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Leukemia is a common blood cancer, whose treatment usually necessitates chemo/radiotherapy and bone marrow transplant. Hence, safer and more effective options are urgently needed. Mylabris, the dried body of blister beetles, has been used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine. This study applied bioinformatics and systematic pharmacology to investigate the mechanism of action of mylabris in the treatment of leukemia. Five effective components and 35 corresponding target proteins were identified by screening the TCMSP database; whereas 776 genes related to leukemia were selected using OMIM, GeneCards, and the Therapeutic Target Database. Eight genes common to mylabris and leukemia were identified. Protein-protein interaction network analysis and a component-target-pathway diagram identified TP53 and PTEN as key gene targets of mylabris in the treatment of leukemia. GO enrichment analysis pointed to DNA damage and cell cycle disorder caused by p53 signaling as the most significant processes; whereas KEGG enrichment pointed to the p53 signaling pathway. In summary, mylabris may exert a therapeutic effect on leukemia by triggering DNA damage, inducing apoptosis, as well as inhibiting the growth and proliferation of tumor cells through the regulation of TP53 and PTEN. These findings provide a mechanistic rationale for the treatment of leukemia with traditional Chinese medicine., Graphical abstract

Mylabris (Eumylabris) bolognai Pan sp. nov. is described and illustrated. Meanwhile, one newly recorded subgenus, Meloe (Meloegonius) Reitter, 1911, and two newly recorded species, Meloe (Meloegonius) cicatricosus Leach, 1815 and Mylabris (Argabris) impedita impedita (Heyden, 1883), from China are reported and illustrated. Furthermore, a list of meloid species from Xinjiang is carried out, and Euzonitis quadrimaculata (Pallas, 1782) is newly recorded from Xinjiang.

Hepatotoxicity induced by Mylabris has been reported in both clinical and animal experiments. Cantharidin (CTD), the main active compound of Mylabris was responsible for the hepatotoxicity, which aroused widespread concern. However, the mechanism of CTD hepatotoxicity remained unclear. In this study, LO2 cells were exposed to two doses of CTD (6.25 and 25 μM) for 12 h, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. The metabolites in LO2 cells were profiled by LC-MS. Partial least squares discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used for screening potential biomarkers. The MetPA software was used for clustering and pathway analysis. Network pharmacology was used to predict the genes acted with potential biomarkers. Compared with the control group, the levels of ALT, AST, and LDH was significantly increased after CTD treatment. A total of 46 potential biomarkers for hepatotoxicity induced by CTD were identified. And downregulated potential biomarkers reflected the inhibitory effects of CTD toxicity on metabolism of LO2. Moreover, CTD-induced liver toxicity of LO2 cells is mainly related to three pathways: cysteine and methionine metabolism; glutathione metabolism; and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Furtherly, the mRNA expression of CES2, DNMT1, NOS1, NOS3, S1PR2, and CES1 screened by network pharmacology were regulated by CTD. These studies provide valuable mechanistic insights into CTD-associated hepatotoxicity that will aid in the development of therapeutic prevention and treatment options for this liver disease.

A sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy method was established for the determination of cantharidin (CTD) in rat plasma and liver homogenates. During the experiment, rats were randomly divided into two groups (low, high) and were administered aqueous extract of Mylabris compound for 7 days. Then, plasma and tissue samples were taken at different time points to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of CTD in rats. The selected reaction monitoring transitions for CTD and clofibrate (internal standard) were m/z 128 → 85 and m/z 169 → 141, respectively. The calibration curve ranged from 10.26 to 3,078 ng/ml for plasma and from 10.26 to 246.24 ng/ml for liver homogenates. The lower limits of quantification were 10.26 ng/ml for both plasma and liver. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were

Mylabris is the dried body of the Chinese blister beetle (Mylabris sp.), which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and achieved significant positive effects in the treatment of cancer including liver cancer, lung cancer, and rectal cancer. However, heavy metal pollution and accumulation of Mylabris insects could pose threat to human health. This study was carried out to assess levels of different heavy metals like Cu, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb, along with soil–plant-insect system and health risks using two representative Mylabris insects from the Hasi Mountains of Gansu Province, China. The results showed that the heavy metal concentration of plants and insects followed the order Cu > Pb > As > Hg > Cd. Compared with soil and plants, the content of Cu in insects was the highest, reaching 45.65 mg/kg. Cu was the main element that caused insects to absorb and accumulate. The quantitative risk analysis implied the two Mylabris insects had carcinogenic risks, with the contribution of As providing 63% and 60.7%, respectively. This kind of carcinogenic risk that the human body could bear was not easy to cause side effects to normal people, but it was difficult and dangerous for cancer patients. Thus, the evaluation of health risk lays the foundation for pollutant risk monitoring.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Traditional Chinese herbal formulas have been proven to exert an inhibitory effect on tumor. Compound mylabris capsules (CMC) has been used for treating cancer, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for years in China. However, its therapeutic mechanisms on HCC remain unclear. Aim of the study This research aimed to elucidate the molecular targets and mechanisms of CMC for treating HCC. Materials and methods First, the bioactive ingredients and potential targets of CMC, as well as HCC-related targets were retrieved from publicly available databases. Next, the overlapped genes between potential targets of CMC and HCC-related targets were determined using bioinformatics analysis. Then, networks of ingredient-target and gene-pathway were constructed. Finally, cell experiments were carried out to examine the effects of CMC-medicated serum on HCC and validate the core molecular targets. Results In total, 151 bioactive ingredients and 255 potential targets of CMC were selected, 982 differentially expressed genes of HCC were identified. Among them, 34 overlapped genes were finally selected. In addition, 20 pathways and 429 GO terms were significantly enriched. Protein-protein interaction and gene-pathway networks indicated that Cyclin B1(CCNB1) and Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1(CDK1) were the core gene targets for the treatment of CMC on HCC. Moreover, in vitro studies showed that CMC-medicated serum significantly inhibited the viability of HepG2 cells. Furthermore, CMC downregulated CCNB1 and CDK1 expressions and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Conclusions CMC plays a therapeutic role in HCC via multi-component, -target and -pathway mechanisms, in which CCNB1 and CDK1 may be the core molecular targets. This study indicates that the integration of network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis, followed by experimental validation, can serves as an effective tool for studying the therapeutic mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine.

