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The functions of actin and its motor proteins myosins in the cytoplasm have been the subject of research for more than 100 years, but the existence and function of these proteins in the nucleus has been a matter of debate until recently. Recent data has clarified the role of actin and myosin molecules in controlling the dynamics of processes in the cell nucleus, chromatin organization and genome integrity. New microscopy techniques and the use of modified actin-binding probes have made it possible for the first time to directly visualize the polymerization of actin filaments in the nucleus of living cells. Here we discuss the processes that control the dynamic balance of actin and myosins between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, as well as the role of these proteins in the regulation of transcription, DNA repair, chromatin reorganization, tumor transformation and cell differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myosin 1C is a monomeric myosin motor with a truncated tail domain. Such motors are referred as slow "tension sensors." Three isoforms of myosin 1C differ in short N-termed amino acid sequences, the functional differences between isoforms have not been elucidated. Myosin 1C isoform A was described as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer, but its role in tumor transformation remains unknown. Based on data on the functions of myosin 1C, we hypothesized the potential role of myosin 1C isoforms in maintaining the tumor phenotype of prostate cancer cells. In our work, we showed that a decrease in the expression level of myosin 1C isoform C leads to an increase in the proliferative activity of prostate tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The human SH3 domain Binding Glutamic acid Rich Like 3 (SH3BGRL3) gene is highly conserved in phylogeny and widely expressed in human tissues. However, its function is largely undetermined. The protein was found to be overexpressed in several tumors, and recent work suggested a possible relationship with EGFR family members. We aimed at further highlighting on these issues and investigated SH3BGRL3 molecular interactions and its role in cellular migration ability. Results We first engineered the ErbB2-overexpressing SKBR3 cells to express exogenous SH3BGRL3, as well as wild type Myo1c or different deletion mutants. Confocal microscopy analysis indicated that SH3BGRL3 co-localized with Myo1c and ErbB2 at plasma membranes. However, co-immunoprecipitation assays and mass spectrometry demonstrated that SH3BGRL3 did not directly bind ErbB2, but specifically recognized Myo1c, on its IQ-bearing neck region. Importantly, the interaction with Myo1c was Ca2+-dependent. A role for SH3BGRL3 in cell migration was also assessed, as RNA interference of SH3BGRL3 in MDA-MB-231 cells, used as a classical migration model, remarkably impaired the migration ability of these cells. On the other side, its over-expression increased cell motility. Conclusion The results of this study provide insights for the formulation of novel hypotheses on the putative role of SH3BGRL3 protein in the regulation of myosin-cytoskeleton dialog and in cell migration. It could be envisaged the SH3BGRL3-Myo1c interaction as a regulation mechanism for cytoskeleton dynamics. It is well known that, at low Ca2+ concentrations, the IQ domains of Myo1c are bound by calmodulin. Here we found that binding of Myo1c to SH3BGRL3 requires instead the presence of Ca2+. Thus, it could be hypothesized that Myo1c conformation may be modulated by Ca2+-driven mechanisms that involve alternative binding by calmodulin or SH3BGRL3, for the regulation of cytoskeletal activity.

Rods and cones are photoreceptor neurons in the retina that are required for visual sensation in vertebrates, wherein the perception of vision is initiated when these neurons respond to photons in the light stimuli. The photoreceptor cell is structurally studied as outer segments (OS) and inner segments (IS) where proper protein sorting, localization, and compartmentalization are critical for phototransduction, visual function, and survival. In human retinal diseases, improper protein transport to the OS or mislocalization of proteins to the IS and other cellular compartments could lead to impaired visual responses and photoreceptor cell degeneration that ultimately cause loss of visual function. Therefore, studying and identifying mechanisms involved in facilitating and maintaining proper protein transport in photoreceptor cells would help our understanding of pathologies involving retinal cell degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophies, age-related macular degeneration, and Usher Syndrome. Our mini-review will discuss mechanisms of protein transport within photoreceptors and introduce a novel role for an unconventional motor protein, MYO1C, in actin-based motor transport of the visual chromophore Rhodopsin to the OS, in support of phototransduction and visual function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The potential of brown adipose tissue (BAT) to influence energy homeostasis in animals and humans is encouraging as this tissue can increase fatty acid and glucose utilization to produce heat through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), but the actual mechanism of how the cell regulates glucose uptake is not fully understood. Myosin 1c (Myo1c) is an unconventional motor protein involved in several cellular processes, including insulin-mediated glucose uptake via GLUT4 vesicle fusion in white adipocytes, but its role in glucose uptake in BAT has not previously been investigated. Methods: Using the specific inhibitor pentachloropseudilin (PClP), a neutralizing antibody assay, and siRNA, we examined the role of Myo1c in mechanisms leading to glucose uptake both in vitro in isolated mouse primary adipocytes and in vivo in mice. Results: Our results show that inhibition of Myo1c removes insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in white adipocytes, while inducing glucose uptake in brown adipocytes, independent of GLUT4, by increasing the expression, translation, and translocation of GLUT1 to the plasma membrane. Inhibition of Myo1c leads to the activation of PKA and downstream substrates p38 and ATF-2, which are known to be involved in the expression of β-adrenergic genes. Conclusions: Myo1c is a PKA repressor and regulates glucose uptake into BAT.

