of dynamic stiffness, moreover such tissue recovers faster to its initial shape, and it was characterized by lower creep values. Such results indicate the existence of identical relationships between the same studied parameters in different areas of skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A decrease in muscle tone induced by space flight requires a standardized assessment of changes to control the state of the neuromuscular system. This study is a step toward the development of a unified protocol, aimed at determining the initial effect of the presence or withdrawal of support on muscle tone, the effects of a 2-h supportlessness in Dry Immersion (DI) experiments, and the changes in muscle tone depending on the site of measurement. To perform measurements of changes in muscle tone, we used a MyotonPRO device. The list of muscles that we assessed includes: trunk – mm. deltoideus posterior, trapezius, erector spinae; leg – mm. biceps femoris, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, soleus, gastrocnemius; foot – m. flexor digitorum brevis, tendo Achillis, aponeurosis plantaris. The study involved 12 healthy volunteers (6 men, 6 women) without musculoskeletal disorders and aged 32.8 ± 1.6 years. At the start of DI, there was a significant decrease in muscle tone of the following muscles: mm. tibialis anterior (−10.9%), soleus (−9.6%), erector spinae (−14.4%), and the tendo Achillis (−15.3%). The decrease continued to intensify over the next 2 h. In contrast, the gastrocnemius muscle demonstrated an increase in muscle tone (+7.5%) 2 h after the start of DI compared to the immediate in-bath baseline. Muscle tone values were found to be site-dependent and varied in different projections of mm. erector spinae and soleus. In previous experiments, we observed a high sensitivity of the myotonometry technique, which was confirmed in this study. To make it possible to compare data from different studies, a standardized protocol for measuring muscle tone for general use in gravitational physiology needs to be developed.

A decrease in muscle tone induced by space flight requires a standardized assessment of changes to control the state of the neuromuscular system. This study is a step toward the development of a unified protocol, aimed at determining the initial effect of the presence or withdrawal of support on muscle tone, the effects of a 2-h supportlessness in Dry Immersion (DI) experiments, and the changes in muscle tone depending on the site of measurement. To perform measurements of changes in muscle tone, we used a MyotonPRO device. The list of muscles that we assessed includes: trunk – mm. deltoideus posterior, trapezius, erector spinae; leg – mm. biceps femoris, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, soleus, gastrocnemius; foot – m. flexor digitorum brevis, tendo Achillis, aponeurosis plantaris. The study involved 12 healthy volunteers (6 men, 6 women) without musculoskeletal disorders and aged 32.8 ± 1.6 years. At the start of DI, there was a significant decrease in muscle tone of the following muscles: mm. tibialis anterior (−10.9%), soleus (−9.6%), erector spinae (−14.4%), and the tendo Achillis (−15.3%). The decrease continued to intensify over the next 2 h. In contrast, the gastrocnemius muscle demonstrated an increase in muscle tone (+7.5%) 2 h after the start of DI compared to the immediate in-bath baseline. Muscle tone values were found to be site-dependent and varied in different projections of mm. erector spinae and soleus. In previous experiments, we observed a high sensitivity of the myotonometry technique, which was confirmed in this study. To make it possible to compare data from different studies, a standardized protocol for measuring muscle tone for general use in gravitational physiology needs to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stiffness of skin is widely used parameter in many research areas, for example cosmetic industry, dermatology or rheumatology for assessing of skin condition as well as changes occurring in skin. In this pioneering study, we conducted measurements of skin stiffness using MyotonPRO —novel tool, which was mainly used to evaluate biomechanical properties of muscles, ligaments and tendons. We expected that MyotonPRO , which shows great reproducibility in previous studies, will also be able to measure skin stiffness. Materials and methods: Four replaceable probes designed by MyotonPRO (L‐shape short and medium arm, standard cylindrical flat‐end probe and the same standard probe with disc attachment) were tested for measurement of skin stiffness in young women (30 healthy females) at three different locations (clavicula, volar forearm and shin). Results: There was no significant difference between stiffness values obtained with L‐shape short and L‐shape medium arm probes in all investigated areas. Stiffness values recorded by regular probe and regular probe with disc attachment differ significantly from those collected with L‐shape probes. There was also significant difference between values of stiffness obtained by standard with disc attachment and standard probes. Conclusion: Both L‐shape probes show a great reliability for skin stiffness assessment. Therefore, MyotonPRO can be considered a reliable device for assessing skin stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of the prone trunk extension test (PTE) on lumbar and lower limb muscle stiffness to explore the optimal angle for lumbar muscle training, understand the peripheral muscle force transmission effect, and determine the modulation strategy and interaction mode of different muscles during PTE. Twenty healthy young females were recruited for this study, and the stiffness of the erector spinae (ES), semitendinosus (ST), biceps femoris (BF), medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG), and lateral head of the gastrocnemius (LG) was measured by MyotonPRO under four angular PTE conditions (0° horizontal position, 10°, 20°, and 30°). With the increasing angle, the stiffness of ES decreased gradually, while ST and BF increased first and then decreased. The stiffness of MG and LG increased first, then decreased, then increased. There was a moderate to strong negative correlation between ES stiffness variation and ST (r = -0.819 to -0.728, p < 0.001), BF (r = -0.620 to -0.527, p < 0.05), MG (r = -788 to -0.611, p < 0.01), and LG (r = -0.616 to -0.450, p < 0.05). Horizontal PTE maximizes the activation of ES. There is a tension transfer between the ES, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius, mainly between the ES, ST, and LG. The study provides data to explore the effect of peripheral muscle force transmission and the modulation strategies of different muscles during trunk extension., (© 2023 American Association of Clinical Anatomists and British Association of Clinical Anatomists.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of four methods of assessing vastus lateralis (VL) stiffness, and to describe the influence of structural characteristics on them. The stiffness of the dominant lower-limb’s VL was evaluated in 53 healthy participants (28.4 ± 9.1 years) with shear wave elastography (SWE), strain elastography (SE), myotonometry and tensiomyography (TMG). The SWE, SE and myotonometry were performed at 50%, and TMG was assessed at 30%, of the length from the upper pole of the patella to the greater trochanter. The thickness of the VL, adipose tissue and superficial connective tissue was also measured with ultrasound. Three repeated measurements were acquired to assess reliability, using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationships between methodologic assessments and between structural characteristics and stiffness assessments of the VL. Myotonometry (ICC = 0.93; 95%-CI = 0.89,0.96) and TMG (ICC = 0.89; 95%-CI = 0.82,0.94) showed excellent inter-day reliability whereas with SWE (ICC = 0.62; 95%-CI = 0.41,0.77) and SE (ICC = 0.71; 95%-CI = 0.57,0.81) reliability was moderate. Significant correlations were found between myotonometry and VL thickness (r = 0.361; p = 0.008), adipose tissue thickness (r = −0.459; p = 0.001) and superficial connective tissue thickness (r = 0.340; p = 0.013). Myotonometry and TMG showed the best reliability values, although myotonometry stiffness values were influenced by the structural variables of the supra-adjacent tissue.

Objective:To examine the inter-rater reliability of MyotonPRO under B-ultrasound guidance in assessment of stroke patients'muscle tone.Methods:A total of 28 stroke patients were assessed their muscle mechanical properties of biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis muscles in relaxed state with MyotonPRO under the B-ultrasound guidance by two testers within 24 hours. Inter-rater reliability of muscle properties was determined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), the minimal detectable change (MDC90) and Bland-Altman analysis were performed by SPSS.Results:The ICC was above 0.9 in the ten-time scan pattern. The SEM and MDC90of biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis muscles indicated small measurement error (SEM%90%

• MyotonPRO is a reliable tool to assess gastrocnemius stiffness in weightbearing. • A single measure of the MyotonPRO is reliable. • Individuals receiving manual therapy demonstrated changes in muscle stiffness Study Randomized clinical trial. Muscle stiffness is a potential complication after injury and has been shown to be a risk factor for injury in healthy individuals. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the short-term effects of manual therapy (MT) on muscle stiffness of the gastrocnemius in both a relaxed and contracted state. The secondary purpose was to assess the reliability of a novel clinical tool (MyotonPRO) to measure muscle stiffness in the gastrocnemius in both a passive and contracted state. Eighty-four consecutive healthy individuals were randomized to receive Manual Therapy (MT group) directed at the right-side ankle and foot or no treatment (CONTROL group). Muscle stiffness of the gastrocnemius was assessed bilaterally in all participants at baseline and then immediately after intervention in a relaxed and contracted state. Group (MT vs. CONTROL) by side (ipsilateral vs. contralateral) by time (pre vs. post) effects were compared through a 3-way interaction utilizing mixed model ANOVA. Reliability of the MyotonPRO was assessed with two-way mixed model intraclass correlation coefficients. There was a significant 3-way interaction for muscle stiffness of the gastrocnemius in a relaxed state (p < 0.01), but not contracted state (p = 0.54). All conditions had increased resting muscle stiffness from pre to post measures except for the ipsilateral limb of the MT group. There was not a significant interaction for muscle stiffness in a contracted state. Reliability estimates (ICC) for muscle stiffness measures ranged between 0.898 and 0.986. The change in muscle stiffness of the gastrocnemius in a relaxed state depended upon whether individuals received MT. Muscle stiffness measures were highly reliable based on single measurements. Therapy, level 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing stiffness in the upper trapezius muscle may contribute to imbalance of scapular motion, and result in shoulder and neck discomfort during shoulder flexion. Therefore, it is essential to quantify upper trapezius stiffness in various shoulder positions in order to aid in the prevention of these disorders and to optimize rehabilitation.Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to examine the intra and inter-tester reliability of MyotonPRO device in measuring upper trapezius stiffness and its ability to determine changes in stiffness during shoulder flexion.Methods: Twenty healthy male subjects (mean age: 28.3±4.8 years) were studied. The stiffness of upper trapezius was quantified using the MyotonPRO device.Results: The results revealed excellent intra and inter-tester reliability for measuring upper trapezius stiffness with the shoulder in a neutral position, and also found a 14.2% increase in stiffness upon shoulder flexion between 0° and 60° of flexion. Minimal detectable change (MDC) was 26.3 N/m.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that MyotonPRO device is a feasible tool to quantify upper trapezius stiffness as well as changes in muscle stiffness. Thus, it is important to assess the changes in upper trapezius muscle stiffness due to pathology or treatments for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The MyotonPRO is a portable device that measures muscle tone and biomechanical muscle properties objectively. MyotonPRO has already proven to be effective in measuring muscle properties in healthy and diseased populations. However, to the best of our knowledge, it has never been tested in individuals suffering from paratonia, a form of hypertonia frequently accompanying dementia. The aims of the present study were to (1) compare muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness between 3 different subpopulations of young and old healthy adults and individuals with paratonia, and (2) investigate the intra- and interrater reproducibility of MyotonPRO measurements of the biceps brachii (BB) muscle in each subpopulation. Methods: MyotonPRO measurements of muscle tone, elasticity, and dynamic stiffness were carried out by 2 investigators on 2 different days over the BB muscles of 54 participants (18 healthy young adults, 20 healthy older adults, and 16 older individuals with paratonia). Muscle properties were compared between subpopulations using ANOVA/Welch and post hoc tests. Reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) and agreement parameters (standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change) were calculated. Results: Statistically significant differences between subpopulations were found in all parameters, except for stiffness between healthy elderly and individuals with paratonia. In the healthy subpopulations, (a) intrarater reliability was very high and intrarater agreement was good between 2 consecutive series, (b) between days intrarater reliability was low to high and intrarater agreement was variable, (c) interrater reliability was high to very high and interrater agreement was good. In individuals with paratonia, (a) intrarater reliability was moderate to high and agreement was variable between series, (b) between days intrarater reliability was poor to moderate and agreement was poor, (c) interrater reliability ranged from low to high with poor agreement. Conclusions: MyotonPRO measurements of the BB muscle showed good reproducibility in both healthy subpopulations, particularly for measurements performed within the same day. In individuals with paratonia, reliability and agreement were substantially lower. MyotonPRO can be used in clinical assessment and research. However, in individuals with paratonia, careful interpretation of results is required. Research in a larger sample of persons with paratonia at different stages of disease severity is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent reports show that changes in fascia may be a source of many disturbances in human functioning. The concept of fascial manipulation (FM) postulates that removing the changes in ground substance of fascia reestablishes a proper tensional balance, reducing pain. Assessment of reactivity of soft tissues acts as an objective indicator, allowing for the confirmation of changes to pain levels. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of therapy using the FM method on pain sensations and change in reactivity of soft tissues. Material and methods: The research was carried out on 15 people (12 women and 3 men; aged between 18-30 years) who were randomly divided into three equal groups. Patients from the first group were treated using the standard protocol of Stecco's method, while in the second group the modified protocol was used. The last group was the control group. All patients undergo the diagnostic process specific for FM method and had their pain level (using the visual analog scale [VAS]) and reactivity of soft tissues (with the MyotonPro device) measured. Measurements of reactivity of soft tissues were taken from 10 points in pelvis (specific for Stecco's method). All measurements were taken three times; before and after the first treatment and after the third treatment. Outcomes were gathered and inputted to the STATI STICA 12 database and analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures and Post-Hoc Tukey's test. Results: Statistical analysis showed statistically significant change in some parameters related to the reactivity of soft tissues in the first group. Statistically significant changes (p < 0.05) of VAS were observed in every group but the first group had the biggest and the most dynamic decrease in pain levels. Conclusions: Therapy using FM method causes significant changes in some reactivity of soft tissue parameters and in pain sensations. The biggest changes were observed in the first group, who were treated with Stecco's method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of aging on the viscoelastic properties of the upper trapezius (UT) and the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle during transition from lying to sitting position. Materials and methods The study included 39 older (mean age 67 ± 5.9 years) and 36 younger (21.1 ± 1.8 years) women. Tone, stiffness and elasticity of the UT and the SCM were measured by means of myotonometry (MyotonPRO) in lying and then, in sitting position. The results were compared using two-way analysis of variance. Results Irrespective of the position, older women presented with significantly higher muscle tone, stiffness and elasticity than younger subjects (P < 0.05). In both groups, the transition from lying to sitting position resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the tone and stiffness, but not the elasticity (P > 0.05) of the SCM, and stimulated an increase in the tone, stiffness and elasticity of the UT (P < 0.05). The degree of changes in both study groups was similar, except from the absolute value of the UT elasticity, significantly higher increase in older women than in younger subjects (P < 0.05). Conclusion Age contributes to an increase in the stiffness and tone of the UT and the SCM, as well as to a decrease in the elasticity of these muscles in female subjects. In contrast, age exerts only a slight effect on the mechanical properties of both muscles during transition from lying to sitting position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This study aimed to non-invasively quantify passive stiffness of superficial myofascia at a lower lumbar (L3-L4) anatomical level in young healthy male and female subjects and investigate its possible morphological variation. Resting prone lumbar myofascial measurements were quantified using MyotonPro ® and statistically analyzed in 20 young healthy individuals over 3-weekly intervals, concurrently with surface electromyography (sEMG). Averaged mean ± SE stiffness (Newton/meter) over three weeks was significantly (p < 0.001) greater in males (247.8 ± 11.3) than females (208.4 ± 11.3), on the right (237.7 ± 12.8) than left sides (218.5 ± 12.3), at 10-min (231.4 ± 9.1) than initial baseline (224.8 ± 9.1) values. A polymorphism of stiffness values in 10 male and 10 female subjects was suggested by box plot analyses of the 3 weekly measurements and greater inter-individual than intra-individual variances. Greater knowledge of lumbar myofascial stiffness can improve understanding of their contributions in health and chronic low back disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of a short assessment MyotonPRO protocol to measure the stiffness of the superficial muscles and tendons of the lower limbs. The stiffness of the dominant lower limb vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF) and patellar tendon (PT) was evaluated in 52 healthy participants (26.9 ± 3.4 years) with two MyotonPRO protocols: the standard protocol (10 mechanical taps) and the short protocol (five mechanical taps). The myotonometry was performed at the midpoint of the length from the upper pole of the patella to the greater trochanter for the VL, and to the anterior superior iliac spine for the RF. The PT was evaluated 1 cm caudal from the inferior pole of the patella. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationships between protocols. The validity of the short protocol was evaluated with Student's t -test. High positive correlations were observed between the short and standard protocols in the stiffness of the VL (r = 0.959; p < 0.001), the RF (r = 0.967; p < 0.001) and the PT (r = 0.953; p < 0.001) and no differences were found between both protocols in the stiffness assessment of the VL, RF and PT ( p > 0.05). Therefore, the five-compressions protocol is a valid protocol for the assessment of lower limb mechanical properties.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of four methods of assessing vastus lateralis (VL) stiffness, and to describe the influence of structural characteristics on them. The stiffness of the dominant lower-limb's VL was evaluated in 53 healthy participants (28.4 ± 9.1 years) with shear wave elastography (SWE), strain elastography (SE), myotonometry and tensiomyography (TMG). The SWE, SE and myotonometry were performed at 50%, and TMG was assessed at 30%, of the length from the upper pole of the patella to the greater trochanter. The thickness of the VL, adipose tissue and superficial connective tissue was also measured with ultrasound. Three repeated measurements were acquired to assess reliability, using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationships between methodologic assessments and between structural characteristics and stiffness assessments of the VL. Myotonometry (ICC = 0.93; 95%-CI = 0.89,0.96) and TMG (ICC = 0.89; 95%-CI = 0.82,0.94) showed excellent inter-day reliability whereas with SWE (ICC = 0.62; 95%-CI = 0.41,0.77) and SE (ICC = 0.71; 95%-CI = 0.57,0.81) reliability was moderate. Significant correlations were found between myotonometry and VL thickness (r = 0.361; p = 0.008), adipose tissue thickness (r = −0.459; p = 0.001) and superficial connective tissue thickness (r = 0.340; p = 0.013). Myotonometry and TMG showed the best reliability values, although myotonometry stiffness values were influenced by the structural variables of the supra-adjacent tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Background Treatment related shoulder dysfunction and anterior chest wall stiffness is common in breast cancer patients. Radiotherapy is known to alter the properties of muscles such as fibrosis, but it is difficult to objectively assess. Objective measurements of muscle properties can be useful for evaluating these problems and the effect of intervention. Our study aimed to assess changes in serial muscle properties associated with radiotherapy in breast cancer patients using MyotonPRO, device measuring muscle properties. Material and method Thirty-five breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy and scheduled to undergo radiotherapy were enrolled. Frequency (tone, Hz) and stiffness (N/m) were measured in both pectoralis major (PM), sternocleidomastoid (SMC) and upper trapezius (UT) before radiotherapy and immediately after radiotherapy. Paired t -test was used to investigate the side-to-side difference and changes associated with radiotherapy of tone and stiffness of muscles around shoulder. Results Before radiotherapy, the stiffness and tone of affected PM were significantly higher than unaffected PM. Immediately after radiotherapy, the stiffness and tone of affected PM were still significantly higher than unaffected PM and the difference became larger than before radiotherapy. Although there was no side-to-side difference of parameters before radiotherapy, the stiffness of affected UT was significantly higher than unaffected UT immediately after radiotherapy. Stiffness/tone of affected PM and affected UT increased significantly immediately after radiotherapy compared to before radiotherapy. Conclusion After operation, only the tone and stiffness of affected PM were increased. After radiotherapy, the stiffness and tone of affected PM were higher than before radiotherapy, and the tone and stiffness of affected UT were also increased. Our findings confirmed that surgical treatment and radiotherapy affect the stiffness and tone of affected PM. And stiffness and tone of affected UT increased before and after radiotherapy, which is thought to be due to posture of receiving radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose] This study aimed to compare and analyze the mechanical properties of the upper cervical muscles in patients with cervicogenic headache to identify efficient methods of treatment and diagnosis. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 40 subjects including 20 healthy individuals and 20 patients with cervicogenic headache were selected. A MyotonPRO device was used to measure the tone (Hz), stiffness (N/m), and elasticity (log decrement) of the suboccipital muscles and upper trapezius of the subjects. [Results] There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the elasticity of the suboccipital muscles and upper trapezius. However, there was a statistically significant difference in tone and stiffness. [Conclusion] This study showed that the tone and stiffness of the suboccipital muscles and upper trapezius in patients with cervicogenic headache had increased compared to healthy subjects.