Mylabris (Eumylabris) calida (Pallas, 1782) Meloe calida Pallas, 1782: 85. Type locality: ���Rossiae Sibiriaeqve��� (= Siberia, Russia). Type depository: destroyed by fire. Mylabris maculata Olivier, 1795: 7. Type locality: no record. Type depository: MNHN. Synonymized by Fischer von Waldheim 1823: 225. Mylabris bimaculata Olivier, 1811: 93. Type locality: ���Ath��nes��� (= Athens, Greece). Type depository: MNHN. Synonymized by Reiche 1866: 638. Mylabris decora Olivier, 1811: 94 (homonym). Type locality: ���Russie m��ridionale��� (= Southern Russia). Type depository: MNHN. Mylabris calida: Tauscher 1812: 138. Mylabris maura Chevrolat, 1840: 273. Type locality: ���Barbarie��� (= Barbary, N Africa). Type depository: MNHN. Synonymized by Reiche 1866: 638. Mylabris niligena Reiche, 1866: 638. Type locality: ��� Caire, Aegyptus ��� (= Cairo, Egypt). Type depository: MNHN. Synonymized by Gemminger & Harold 1870: 2139. Zonabris calida: Heyden 1881: 152. Zonabris calida var. latifasciata Pic, 1896: 62. Type locality: ��� Alg��rie, Le Kreder et Tlemcen ���. Type depository: MNHN. Zonabris calida var. bijuncta Pic, 1897: 2. Type locality: ���Guelt-el-Settel���. Type depository: MNHN. Zonabris maculata var. maroccana Escherich, 1899: 107. Type locality: ��� Marokko ��� (= Marocco). Type depository: TNJM. Zonabris maculata var. transcaspica Escherich, 1899: 107. Type locality: ��� Ashabad, Transkaspien ��� (= Ashgabat, Turkmenistan). Type depository: ZMHB. Zonabris bimaculaticeps Pic, 1920: 13. Type locality: ���Alg��rie��� (= Algeria). Type depository: MNHN. Synonymized by Pic 1930b: 240. Zonabris calida var. interrupta Eichler, 1924: 66 (homonym). Type locality: ���Caucase et Asie-mineure��� (= Caucasus & Asia Minor). Type depository: unknown. Zonabris calida var. maculata Eichler, 1924: 66 (homonym). Type locality: ���Caucase et Asie-mineure��� (= Caucasus & Asia Minor). Type depository: unknown. Zonabris tlemceni Pic, 1930a: 3. Type locality: ��� Alg��rie: Tlemcen ���. Type depository: MNHN. Synonymized by Pardo Alcaide 1969: 371. Mylabris aschnae Makhan & Ezzatpanah, 2011: 1. Type locality: ��� Mahallat, Markazi, Iran ���. Type depository: cDM, TUSB. Type material examined. Mylabris bimaculaticeps: 1 ex., ��� Zonabris calida var. maculata Oliv. ���, ��� type ���, ��� bimaculaticeps Pic ���, ��� TYPE ���, ��� Mylabris calida (Pall.) ab. // Pardo Alcaide det. 1967��� (MNHN; Fig. 22). Mylabris calida var. bijuncta: 1 ex., ���Gueltes Stel (LeCunte)���, ��� calida var trefoce...���, ��� type ���, ��� v. bijuncta Pic ���, ��� TYPE ���, ���pro������ (MNHN; Fig. 23). Mylabris calida var. latifasciata: 1 ex., ���Le Kreider // mou 93���, ��� type ���, ��� v. latifasciata Pic ���, ��� TYPE ��� (MNHN); 1 ex., ��� Tlemcen ���, ��� type ���, ��� TYPE ��� (MNHN; Fig. 24). Mylabris tlemceni: 1 ex., ��� Algerie // Tlemcen ���, ��� type ���, ��� Z. tlemceni Pic ���, ��� Mylabris calida (Pall.) // Pardo Alcaide det. 1967��� (MNHN; Fig. 25). Other material examined from China. XINJIANG: 1 ex., Ebinur Lake, 2006.V.8, Ba Yibin leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., 10 km W of Beitun, 2007.VII.21, Zhang Chengli & Wang Xinpu leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Burqin, 1984.VII.24, Liu Zhike leg. (XJU); 1511 exx., Burqin, Wucaitan (N47��48.334��� E86��43.733���, Elev. 491 m), 2010.VIII.10, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Fuhai, Aerda (N47��08.445��� E87��32.554���, Elev. 496 m), 2010.VIII.7, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 677 exx., Fuhai, Kalamagai (N46��41.762��� E87��45.338���, Elev. 563 m), 2010.VIII.8, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (666 MHBU;11 MHBUa); 29 exx., Habahe, 1975.VIII.6���7 (11 NKU; 18 TMNH); 1 ex., Kuitun, 1984.VI.21 (NXU); 3 exx., W Mori (N43��50.184��� E90��16.99���, Elev. 1250 m), 2010.VIII.3, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 69 exx., Qitai, Xibeiwan (N44��11.301��� E089��33.037���, Elev. 645 m), 2010. VIII.4, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 16 exx., Yumin, Jiyeke (N46��23.832��� E82��51.134���, Elev. 429 m), 2010.VIII.14, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 6 exx., Wuerhe, 1975.VIII.3, Liu Shengli leg. (TMNH). Distribution. China: Xinjiang; widely distributed in the Palaearctic region. Remarks. Makhan & Ezzatpanah (2011) described Mylabris aschnae from Iran. According to the description and illustrations, it almost has the same characters as M. calida: elytra yellow, with two black spots at basal quarter, two black fasciae in middle and at apical quarter respectively; parameres sub-triangular in lateral view and with a light longitudinal fascia; and dorsal hooks of penis slender, the distal one closed to the proximal one and far from the apex. For this reason, M. aschnae is synonymized to M. calida in the revised and updated version of ���Catalogue of Palaearctic Coeloptera (Vol. 5: Tenebrionoidea)��� by Bologna (in press). This represents a detailed explanation of this synonym. The validity of Zonabris posticalis Dokhtouroff, 1889 is doubtful. It was treated as a synonym (Sumakov 1915, 1924, 1930), subspecies (Kaszab 1957), variety (Kaszab 1959), or aberration (Kaszab 1941) of M. calida, but also as a valid species (Kaszab 1958a, 1973, 1981; Bologna 2008). One of us (Z. Pan) examined some specimens determined as Z. posticalis by Kaszab (HNHM), and considered those specimens are not different from M. calida except the variable elytral pattern. However, this problem should be resolved after examining the types of Z. posticalis., Published as part of Pan, Zhao & Ren, Guo-Dong, 2020, New synonyms, combinations and status in the Chinese species of the family Meloidae Gyllenhal, 1810 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) with additional faunistic records, pp. 260-286 in Zootaxa 4820 (2) on pages 280-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397628, {"references":["Pallas, P. S. (1782) Icones Insectorum praesertim Rossiae Sibiriaeque peculiarum quae collegit et descritionibus illustravit. Fasciculus secundus. W. Waltheri, Erlangae, pp. 57 - 96 + A-F. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15809","Olivier, A. G. (1795) N ° 47. Mylabre, Mylabris. In: Olivier, A. G. (Ed.), Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leurs caracteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres. Tome Troisieme. de Lanneau, Paris, pp. 1 - 15.","Fischer von Waldheim, G. (1823) Entomographie de la Russie, et genres des Insectes. Entomographia Imperii Rossici, sue Caesareae Majestati Alexandro I dicata. Vol. II. Augusti Semen Typographi, Mosquae, xx + 264 pp.","Olivier, A. G. (1811) Encyclopedie methodique, ou par ordre de matieres; par une societe de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes; precedee d'un vocubulaire universel, servant de table pour tout l'ouvrage, ornee des portraits de Mm. Diderot & d'Alembert, premiers editeurs de l'Encyclopedie. Histoire naturelle. Insectes. Tome Huitieme. H. Agasse, Paris, 722 pp.","Reiche, L. J. (1866) Etude sur les epeces de mylabrides de la collection de L. Reiche, suivie d'une note sur le genre Trigonums Mulsant et description d'une espece nouvelle. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 4, 5, 627 - 642.","Tauscher, A. M. (1812) Enumeratio et descriptio insectorum e familia Cantharidarum quae in Russia observavit. Memories de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 3, 129 - 164, 2 pls.","Chevrolat, L. A. A. (1840) Description de mylabrides de Barbarie. Revue Entomologique (G. Silbermann), 5, 266 - 279, 1 pl. [1837]","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. von (1870) Familia LX. Cantharidae. In: Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. von (Eds.), Catalogus coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom. VII. Tenebrionidae, Nilionidae, Pythidae, Melandryidae, Lagriidae, Pedilidae, Anthicidae, Pyrochroidae, Mordellidae, Rhipidophoridae, Cantharidae, Oedemeridae. E. H. Gummi, Monachii, pp. 2124 - 2164.","Heyden, L. F. J. D. von (1881) Catalog der Coleopteren von Sibirien mit Einschluss derjenigen der Turanischen Lander, Turkestans und der chinesischen Grenzgebiete. A. W. Schade's Buchdrnekerei, Berlin, 224 pp.","Pic, M. (1896) Descriptions et notes diverses. L'Echange, Revue Linneenne, 12, 61 - 62.","Pic, M. (1897) Excursion entomologique dans le sud de l'Algerie. Miscellanca Entomologica, 5, 2 - 3, 35 - 38.","Escherich, K. L. (1899) Zur kenntniss der Coleopteren-Gattung Zonabris Harold. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 18, 97 - 109.","Pic, M. (1920) Notes diverse, descriptions et diagnoses (Suite). L'Echange, Revue Linneenne, 36, 13.","Pic, M. (1930 b) Notes synonymiques et corrections (Col.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1930, 239 - 241.","Eichler, W. (1924) Nouvelles especes et varietes de coleopteres du Caucase et de l'Asie mineure. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 3, 61 - 68.","Pic, M. (1930 a) Notes diverses, nouveautes. L'Echange, Revue Linneenne, 46, 1 - 3.","Pardo Alcaide, A. (1969) Etudes sur les Meloidae. XXI. Materiaux pour une revision des mylabrides de l'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen orient (2 e partie). Eos, Revista Espanola de Entomologia, 54, 367 - 376.","Makhan, D. & Ezzatpanah, S. (2011) Mylabris aschnae sp. nov., a new blister beetle from Mahallat, Markazi Province, Iran (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Calodema, 192, 1 - 6.","Sumakov, G. G. (1915) Les especes palearctiques du genre Mylabris Fabr. (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 42, 1 - 71.","Sumakov, G. G. (1924) Corrections synonymiques sur quelques especes du genre Mylabris F. Sitzungsberichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Universitat Dorpat, 31, 80 - 90.","Sumakov, G. G. (1930) Catalogue des especes palearctiques de tribu Mylabrina (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Acta Instituti et Musei Zoologici Universitatis Tartuensis, 37, 1 - 114.","Kaszab, Z. (1957) Neue Meloiden aus Iran 1954 (Coleopt.) (Ergebnisse der Entomologischen Reisen Willi Richter, Stuttgart, im Iran 1954 und 1956 - Nr. 6). Jahreschefte des Vereins fur Vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg, 112, 50 - 59.","Kaszab, Z. (1959) Neue Meloiden aus Iran 1954, 1956 (Coleoptera). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde aus dem Staatlichen Museum fur Naturkunde in Stuttgart, 20, 1 - 5.","Kaszab, Z. (1941) Zoologische Ergebnisse der ersten (VI. - X. 1936) und zweiten (V. - VIII. 1937) Forschungsreisen Vasvari's in Kleinasien. IV. Meloidae. Mathematiseher und Naturwissensehaftlieher Anzeiger der UngarisehenAkademie der Wissensehaften, 60, 674 - 681.","Kaszab, Z. (1958 a) Die Meloiden Afghanistans (Coleoptera). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 3, 245 - 312.","Kaszab, Z. (1973) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fauna Afghanistans (Sammelergebnisse von O. Jakes 1963 - 64, D. Povolny 1965, D. Povolny & Fr. Tenora 1966, J. Simek 1965 - 66, D. Povolny, J. Gaisler, Z. Sebek & Fr. Tenora 1967). Meloidae, Col. Casopis Moravskeho Musea, Vedy prirodni, 56 - 57, 267 - 308.","Kaszab, Z. (1981) Faunistische und taxonomische Studien uber Meloiden (Coleoptera). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 73, 159 - 185.","Bologna, M. A. (2008) Meloidae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 5. Tenebrionoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 384 - 390."]}