Background: The human SH3 domain Binding Glutamic acid Rich Like 3 (SH3BGRL3) gene is highly conserved in phylogeny and widely expressed in human tissues. However, its function is largely undetermined. The protein was found to be overexpressed in several tumors, and recent work suggested a possible relationship with EGFR family members. We aimed at further highlighting on these issues and investigated SH3BGRL3 molecular interactions and its role in cellular migration ability. Results: We first engineered the ErbB2-overexpressing SKBR3 cells to express exogenous SH3BGRL3, as well as wild type Myo1c or different deletion mutants. Confocal microscopy analysis indicated that SH3BGRL3 co-localized with Myo1c and ErbB2 at plasma membranes. However, co-immunoprecipitation assays and mass spectrometry demonstrated that SH3BGRL3 did not directly bind ErbB2, but specifically recognized Myo1c, on its IQ-bearing neck region. Importantly, the interaction with Myo1c was Ca2+-dependent. A role for SH3BGRL3 in cell migration was also assessed, as RNA interference of SH3BGRL3 in MDA-MB-231 cells, used as a classical migration model, remarkably impaired the migration ability of these cells. On the other side, its over-expression increased cell motility. Conclusion: The results of this study provide insights for the formulation of novel hypotheses on the putative role of SH3BGRL3 protein in the regulation of myosin-cytoskeleton dialog and in cell migration. It could be envisaged the SH3BGRL3-Myo1c interaction as a regulation mechanism for cytoskeleton dynamics. It is well known that, at low Ca2+ concentrations, the IQ domains of Myo1c are bound by calmodulin. Here we found that binding of Myo1c to SH3BGRL3 requires instead the presence of Ca2+. Thus, it could be hypothesized that Myo1c conformation may be modulated by Ca2+-driven mechanisms that involve alternative binding by calmodulin or SH3BGRL3, for the regulation of cytoskeletal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unconventional myosins, linked to deafness, are also proposed to play a role in retinal cell physiology. However, their direct role in photoreceptor function remains unclear. We demonstrate that systemic loss of the unconventional myosin MYO1C in mice, specifically causes rhodopsin mislocalization, leading to impaired visual function. Electroretinogram analysis of Myo1c knockout (Myo1c-KO) mice showed a progressive loss of photoreceptor function. Immunohistochemistry and binding assays demonstrated MYO1C localization to photoreceptor inner and outer segments (OS) and identified a direct interaction of rhodopsin with MYO1C. In Myo1c-KO retinas, rhodopsin mislocalized to rod inner segments (IS) and cell bodies, while cone opsins in OS showed punctate staining. In aged mice, the histological and ultrastructural examination of the phenotype of Myo1c-KO retinas showed progressively shorter photoreceptor OS. These results demonstrate that MYO1C is important for rhodopsin localization to the photoreceptor OS, and for normal visual function.