On the ground of the taxonomic revision of the family Meloidae Gyllenhal, 1810 from China and extensive examination of type specimens, the following new synonyms and combinations of blister beetle species are established: Zonitis bomiensis Tan, 1988 syn. nov. = Longizonitis semirubra (Pic, 1911); Schroetteria subpolita Reitter, 1911 syn. nov. = Megatrachelus politus (Gebler, 1832); Epicauta rishwani Makhan, 2013 syn. nov. = Denierella emmerichi Pic, 1934; Epicauta thailandica Dvořák, 1996 syn. nov. = Denierella venerabilis Kaszab, 1956; Epicauta mojiangensis Tan et Deng, 1993 syn. nov. = Epicauta makliniana Kaszab, 1958; Epicauta xantusi Kaszab, 1952 syn. nov. = Epicauta obscurocephala Reitter, 1905; Lytta badeni Haag-Rutenburg, 1880 syn. nov. = Epicauta sibirica (Pallas, 1773); Epicauta badeni sinica Kaszab, 1960 syn. nov. = Epicauta sibirica (Pallas, 1773); Lytta choui Wang, Wang et Ren, 2012 syn. nov. = Lytta suturella (Motschulsky, 1860); Zonabris calida var. baicalica Pic, 1919 syn. nov. = Mylabris aulica Ménétriés, 1832; Zonitomorpha kimi (Kôno, 1936) comb. nov.; Zonitomorpha miwai (Kôno, 1936) comb. nov.; Zonitoschema fuscimembris (Fairmaire, 1886) comb. nov. Furthermore, Zonitoschema macroxantha yunnana Kaszab, 1960 is provisionally raised to Z. yunnanum stat. nov. A lectotype is designated for Zonitoschema fuscimembris. Six new Chinese province records of five species (Denierella emmerichi, Epicauta obscurocephala, Epicauta sibirica, Lytta suturella, and Mylabris aulica) are reported. Illustrations are provided for 21 type specimens, the aedeagus of two Zonitoschema species, and the antennomere XI of two Mylabris species.

Mylabris (Eumylabris) aulica M��n��tri��s, 1832 Mylabris aulica M��n��tri��s, 1832: 208. Type locality: ��� Lenkoran ���, Azerbaijan. Type depository: ZIN. Zonabris calida var. baicalica Pic, 1919: 22. Type locality: ���Lac Baikal��� (= Lake Baikal, Russia). Type depository: MNHN. syn. nov. Type material examined. Zonabris calida var. baicalica: 1 ex., ���Baikal���, ��� Z. crocata var���, ��� type ���, ��� calida var baicalensis Pic ���, ��� TYPE ���, ��� Mylabris (Eumylabris) aulica M��n��tri��s, 1832 // Det. Pan Z., 2017.I��� (MNHN; Fig. 19). Other material examined from China. BEIJING: 1 ex., Pai t�� (= Yanqing), 1930.VII.29, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Pai t��, 1930.VII.14, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Ya ti (= Yanqing), 1930.VII.18, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Si chan (= Xishan), 1933.VII.10, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Si chan (= Xishan), 1935.VII.6, E. Licent leg. (TMNH). GANSU: 4 exx., Pei la hia (= Tianshui), 1919.VII.27, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 10 exx., east territory, 1996.VI.14, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Baiyin, 2009.VIII.10, Ren Guodong et al. leg. (MHBU); 6 exx., Diebu, Luoda, 2009.VII.9, Ren Guodong et al. leg. (MHBU); 7 exx., Linze, Nijiaying (N38��59.202��� E100��04. 924���, Elev. 1694 m), 2010.VII.26, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 3 exx., Subei (N39��33.402��� E94��50.545���, Elev. 2051 m), 2010.VII.28, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 12 exx., Sunan, 2004.VII.27���28, Du Zhigang & Liu Haoyu leg. (MHBU); 23 exx., Sunan (N38��51.304��� E99��41.145���, Elev. 2463 m), 2010.VII.26, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Sunan, Dongliu Valley (N38��45.723��� E99��38.158���, Elev. 2602 m), 2010.VII.25, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 3 exx., Zhangjiachuan, Nanchuan (Elev. 1700 m), 2003.VII.17, Ba Yibin & Yu Yang leg. (MHBU); 12 exx., Zhangye, 2006.VIII.10, Ren Guodong & Ba Yibin leg. (MHBU). HEBEI: 1 ex., Tchang kia tchoang (= Zhangjiazhuang), 1914.VII.3, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Tchang kia tchoang, 1914.VII.7, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Tchang kia tchoang, 1914.VII.29, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Tchang kia tchoang, 1914.VII.1, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Tchang kia tchoang, 1914.VII.7, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Tchang kia tchoang, 1914.VII.19, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Tchang kia tchoang, 1914.VII.21, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Siu p��uoze (= Xinbo), 1927.VII.9, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 3 exx., T��ou tao keou (= Xinbo), 1927.VII.13, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Yu linn Koan (= Yu County), 1929.VII.12, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 5 exx., La Trappe (= Yangjiaping), 1929.VII.14���15, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Si ling (= Yangjiaping), 1929.VII.21, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Trappe (= Yangjiaping), 1930.VII.24, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Trappe (= Yangjiaping), 1931.VII, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 2 exx., Trappe (= Yangjiaping), 1931.VII, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Fuping, Shipuxia, 1999.VIII.4, Shi Aimin et al. leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Fuping, Longquanguan, 1999.VIII.6, Cui Wenming et al. leg. (MHBU); 5 exx., Laiyuan, Mt. Baishi, 1999.VIII.1���3, Shi Aimin leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Laiyuan, Mt. Baishi, 1999.VIII.6, Cui Wenming & Li Xinjiang leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Laiyuan, Mt. Baishi, 1999.VIII.22, Li Xinjiang et al. leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Laiyuan, Mt. Baishi (N39��14.725��� E114��38.530���, Elev. 956 m), 2012.VII.15, Ba Yibin & Sun Xiaojie leg. (MHBUa); 2 exx., Xian County, 2000.VII.26, Li Zhifu leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Weichang, Taoshan Forest Farm, 2000.VII.22, Xue Huaijun leg. (NKU); 1 ex., Chengde, Yudaokou, 2004.VI.12���18, Gao Chao leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Mt. Wuling, 1974.VIII (NKU); 2 exx., Zhe County, Suobao Forest Farm, 1998.VII.21���23, Lin Zhiqiang leg. (MHBU); 18 exx., Beidaihe, Mt. Dongpenglai, 1957.V.29 (NKU); 1 ex., Changli, 1958.VII.14 (NKU); 1 ex., Chan-gli, 1958.VII.19 (TMNH); 1 ex., Wuqiang, 2000.VII.23���25, Wang Zhijian leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Qinglongxia Forest Farm, 1998.VII.23���26, Ren Qiuzhuang et al. leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Qinglong, Zushan (N40��13.467��� E119��27.225���, Elev. 365 m), 2012.VIII.5, Niu Yiping & Sun Xiaojie leg. (MHBUa); 2 exx., Luan County, 2001.VII.22, Yang Xiujuan leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Mt. Heilong, East Vally (N41˚19.868��� E116˚09.203���, Elev. 1445 m), 2015.VIII.21, Niu Yiping & Yan Yan leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Fengning, Datan, Zhalaying, 2000.VII.26, Zhang Wanliang leg. (NKU); 3 exx., Kangbao, Tunken Forest Farm, 1998.VII.23���31, Tian Xinsheng et al. leg. (MHBU); 5 exx., Kangbao, Tunken Forest Farm, 2000.VII.30���VII.1, Xue Huaijun leg. (NKU); 1 ex., Shangyi, Daqinggou (N41��19.508��� E114��08.260���, Elev. 1384 m), 2012.VII.24, Ba Yibin & Niu Yiping leg. (MHBUa); 5 exx., Yu County, Mt. Xiaowutai, 1999.VII.24, Shi Aimin leg. (MHBU); 18 exx., Mt. Xiaowutai, 2001.VII.5���17 (MHBU); 2 exx., Yu County, Mt. Xiaowutai, 2007. VIII.27���30, Li Yalin leg. (MHBU); 3 exx., Yu County, Mt. Xiaowutai, 2008.VII.17, Li Yalin leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Yu County, Mt. Xiaowutai, Jinhekou, 1998.VII.29, Liu Shiyu leg. (MHBU); 4 exx., Yu County, Mt. Xiaowutai, Jinhekou, 1999.VII.21, Li Xinjiang leg. (MHBU); 99 exx., Yu County, Jinhekou, 2005.VII.10���11, Li Jing & Wang Fengyan leg. (MHBU); 76 exx., Mt. Xiaowutai, Jinhekou, 2006.VII.7���11 (MHBU); 3 exx., Yu County, Jinhekou, 2009.VI.18���19, Wang Xinpu & Gao Zhenhua leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Yu County, Jinhekou, 2014.VII.16, Niu Yiping & Bai Xinglong leg. (MHBU); 4 exx., Mt. Xiaowutai, Zhangjiayao, 2014.VII.2, Dong Saihong & Liu Shanshan leg. (MHBUa); 1 ex., Yu County, Chiyapu, 2000.VIII.2, Wang Wenxiang leg. (NKU); 3 exx., Yu County, Wangxidong, 2009.VI.21, Wang Xinpu & Lang Juntong leg. (MHBU); 30 exx., Yu County, Shanjiankou, 2005.VII.17���21, Li Jing & Wang Fengyan leg. (MHBU); 11 exx., Zhuolu, Shanjiankou, 2009.VI.21���24, Wang Xinpu & Ran Hongfan leg. (MHBU); 6 exx., Zhuolu, Yangjiaping, 2002.VII.11���19, Shi Aimin et al. leg. (MHBU); 50 exx., Zhuolu, Yangjiaping, 2002.VII.12, Shi Aimin & Liu Xiaoli leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Zhuolu, Yangjiaping, 2005.VII.10���24, Li Jing & Hua Huiran leg. (MHBU); 17 exx., Zhuolu, Yangjiaping, 2009.VI.25���29, Wang Xinpu & Gao Zhenhua leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Zhuolu, Mt. Xiling, 2009.VI.26, Wang Xinpu & Lang Juntong leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Zhuolu, Chadao Forest Farm, 1999.VII.18, Li Xinjiang leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Huailai, Guanting, 1999.VIII.9, Tian Xinsheng et al. leg. (MHBU); 396 exx., Zhangjiakou, Guyuan, 2009.VII.14, Wang Jianfang leg. (MHBU). HEILONGJIANG: 1 ex., Harbin (= Haerbin), 1928.VII, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Harbin, 1931.VII.23, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Nianzishan, 2011.VIII.8, Zhao Yanan leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Ningan, Jingbo Lake, 2003.VII.7, Tian Ying leg. (NKU); 1 ex., Ningan, Jingbo Lake (Elev. 350 m), 2003.VII.11, Yu Xin leg. (NKU). INNER MONGOLIA: 1 ex., Sjiling gol (= Xilingol), 1924.VII.12, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 3 exx., K��pots��i, 1924.VII.29, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Kin p��ng (= Hexigten), 1927.VII.30, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 2 exx., T���ou tch��ng (= Jining), 1931.VII.4, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Chen pa (= Hanggin Houqi), 1937.VII.2, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., 1981.VII.13 (NKU); 1 ex., 20 km N. E. of Arxan (Elev. 1200 m), 2008.VI.30, Floriani, Saldaitis (IRSNB); 4 exx., Ar Horqin Qi (N43��55.183��� E119��53.067���, Elev. 475 m), 2012.VII.27, Ba Yibin & Niu Yiping leg. (MHBUa); 26 exx., Ar Horqin, Fenghuangshan (N43��20.675��� E118��30.795���, Elev. 475 m), 2012.VII.27, Ba Yibin et al. leg. (MHBU); 6 exx., Bayan Obo, 1991.VIII.3, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU); 9 exx., Darhan Muminggan, Baiyanhua, 2004.VII.13���15, Du Zhigang & Liu Haoyu leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Darhan Muminggan, Bailingmiao, 2004.VIII.12���16, Du Zhigang & Liu Haoyu leg. (MHBU); 48 exx., Dongsheng, 2010.VII.21, Ren Guodong et al. leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Ewenki Qi, 1991.VII.30, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Erguna, Heishantou, 2009.VII.25, Shi Fuming leg. (MHBU); 5 exx., Erenhot (N43��36.706��� E111��59.59���, Elev. 961 m), 2014.VII.10, Liu Haoyu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBUa); 1 ex., Fengzhen, 2004.VIII.4���5, Du Zhigang & Liu Haoyu leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Fengzhen, 2006.VII.17, Ren Guodong & Ba Yibin leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Hailar, 1981.VIII.5 (NXU); 2 exx., Hailar, East Mountain, 1981.VII.9, Ren Shuzhi leg. (NKU); 1 ex., Hanggin Qi, Sishililiang, 2013.VI.5, Zhao Yu & Bai Xinglong leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Mt. Helan, Bei Temple, 2010.VII.24, Ren Guodong et al. leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Huade, 2004.VII.9, Du Zhigang & Liu Haoyu leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Huade, Gonglahudong (N41��59.279��� E113��52.591���, Elev. 1530 m), 2014.VII.10, Liu Haoyu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBUa); 4 exx., Horqin Qi, Longshan (N42��00.637��� E118��48.410���, Elev. 687 m), 2012.VIII.3, Niu Yiping & Sun Xiaojie leg. (MHBUa); 7 exx., Horqin Youyi Zhongqi, Hangali Lake (N45��08.363��� E121��28.400���, Elev. 310 m), 2012.VII.29, Ba Yibin et al. leg. (MHBUa); 3 exx., Hexigten Qi, Mt. Junzi, 1994.VI.18, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU); 5 exx., Liangcheng, 2006.VII.17, Ren Guodong & Ba Yibin leg. (MHBU); 6 exx., Liangcheng, Dai-hai (N40��37.057��� E112��40.182���, Elev. 1228 m), 2012.VII.23, Ba Yibin & Niu Yiping leg. (MHBUa); 1 ex., Li-angcheng, Erlongshitai, 2013.VI.18, Sun Xiaojie & Chang Yumei leg. (MHBU); 16 exx., Manzhouli, 2009.VII.21, Shi Fuming leg. (MHBU); 22 exx., Manzhouli, 2011.VIII.10, Zhao Yanan leg. (MHBU); 13 exx., Manzhouli, Erka, 2009.VII.23, Shi Fuming leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Tongliao, Daqinggou (N42��50.292��� E122��09.697���, Elev. 256 m), 2012.VII.31, Niu Yiping & Sun Xiaojie leg. (MHBUa); 10 exx., Tongliao, Jarud Qi, Xiangshan, Dongsheng (N44��26.808��� E120��41.032���, Elev. 346 m), 2014.VII.26, Pan Zhao leg. (MHBUa); 6 exx., Ulanqab, Siziwang Qi, 1972.VII.6 (NKU); 1 ex., Ulanqab, Changhanliang (N40��46.982��� E112��49.278���, Elev. 1663 m), 2012.VII.23, Ba Yibin & Niu Yiping leg. (MHBUa); 5 exx., Urad Zhongqi, Wujia River, 2008.VII.16, Zhang Chengli leg. (MHBU); 5 exx., West Ujimqin Qi, Wulan (Elev. 1320 m), 2009.VIII.8, Guo Yuanchao leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Xilinhot, 1994. VI.16, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU); 15 exx., Xilinhot, 2009.VII.18, Huo Qingwei leg. (MHBU); 2♂ 1♀, Xilingol, 1974.VII (NKU); 1 ex., Xilingol, Zhenglan Qi (Elev. 1300 m), 1965.VII.23, Liu Guoqing leg. (NKU); 10 exx., Xilingol, Abag Qi, Bieligutai (N43��57.000��� E115��11.769���, Elev. 1205 m), 2014.VII.12, Pan Zhao et al. leg. (MH-BUa); 3 exx., Xilingol, Zhengxiangbai Qi, Mingantu (Elev. 1350 m), 2009.VII.8, Guo Yuanchao leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Xilingol, Zhengxiangbai Qi, Mingantu (Elev. 1350 m), 2009.VII.18, Guo Yuanchao leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Xilin-gol, Zhengxiangbai Qi, Mingantu, 2012.VII.10, Guo Yuanchao leg. (MHBU); 4 exx., Xilingol, Zhengxiangbai Qi, Mingantu, 2012.VII.29, Guo Yuanchao leg. (MHBU); 4 exx., Zhengxiangbai Qi, Ulanqab, Buridu (Elev. 1100 m), 2009.VII.24, Guo Yuanchao leg. (MHBU); 3 exx., Zhengxiangbai Qi, Yangquntan (N42��11.193��� E114��56.365���, Elev. 1266 m), 2012.VII.24, Ba Yibin & Niu Yiping leg. (MHBUa); 149 exx., Xin Barag Zuoqi, 2004.VII.25, Ren Guodong & Hou Wenjun leg. (MHBU); 3 exx., Wuchuan, 2006.VII.18, Ren Guodong & Ba Yibin leg. (MHBU). JILIN: 5 exx., Tongyu, Xianghai (N45��02.210��� E122��24.852���, Elev. 168 m), 2012.VII.30, Ba Yibin & Niu Yiping leg. (MHBUa). NINGXIA: 1 ex., Voyage au Sud du Yen tch�� (= Yanchi), 1916.VII.10, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 2 exx., Cheu tsoei ze (= Shizuizi), 1919.VII.9, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Guyuan, Woyangchuan Forest Farm, 2008. VII.8, Ran Hongfan et al. leg. (MHBU); 23 exx., Guyuan, Kaicheng, 2009.VII.16, Wang Xinpu & Ran Hongfan leg. (MHBU); 3 exx., Guyuan, Mt. Xumi, 2009.VII.17, Wang Xinpu & Ran Hongfan leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Haiyuan, Huangjiazhuang, 1987.VII.19 (MHBU); 54 exx., Haiyuan, Mt. Pailu, 2009.VII.18, Wang Xinpu & Ran Hongfan leg. (MHBU); 40 exx., Haiyuan, Mt. Pailu (Elev. 1885 m), 2012.VI.3, Wang Xinpu & Zhao Yanan leg. (NXU); 4 exx., Haiyuan, Mt. Nanhua (Elev. 2450 m), 2012.VI.2, Wang Xinpu leg. (NXU); 1 ex., Mt. Helan, 1990.VIII.6 (MHBU); 201 exx., Mt. Helan, Jinshan, 2012.VIII.18, Wang Xinpu leg. (NXU); 13 exx., Hongsipu, Xinzhuangji (Elev. 1900 m), 2012.VI.30, Jia Yanxia leg. (NXU); 21 exx., Jingyuan, Xixia, 2009.VII.9���10, Wang Xinpu & Zhao Xiaolin leg. (MHBU); 5 exx., Pingluo, 1989.VII.13 (MHBU); 20 exx., Pingluo, Nuanquan (N38��49.179��� E106��10.725���, Elev. 1135 m), 2010.VII.22, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBUa); 1 ex., Tongxin, Mt. Daluo, 1984.VI, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU); 62 exx., Yanchi, Sidunzi (Elev. 1430 m), 2012.VII.4, He Qi & Qian Fengli leg. (NXU); 1 ex., Yanchi, Liuyangpu, 2015.VII.24, Xin Ming & Chen Lei leg. (MHBU). QINGHAI: 3 exx., Ton-gren (Elev. 2240 m), 2008.VI.30, Ren Guodong et al. leg. (MHBU); 5 exx., Tongren, Baoan (N35��43.337��� E102��03.586���, Elev. 2203 m), 2012.VIII.2, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Jianzha, Yangjiang (N35��54.519��� E102��03.937���, Elev. 2081 m), 2012.VIII.3, Ren Guodong et al. leg. (MHBU). SHAANXI: 1 ex., Hoa yinn miao (= Huayin), 1916.VII.29, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Boro Balgassoun (= Ningtiaoliang), 1922.VII.31, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Boro Balgassoun (= Ningtiaoliang), 1922.VII.3, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 5 exx., Lei long wan (near Yulin), 1932.VII.16, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Dali, 2004.VI.17, Shi Fuming leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Qin-gjian, 2002.VIII.10, Wang Wenqiang leg. (MHBU); 11 exx., Qingjian (Elev. 700 m), 2003.VII.20, Ba Yibin & Yu Yang leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Mizhi, 2002.VIII.11 (MHBU); 2 exx., Yan���an, Zaoyuan, 2004.VI.24, Yuan Caixia leg. (MHBU). SHANDONG: 3 exx., Yantai, South Mountain, 1953.VII.16���19, Xie Biqiang et al. leg. (NKU). SHANXI: 2 exx., Ta t��ng fou (= Datong), 1914.VII.6, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Ou loungchan (= Changzhi), 1915.VII.25, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Louo sseu ts��unn, 1915.VII.2���3, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Sze tcheou (= Xi-zhou), 1916.VII.15, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Ningwu, Ximafang (Elev. 1430 m), 2011.IX.1 (SHNU); 61 exx., Datong, 2006.VII.17, Ren Guodong & Ba Yibin leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Hunyuan, Mt. Heng, 2006.VIII.16, Ren Guodong & Ba Yibin leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., E Yangquan (N37��53.655��� E113��35.783���, Elev. 721 m), 2012.VII.18, Niu Yiping & Sun Xiaojie leg. (MHBUa); 8 exx., Yu County, Liangjiazhai (N38��26.120��� E113��32.538���, Elev. 458 m), 2012.VII.18, Ba Yibin & Niu Yiping leg. (MHBUa); 1 ex., Zuoyun, Santun (N40��10.157��� E112��41.647���, Elev. 1567 m), 2012.VII.22, Niu Yiping & Sun Xiaojie leg. (MHBUa). SICHUAN: 2 exx., Danba, Mt. Beijia (Elev. 2200 m), 1999.VII.29, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU). TIANJIN: 2 exx., Tien tsin (= Tianjin), 1935.VII.24, E. Licent leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Tien tsin (= Tianjin), 1935.VII.24, E. Licent leg. (TMNH). XINJIANG: 2 exx., Altay, 1975.VII.23, Liu Shengli leg. (TMNH); 1 ex., Altay, 1992.VIII.12, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., Burqin, 1992.VIII.19, Ren Guodong leg. (MHBU); 2 exx., Burqin (Elev. 504 m), 2012.VII.2, Zhao Yanan leg. (NXU); 15 exx., Burqin, Wucaitan (N47��48.334��� E86��43.733���, Elev. 491 m), 2010.VIII.10, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 58 exx., Fuhai, Aerda (N47��08.445��� E87��32.554���, Elev. 496 m), 2010.VIII.7, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 145 exx., Fuhai, Kalamagai (N46��41.762��� E87��45.338���, Elev. 563 m), 2010.VIII.8, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (136 MHBU; 9 MHBUa); 2 exx., Habahe, 1975.VII.7, Liu Shengli leg. (TMNH); 1♂, Habahe, Yufang, 1975.VII.7 (NKU); 27 exx., Habahe, Akeqi (N48��01.361��� E86��30.665���, Elev. 510 m), 2010.VIII.9, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU); 1 ex., W Mori (N43��50.154��� E90��16.99���, Elev. 1250 m), 2010.VIII.3, Wang Xinpu & Pan Zhao leg. (MHBU). Distribution. China: Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan (new record), Tianjin, Xinjiang; Azerbaijan, Kazakh-stan, Mongolia, Russia. Remarks. Zonabris calida var. baicalica Pic, 1919 was included in the intraspecific variation or synonymy of Mylabris calida (Pallas, 1782) (Sumakov 1930; Bologna 2008). After the examination of the type of Z. calida var. baicalica, we found that its frons lacks red spots, antennomere XI is sub-ovoid, with blunt apex (such as Fig. 20), and ventrite V is totally black. So, we considered it as a junior synonym of M. aulica. Mylabris aulica was poorly known until now and usually named as M. calida in the Chinese literature (Tan 1986; Yuan et al. 1988; Ma et al. 1991; Guo 1994; Tan et al. 1995; Lei & Zhou 1998; Zhu et al. 1999; Pan et al. 2010a, b, 2011b, 2013b; Wang et al. 2013). M. aulica could be easily distinguished from M. calida by the shape of antennomere XI: sub-ovoid with blunt apex in M. aulica (Fig. 20); and sub-fusiform, with pointed apex in M. calida (Fig. 21)., Published as part of Pan, Zhao & Ren, Guo-Dong, 2020, New synonyms, combinations and status in the Chinese species of the family Meloidae Gyllenhal, 1810 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) with additional faunistic records, pp. 260-286 in Zootaxa 4820 (2) on pages 276-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397628, {"references":["Menetries, E. (1832) Catalogue raisonne des objets de zoologie recueillis dans un voyage au Caucase et jusqu'aux frontieres actuelles de la Perse entrepris par l'ordre de S. M. l'Empereur. Academie des Sciences, St. Petersburg, xxxiii + 272 + iv + [1] pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51784","Pic, M. (1919) Notes diverses, descriptions et diagnoses (Suite). L'Echange, Revue Linneenne, 35, 21 - 22.","Pallas, P. S. (1782) Icones Insectorum praesertim Rossiae Sibiriaeque peculiarum quae collegit et descritionibus illustravit. Fasciculus secundus. W. Waltheri, Erlangae, pp. 57 - 96 + A-F. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15809","Sumakov, G. G. (1930) Catalogue des especes palearctiques de tribu Mylabrina (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Acta Instituti et Musei Zoologici Universitatis Tartuensis, 37, 1 - 114.","Bologna, M. A. (2008) Meloidae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 5. Tenebrionoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 384 - 390.","Tan, J. J. (1986) Meloidae. In: Institute of Zoology (Ed.), Agricultural Insects of China (Vol. I). Agricultural Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 483 - 487.","Yuan, F., Ma, J. Q., Lei, Z. R. & Gao, T. P. (1988) A preliminary investigation on the cantharidin resources of Shaanxi Province. Acta Universitatis Septentrionali Occidentalis Agriculturalis, 16, 23 - 28.","Ma, Y., Li, H. C. & Kang, L. (1991) The grassland insects of Inner Mongolia. Tianze Eldonejo, Yangling, 467 pp.","Guo, Y. C. (1994) The species and distribution of Meloidae from Inner Mongolia. Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology, 1, 4, 22.","Tan, J. J., Zhang, Y. W., Wang, S. Y., Deng, Z. J. & Zhu, C. X. (1995) Investigation on the natural resources and utilization of the Chinese medicinal beetles-Meloidae. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 38, 324 - 331.","Lei, C. L. & Zhou, Z. B. (1998) Insect catalogue of Hubei Province. Hubei Science and Technology Publishing House, Wuhan, 650 pp.","Zhu, C. Q., Zhu, D. M. & Yin, X. M. (1999) Insect fauna of Henan, Coleoptera (1). Henan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 466 pp., 52 pls.","Pan, Z., Wang, X. P. & Ren, G. D. (2010 a) Meloidae. In: Ren, G. D. (Ed.), Fauna of Invertebrata from Liupan Mountain. Press of Hebei University, Baoding, pp. 184 - 187.","Wang, X. P., Pan, Z. & Ren, G. D. (2013) Meloidae. In: Bai, X. S., Cai, W. Z. & Nonnaizab (Eds.), Insects from Mt. Helan, Inner Mongolia. Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, Hohhot, pp. 372 - 375, pl. 22."]}