Nuclear myosin I (NMI) is a single-headed member of myosin superfamily localized in the cell nucleus which participates along with nuclear actin in transcription and chromatin remodeling. We demonstrate that NMI is present in cell nuclei of all mouse tissues examined except for cells in terminal stages of spermiogenesis. Quantitative PCR and western blots demonstrate that the expression of NMI in tissues varies with the highest levels in the lungs. The expression of NMI is lower in serum-starved cells and it increases after serum stimulation. The lifespan of NMI is longer than 16 h as determined by cycloheximide translation block. A homologous protein is expressed in human, chicken, Xenopus, and zebrafish as shown by RACE analysis. The analysis of genomic sequences indicates that almost identical homologous NMI genes are expressed in mammals, and similar NMI genes in vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identities of some of the constituents of the hair-cell transduction apparatus have been elucidated only recently. The molecular motor myosin-1c (Myo1c) functions in adaptation of the hair-cell response to sustained mechanical stimuli and is therefore an integral part of the transduction complex. Recent data indicate that Myo1c interacts in vitro with two other molecules proposed to be important for transduction: cadherin 23 (Cdh23), a candidate for the stereociliary tip link, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 ), which is abundant in the membranes of hair-cell stereocilia. It is not known, however, whether these interactions occur in hair cells. Using an in situ binding assay on saccular hair cells, we demonstrated previously that Myo1c interacts with molecules at stereociliary tips, the site of transduction, through sequences contained within its calmodulin (CaM)-binding neck domain, which can bind up to four CaM molecules. In the current study, we identify the second CaM-binding IQ domain as a region of Myo1c that mediates CaM-sensitive binding to stereociliary tips and to PIP2 immobilized on a solid support. Binding of Myo1c to stereociliary tips of cochlear and vestibular hair cells is disrupted by treatments that break tip links. In addition, Myo1c does not bind to stereocilia from mice whose hair cells lack Cdh23 protein despite the presence of PIP2 in the stereociliary membranes. Collectively, our data suggest that Myo1c and Cdh23 interact at the tips of hair-cell stereocilia and that this interaction is modulated by CaM [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the yeast two-hybrid technique, we identified a candidate protein ligand of the myosin 1c tail, PHR1, and found that this protein can also bind to the myosin VIIa tail. PHR1 is an integral membrane protein that contains a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Myosin 1c and myosin VIIa are two unconventional myosins present in the inner ear sensory cells. We showed that PHR1 immunoprecipitates with either myosin tail by using protein extracts from cotransfected HEK293 cells. In vitro binding assays confirmed that PHR1 directly interacts with these two myosins. In both cases the binding involves the PH domain. In vitro interactions between PHR1 and the myosin tails were not affected by the presence or absence of Ca2+ and calmodulin. Finally, we found that PHR1 is able to dimerise. As PHR1 is expressed in the vestibular and cochlear sensory cells, its direct interactions with the myosin 1c and VIIa tails are likely to play a role in anchoring the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane of these cells. Moreover, as both myosins have been implicated in the mechanotransduction slow adaptation process that takes place in the hair bundles, we propose that PHR1 is also involved in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of brown adipose tissue (BAT) to influence energy homeostasis in animals and humans is encouraging as this tissue can increase fatty acid and glucose utilization to produce heat through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), but the actual mechanism of how the cell regulates glucose uptake is not fully understood. Myosin 1c (Myo1c) is an unconventional motor protein involved in several cellular processes, including insulin-mediated glucose uptake via GLUT4 vesicle fusion in white adipocytes, but its role in glucose uptake in BAT has not previously been investigated. Using the specific inhibitor pentachloropseudilin (PClP), a neutralizing antibody assay, and siRNA, we examined the role of Myo1c in mechanisms leading to glucose uptake both in vitro in isolated mouse primary adipocytes and in vivo in mice. Our results show that inhibition of Myo1c removes insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in white adipocytes, while inducing glucose uptake in brown adipocytes, independent of GLUT4, by increasing the expression, translation, and translocation of GLUT1 to the plasma membrane. Inhibition of Myo1c leads to the activation of PKA and downstream substrates p38 and ATF-2, which are known to be involved in the expression of β-adrenergic genes. Myo1c is a PKA repressor and regulates glucose uptake into BAT. [Display omitted] • Myo1c is a BAT-specific regulator of glucose uptake. • Myo1c inhibition leads to increased expression, translation, and translocation of GLUT1. • Myo1c inhibition results in increased activation of PKA and its downstream targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unconventional myosins, linked to deafness, are also proposed to play a role in retinal cell physiology. However, their direct role in photoreceptor function remains unclear. We demonstrate that systemic loss of the unconventional myosin MYO1C in mice, specifically causes rhodopsin mislocalization, leading to impaired visual function. Electroretinogram analysis of Myo1c knockout (Myo1c-KO) mice showed a progressive loss of photoreceptor function. Immunohistochemistry and binding assays demonstrated MYO1C localization to photoreceptor inner and outer segments (OS) and identified a direct interaction of rhodopsin with MYO1C. In Myo1c-KO retinas, rhodopsin mislocalized to rod inner segments (IS) and cell bodies, while cone opsins in OS showed punctate staining. In aged mice, the histological and ultrastructural examination of the phenotype of Myo1c-KO retinas showed progressively shorter photoreceptor OS. These results demonstrate that MYO1C is important for rhodopsin localization to the photoreceptor OS, and for normal visual function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]