In this study, the blister beetles belonging to the Hycleus sexmaculatus species group are revised. Morphological characters are described and figured for each species and keys to both male and female are provided. Hycleus hayki new species from Southwest Iran is described and the following new synonymies are proposed: Mylabris triangulifera ab. reitterioides Mader 1929 = Hycleus bipunctatus (Olivier, 1811) new synonymy ; Mylabris triangulifera ab. bushirensis Mader 1929 = Hycleus bipunctatus (Olivier, 1811) new synonymy ; Mylabris javeti Marseul, 1870 = Hycleus colligatus (Redtenbacher, 1850) new synonymy ; Mylabris javeti umbilicatus Kaszab, 1958 = Hycleus colligatus (Redtenbacher, 1850) new synonymy ; Hycleus amrishi Makhan, 2012 = Hycleus cingulatus (Faldermann, 1837) new synonymy . Additional remarks which rectify previous errors in the identification of the species are provided. The taxonomic positions of Zonabris soumacovi Pic, 1930 and Zonabris sialanus Pic, 1929 are also discussed. Phylogenetic relationships of the species, based on a subset of available species inferred from molecular data are proposed, and some morphologically defined subgroups of species are distinguished with the molecular support. The geographic and ecological distributions of all the species are defined, and a detailed list of localities is provided. The ecological information including phenology, elevation and host plants of the species are summarized in a table. Based on literature records, collections and recently collected data, the distribution of the sexmaculatus species and their biogeographic characteristics are discussed.

Cantharidin (CTD), the main active component of a poisonous traditional Chinese medicine (PTCM) Mylabris, exhibits highly effective therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the severe toxicity of CTD on the digestive and urinary systems prevents its clinical application. Here, CTD-loaded micelles (mPEG-PLGA-CTD) were prepared for enhancement of the antitumor efficacy and reduction of the toxicity of CTD. mPEG-PLGA-CTD comprised uniform spherical particles with particle size of 25.32 ± 1.25 nm and zeta potential of -5.70 ± 0.76 mV, exhibiting good stability and biocompatibility. mPEG-PLGA-CTD showed high toxicity on HepG2 cells by improving apoptosis and inhibiting protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) compared to the low toxicity on l -02 hepatocytes. Intravenous injection of mPEG-PLGA-CTD led to a long circulation half-life of drugs, enhanced drug accumulation in the tumor tissues, and reduced drug accumulation in the other organs (e.g., the kidney) due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect compared to injection of free CTD; more importantly, the highly efficient antitumor effect and low systemic toxicity were achieved. A micellar formulation is very useful for enhancement of therapeutic efficacy and reduction of systemic toxicity of PTCMs.

Cantharidin (CTD), an important active compound derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Mylabris (also called Banmao), has been used in the treatment of diseases such as tumors and dermatosis. However, Mylabris has been shown to induce hepatotoxicity in clinical practice and animal experiments, limiting its use. Further, a detailed mechanism underlying CTD-induced hepatotoxicity has not been determined. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), autophagy, and apoptosis on CTD-induced hepatotoxicity. We found that CTD could inhibit the proliferation of LO2 cells; increase alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malondialdehyde levels; and reduce glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Western blotting showed that low concentrations of CTD induced the expressions of ERS-related proteins [GRP78, ATF4, PERK, p-PERK, XBP1-1 s, and CHOP], but high concentrations of CTD inhibited their expressions. Furthermore, high concentrations of CTD activated autophagy (LC3, Beclin-1, Atg3, Atg4A, Atg4B, and Atg7), induced the expressions of apoptotic proteins (Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3), and increased LO2 toxicity. Taken together, these results indicated that CTD can induce LO2 cytotoxicity by inhibiting ERS and inducing autophagy and apoptosis, which provides a scientific basis for CTD-induced hepatotoxicity.

Cantharidin (CTD), a compound secreted from Mylabris species, exhibits strong antitumor properties; however, hepatotoxicity restricts its clinical application. The mechanism by which CTD induces toxicity remains unclear. In the present study, the hepatotoxicity of CTD in the rat was investigated using a metabolomic approach combined with conventional pathology methods. A total of 30 rats were intragastrically treated with two doses of CTD (0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg) for 15 days to evaluate hepatotoxicity. Serum and liver samples were collected for biochemical dynamics analyses, histopathological examination and metabolomic analysis. It was found that liver index and serum biochemical indices were significantly increased. Furthermore, the pathology results showed that hepatocytes and subcellular organelles were damaged. Metabolomics analysis found 4 biomarkers in serum and 15 in the liver that were associated with CTD-induced hepatotoxicity. In addition, these were responsible for CTD hepatotoxicity by glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. In conclusion, conventional pathology and metabolomics for exploring hepatotoxicity can provide useful information about the safety and potential risks of CTD.

Mylabris aulica is a widely distributed blister beetle of the Meloidae family. It has the ability to synthesize a potent defensive secretion that includes cantharidin, a toxic compound used to treat many major illnesses. However, owing to the lack of genetic studies on cantharidin biosynthesis in M. aulica, the commercial use of this species is less extensive than that of other blister beetle species in China. This study reports a draft assembly and possible genes and pathways related to cantharidin biosynthesis for the M. aulica blister beetle using nanopore sequencing data. The draft genome assembly size was 288.5 Mb with a 467.8 Kb N50, and a repeat content of 50.62%. An integrated gene finding pipeline performed for assembly obtained 16,500 protein coding genes. Benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs assessment showed that this gene set included 94.4% complete Insecta universal single-copy orthologs. Over 99% of these genes were assigned functional annotations in the gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, or Genbank non-redundant databases. Comparative genomic analysis showed that the completeness and continuity of our assembly was better than those of Hycleus cichorii and Hycleus phaleratus blister beetle genomes. The analysis of homologous orthologous genes and inference from evolutionary history imply that the Mylabris and Hycleus genera are genetically close, have a similar genetic background, and have differentiated within one million years. This M. aulica genome assembly provides a valuable resource for future blister beetle studies and will contribute to cantharidin biosynthesis.

The Vigna genus is an important genus of Leguminosae family comprising well-established pulses such as black gram, mung bean and cowpea. These pulses are grown in virtually every corner of the world. They are also recognized valuable for global food production and nutrition. In recent years, considerable emphasis has been laid on the improvement of the yield of these crops. The low production of these pulses is attributed to abiotic and biotic stresses. The biotic stresses often pose a serious threat to their production by increasing cost of cultivation and impairing quality of produce. A number of insect–pests and diseases are known to infest these crops and cause significant damage to foliage and pods thereby reducing the yield from these crops. For example, the floral infestation of blister beetle (Mylabris pustulata) one of the important pests of pulse crops, causes 47.93%, 37.00%, 26.67%, and 17.53% reduction in the yield of pigeon pea, cowpea, urd bean, and mung bean, respectively (Durairaj 2001). Duraimurugan and Tyagi (2014) also reported that the losses due to insect–pest on different varieties of mung bean and urd bean ranged from 27.03% to 38.06% and 15.62% to 30.96% with an average loss of 32.97% and 24.03%, respectively.

The sperm ultrastructure of some beetles of Tenebrionoidea was studied with particular attention to those of the Ripiphoridae, Mordellidae, and Meloidae. These three groups are often thought to form a clade, which is the sister group of the remaining Tenebrionoidea. The testes of the two former families have thinner but longer spermatic cysts containing fewer and longer sperm. Within each cyst all sperm cells have the same orientation, but cross sections showed that the orientation of the axonemes alternate between adjacent cysts, possibly due to the cysts bending on themselves. In both families the sperm has a bilayered acrosome and the flagellum, which shows mitochondrial derivatives starting laterally to the nuclear base, has a typical 9 + 9+2 axoneme with accessory tubules provided with 16 protofilaments in their wall, and well-structured triangular shaped accessory bodies. In Mordellistena sp (Mordellidae) sperm, both mitochondrial derivatives and accessory bodies are somewhat asymmetrical. Moreover, the flagellum shows a very thin and long tail end provided with only accessory tubules. Meloidae species have testes with thicker sperm cysts containing numerous shorter sperm. Within the individual cysts the sperm flagella exhibit an alternating orientation of their axonemes as consequence of a peculiar spermatogenetic process. The flagellar structure is similar to that of the above-mentioned species, but the accessory bodies are not well defined and constituted by fuzzy material. In Mylabris hieracii (Meloidae) sperm, the acrosome is flat with a conspicuous perforatorium and its nucleus has a peculiar quadrangular section. Berberomeloe majalis sperm has a large acrosome with an unusual pentagonal perforatorium. The centriolar structure of Mylabris variabilis shows a complex of dense radial links connecting the microtubular structures to the plasma membrane. These results suggest that Ripiphoridae have a closer relationship with Mordellidae than with Meloidae. These findings are in agreement with results obtained with molecular data.

Objective: Evaluation of discrimination between two Mylabris Species based on HPLC fingerprinting and spectrum-antitumor effect relationship. Methods: In this study, a simple and efficient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method integrating with chemometric analysis and spectrum-antitumor effect relationship was developed for discrimination between two species of Mylabris: Mylabris phalerata Pallas (MP) and Mylabris cichorii Linnaeus (MC). Results: In the fingerprint analysis, 14 characteristic peaks were selected to assess the differences between MP and MC using the similarity and pattern recognition analysis using PCA and OPLS-DA. The HPLC chromatograms of samples from 10 regions of China showed differences between MP and MC, and 7 characteristic chemical markers were found. In the spectrum-antitumor effect relationship analysis, 4 activity markers played a vital role in decreasing the IC50 and might be the antitumor components of Mylabris by grey relational analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis. The chemometric analysis in combination with spectrum-effect relationship results indicated that peaks 2 (cytosine), 4 (unknown) and 14 (unknown) were important differential markers for distinguishing the two species of Mylabris. Conclusion: The method is applicable, credible and more efficient to discriminate MP and MC, and will offer a new way for facilitating quality control of insect medicines.

Orange banded blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata is an important species of Blister beetles and has been found to cause economic damage due to its polyphagous nature. In the present study, M. pustulata was found to be feeding on maize crop from Sarson village of Almora, Uttarakhand which is located on a ridge at the southern edge of the Kumaon Hills of the Himalaya range. This article brings into notice the damage by M. pustulata first time on maize from the specified area. The morphological features such as characteristic wing pattern, mouthparts, antennae etc. and feeding on sap or solid matter of floral or fruit in a similar manner as described in earlier texts revealed the similarity of test insect with M. pustulata.

In this study, norcantharidin (NCTD), a small-molecule anticancer drug derived from Chinese traditional medicine blister beetle (Mylabris), was conjugated covalently onto carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). Then the hepatocellular carcinoma therapeutic properties and liver-protective effects were investigated through orthotopic transplantation tumor model. Results showed that the obtained CMCS-NCTD demonstrated remarkable anti-growth efficacy against hepatocellular 22 in mice. Significant improvement of the liver injury caused by cancer cells was observed in tumor-bearing mice administrated with CMCS-NCTD. Moreover, CMCS-NCTD remarkably increased the serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, TIMP-1 and E-cadherin in mice treated for 12days. Administration of CMCS-NCTD significantly reduced the elevated serum ALT, AST, VEGF and MMP-9 levels of tumor-bearing mice. In addition, activities of SOD and GSH-Px in serum or homogenate of the CMCS-NCTD treated mice were significantly high when compared with model control group. Our data suggested that CMCS-NCTD was a promising candidate as an anti-hepatoma and liver-protection compound.

Background Insect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) exhibit high diversity in some lineages. The gene rearrangement and large intergenic spacer (IGS) have been reported in several Coleopteran species, although very little is known about mitogenomes of Meloidae. Results We determined complete or nearly complete mitogenomes of seven meloid species. The circular genomes encode 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and contain a control region, with gene arrangement identical to the ancestral type for insects. The evolutionary rates of all PCGs indicate that their evolution is based on purifying selection. The comparison of tRNA secondary structures indicates diverse substitution patterns in Meloidae. Remarkably, all mitogenomes of the three studied Hycleus species contain two large intergenic spacers (IGSs). IGS1 is located between trnW and trnC, including a 9 bp consensus motif. IGS2 is located between trnS2 (UCN) and nad1, containing discontinuous repeats of a pentanucleotide motif and two 18-bp repeat units in both ends. To date, IGS2 is found only in genera Hycleus across all published Coleopteran mitogenomes. The duplication/random loss model and slipped-strand mispairing are proposed as evolutionary mechanisms for the two IGSs (IGS1, IGS2). The phylogenetic analyses using MrBayes, RAxML, and PhyloBayes methods based on nucleotide and amino acid datasets of 13 PCGs from all published mitogenomes of Tenebrionoids, consistently recover the monophylies of Meloidae and Tenebrionidae. Within Meloidae, the genus Lytta clusters with Epicauta rather than with Mylabris. Although data collected thus far could not resolve the phylogenetic relationships within Meloidae, this study will assist in future mapping of the Meloidae phylogeny. Conclusions This study presents mitogenomes of seven meloid beetles. New mitogenomes retain the genomic architecture of the Coleopteran ancestor, but contain two IGSs in the three studied Hycleus species. Comparative analyses of two IGSs suggest that their evolutionary mechanisms are duplication/random loss model and slipped-strand mispairing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4102-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Beetle genus Mylabris (Meloidae) was described by Fabricius (1775) and had been well known due to its relevance to traditional medicine (e.g., cantharidin production). Here, we sequenced and annota...

Černý, Ladislav, Vrabec, Vladimír (2019): Mylabris (Mylabris) snizeki sp. nov. from Jordan, with a key to the Jordanian species of the nominotypical subgenus (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Zootaxa 4555 (1): 146-150, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4555.1.13

Mylabris (Mylabris) snizeki Čern�� & Vrabec, sp. nov. (Fig. 1 A���G) Type locality. Jordan SW, Al Karak, Safra env., 30��54'N, 35��41'E, alt. 737 m. Type material. Jordan: Holotype ♂ (JMBC). ��� JORDAN SW / Al Karak, Safra env. / 11. 5. 2010 / M. Sn��žek lgt.��� [printed label]. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (JMBC): same data as holotype, 1 ♂ (LCCC): ��� JORDANIEN CW / Al Karak env. / 16. 4. 2002 / M. Sn��žek lgt.��� [printed label], 1 ♂ (CB): ��� JORDAN NW, Jarash / Burma env., Al Huna / 15.5.2010 / M. Sn��žek lgt.��� [printed label], 1 ♂ (VVCK), 4 ♀♀ (3 ♀♀ LCCC, 1 ♀ VVCK): ��� JORDAN CW, 26.5.2007 / ca 20 km SW MADABA / 31��38.063���N, 35��41.883���E /, Z. KEJVAL lgt., 400 m. ��� [printed labels], 1 ♂ (LCCC) and 3 ♀♀ (1 ♀ LCCC, 2 ♀♀ VVCK): ��� Jordan c. occ. 26.5.2007 / 31��38.063���N, 35��41.883���E / Cca [= approx.] 20 km SW Madaba / F. & L. Kantner lgt. 400 m. ��� [printed labels]. All specimens are glued on standard specimen cards. Description of holotype (��). Length: 13.8 mm. Body uniformly black with black macrosetation, except golden setae on ventral side of protibiae (Fig. 1A,D). Head. Black, longer than wide, narrower at temples than at eyes. Frons marked with a red, posteriorly bilobed spot. Punctures large and sparse, surface surrounding each puncture smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Temples parallel and rounded posteriorly, slightly longer than eyes in lateral view. Macrosetation of head long and erect. Clypeus transverse, wider than long, slightly convex, and with lateral margins rounded and anterior margin straight, fore third smooth, the rest strongly punctured, fronto-clypeal suture clearly visible. Labrum only slightly longer and wider than clypeus, anterior margin deeply emarginate, longitudinally depressed in the middle. Mandibles robust, almost straight at the basal half, visibly turned beside labrum, longer than clypeus and labrum together. Maxillary palpomere with long setae, last maxillary palpomere are cylindrical and slightly widened. The eyes are rather oval, long slightly less than half the head capsule. Antennae black, composed of eleven well-separated antennomeres that do not form a terminal club. Antenomeres III���VI with vague reddish tinge; antenomere III 1.8 times as long as IV; antenomere X half as long as XI; antenomere XI twice as long as wide. Pronotum longer than wide, tapered in front, with a pronounced fore margin depression; macrosetation long, erect, black (Fig. 1D). Punctures large, rather shallow, sparsely spaced, partially fused at anterior third of the pronotal surface. Intersticies among punctures smooth and shiny. Mesosternum with a distinctive posterior macrosetose area on scutum (Fig. 1E). Elytra yellowish brown, with three transverse black fasciae. First fascia incomplete, middle fascia sinuous, apical fascia complete and only slightly sinuous on the fore margin. Subhumeral spots irregular. Sutural spots fused together across suture, forming an ���inverted heart���. Middle transverse fascia formed by two irregular spots, merged and extended laterally to the elytral margin. Elytra covered by black setation with long, erect bristles on humeri. Wings completely developed. Legs black with black setation, except golden setation on ventral side of protibiae. Pro- and mesotibial spurs all similar in shape and pointed. Metatibial spurs are stick-like, the inner one slightly narrowed at apex, the outer one is obtusely ended. Male genitalia. Aedeagus (Fig. 1 F���G) with two hooks widely distanced, the distal one at apex of the structure. Tegmen: parameres much more slender and more than twice as long as phallobase, progressively narrowed from base to apex, where are conical. Sexual dimorphism. The last ventrite of female (Fig. 1B) with rounded posterior margin. Antennomeres shorter than in male, VIII���X more or less as long as wide; XI less than twice as long as wide. Variability. Total lenght of paratypes: 10.5 to 15.2 mm (n = 12); elytra colour varies from yellowish brown to reddish orange. In some specimens the subhumeral and sutural spots are fused and the sutural spots could be extended along the suture to the scutellum. The shape of the middle transverse fascia may vary; sutural and lateral spots in some specimens fragmented and in others merged. The fore edge of the apical fascia is more or less sinuous. Differential diagnosis. The new species is similar to M. (M.) variabilis due to the elytral pattern; however, which differs in the shape of the pronotum, which is wider and lacks any sign of a fore margin transverse depression in M. (M.) variabilis. Moreover, the aedeagus and tegmen are markedly more slender in M. (M.) snizeki sp. nov. and the position of hooks is different (the hooks of M. (M.) variabilis are closer). Therefore, Mader���s (1927) and Bologna���s (2008) records of M. (M.) variabilis from Jordan most likely concerned M. (M.) snizeki sp. nov. Pan & Bologna (2014) referred to older Jordanian records of M. (M.) variabilis as M. (M.) mediorientalis. All records of M. (M.) variabilis from Jordan need to be re-examined. In our opinion, M. (M.) snizeki sp. nov. is more closely related to M. (M.) apicenigra Sumakov, 1915 due to the shape of the aedeagus and tegmen. Mylabris (M.) apicenigra was described by Sumakov (1915) in his key. It ranges from Anatolia to Iran and Turkestan. Mylabris (M.) apicenigra differs considerably from M. (M.) snizeki sp. nov. in having unicolored brown elytra with an apical black fascia. The apical fascia of M. (M.) apicenigra can be reduced or absent (NE Iran, specimen in LCCC). Mylabris (M.) apicenigra has not yet been recorded from Jordan. Furthermore, the new species is easily distinguishable from M. (M.) quadripunctata and M. (M.) cernyi by the shape of its aedeagus and tegmen, which are wide and robust. The aedeagal hooks are closely positioned. Some specimens of both M. (M.) quadripunctata and M. (M.) cernyi can exhibit elytral patterns similar to those of M. (M.) snizeki. There are phenetic similarities with M. (M.) kodymi, a species endemic to the island of Crete, but the first black fascia of. M. (M.) kodymi is divided into two rounded spots and the central fascia is ���zig-zag��� shaped. Characters distinguishing the remaining species of the nominotypical subgenus (e.g. aedeagus, pronotum, coloration) are pointed out by Pan & Bologna (2014). Etymology. Named after Miroslav Sn��žek (Nov�� Homole, Czech Republic), an enthusiastic field entomologist and collector of the first specimens known to us. Collecting circumstances. No ecological data were recorded for any of the known specimens. In the material provided by M. Sn��žek, specimens of the new species were collected together with numerous individuals of M. (Eumylabris) calida (Pallas, 1782), M. (M.) cernyi Pan & Bologna, 2014, M. (Mauritabris) damascena Reiche, 1866, M. (M.) mediorientalis Pan & Bologna, 2014 and Hycleus fuscus (A. G. Olivier, 1811). The adults were active from mid-April to the end of May. Geographic distribution. Specimens have been recorded from the western part of Jordan, on the east bank of the Jordan River. Most specimens have been collected in the regions near the Dead Sea: Al Karak in Kerak Governorate, SW Madaba, Madaba Governorate and Safra env., At-Tafilah Governorate. One specimen was collected in the northern Jordan: Al Huna near Borma, Jerash Governorate., Published as part of ��ern��, Ladislav & Vrabec, Vladim��r, 2019, Mylabris (Mylabris) snizeki sp. nov. from Jordan, with a key to the Jordanian species of the nominotypical subgenus (Coleoptera: Meloidae), pp. 146-150 in Zootaxa 4555 (1) on pages 147-149, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.1.13, http://zenodo.org/record/2624087, {"references":["Mader, L. (1927) Meloidae. In: Winkler, A. (Ed.), Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palaearcticae. A. Winkler, Wien, pp. 851 - 880.","Bologna, M. A. (2008) Meloidae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol. 5: Tenebrionoidea). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 384 - 390.","Pan, Z. & Bologna, M. A. (2014) Taxonomy, Bionomics and Faunistics of the nominate subgenus of Mylabris Fabricius, 1775, with the description of five new species (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Mylabrini). Zootaxa, 3806 (1), 1 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3806.1.1","Sumakov, G. G. (1915) Les especes palearctiques du genre Mylabris Fabr. (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 42 (1), 1 - 71."]}

Mylabris (Mylabris) snizeki Černý & Vrabec, sp. nov. (Fig. 1 A–G) Type locality. Jordan SW, Al Karak, Safra env., 30°54'N, 35°41'E, alt. 737 m. Type material. Jordan: Holotype ♂ (JMBC). “ JORDAN SW / Al Karak, Safra env. / 11. 5. 2010 / M. Snížek lgt.” [printed label]. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (JMBC): same data as holotype, 1 ♂ (LCCC): “ JORDANIEN CW / Al Karak env. / 16. 4. 2002 / M. Snížek lgt.” [printed label], 1 ♂ (CB): “ JORDAN NW, Jarash / Burma env., Al Huna / 15.5.2010 / M. Snížek lgt.” [printed label], 1 ♂ (VVCK), 4 ♀♀ (3 ♀♀ LCCC, 1 ♀ VVCK): “ JORDAN CW, 26.5.2007 / ca 20 km SW MADABA / 31°38.063’N, 35°41.883’E /, Z. KEJVAL lgt., 400 m. ” [printed labels], 1 ♂ (LCCC) and 3 ♀♀ (1 ♀ LCCC, 2 ♀♀ VVCK): “ Jordan c. occ. 26.5.2007 / 31°38.063’N, 35°41.883’E / Cca [= approx.] 20 km SW Madaba / F. & L. Kantner lgt. 400 m. ” [printed labels]. All specimens are glued on standard specimen cards. Description of holotype (Ƌ). Length: 13.8 mm. Body uniformly black with black macrosetation, except golden setae on ventral side of protibiae (Fig. 1A,D). Head. Black, longer than wide, narrower at temples than at eyes. Frons marked with a red, posteriorly bilobed spot. Punctures large and sparse, surface surrounding each puncture smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Temples parallel and rounded posteriorly, slightly longer than eyes in lateral view. Macrosetation of head long and erect. Clypeus transverse, wider than long, slightly convex, and with lateral margins rounded and anterior margin straight, fore third smooth, the rest strongly punctured, fronto-clypeal suture clearly visible. Labrum only slightly longer and wider than clypeus, anterior margin deeply emarginate, longitudinally depressed in the middle. Mandibles robust, almost straight at the basal half, visibly turned beside labrum, longer than clypeus and labrum together. Maxillary palpomere with long setae, last maxillary palpomere are cylindrical and slightly widened. The eyes are rather oval, long slightly less than half the head capsule. Antennae black, composed of eleven well-separated antennomeres that do not form a terminal club. Antenomeres III–VI with vague reddish tinge; antenomere III 1.8 times as long as IV; antenomere X half as long as XI; antenomere XI twice as long as wide. Pronotum longer than wide, tapered in front, with a pronounced fore margin depression; macrosetation long, erect, black (Fig. 1D). Punctures large, rather shallow, sparsely spaced, partially fused at anterior third of the pronotal surface. Intersticies among punctures smooth and shiny. Mesosternum with a distinctive posterior macrosetose area on scutum (Fig. 1E). Elytra yellowish brown, with three transverse black fasciae. First fascia incomplete, middle fascia sinuous, apical fascia complete and only slightly sinuous on the fore margin. Subhumeral spots irregular. Sutural spots fused together across suture, forming an “inverted heart“. Middle transverse fascia formed by two irregular spots, merged and extended laterally to the elytral margin. Elytra covered by black setation with long, erect bristles on humeri. Wings completely developed. Legs black with black setation, except golden setation on ventral side of protibiae. Pro- and mesotibial spurs all similar in shape and pointed. Metatibial spurs are stick-like, the inner one slightly narrowed at apex, the outer one is obtusely ended. Male genitalia. Aedeagus (Fig. 1 F–G) with two hooks widely distanced, the distal one at apex of the structure. Tegmen: parameres much more slender and more than twice as long as phallobase, progressively narrowed from base to apex, where are conical. Sexual dimorphism. The last ventrite of female (Fig. 1B) with rounded posterior margin. Antennomeres shorter than in male, VIII–X more or less as long as wide; XI less than twice as long as wide. Variability. Total lenght of paratypes: 10.5 to 15.2 mm (n = 12); elytra colour varies from yellowish brown to reddish orange. In some specimens the subhumeral and sutural spots are fused and the sutural spots could be extended along the suture to the scutellum. The shape of the middle transverse fascia may vary; sutural and lateral spots in some specimens fragmented and in others merged. The fore edge of the apical fascia is more or less sinuous. Differential diagnosis. The new species is similar to M. (M.) variabilis due to the elytral pattern; however, which differs in the shape of the pronotum, which is wider and lacks any sign of a fore margin transverse depression in M. (M.) variabilis. Moreover, the aedeagus and tegmen are markedly more slender in M. (M.) snizeki sp. nov. and the position of hooks is different (the hooks of M. (M.) variabilis are closer). Therefore, Mader’s (1927) and Bologna’s (2008) records of M. (M.) variabilis from Jordan most likely concerned M. (M.) snizeki sp. nov. Pan & Bologna (2014) referred to older Jordanian records of M. (M.) variabilis as M. (M.) mediorientalis. All records of M. (M.) variabilis from Jordan need to be re-examined. In our opinion, M. (M.) snizeki sp. nov. is more closely related to M. (M.) apicenigra Sumakov, 1915 due to the shape of the aedeagus and tegmen. Mylabris (M.) apicenigra was described by Sumakov (1915) in his key. It ranges from Anatolia to Iran and Turkestan. Mylabris (M.) apicenigra differs considerably from M. (M.) snizeki sp. nov. in having unicolored brown elytra with an apical black fascia. The apical fascia of M. (M.) apicenigra can be reduced or absent (NE Iran, specimen in LCCC). Mylabris (M.) apicenigra has not yet been recorded from Jordan. Furthermore, the new species is easily distinguishable from M. (M.) quadripunctata and M. (M.) cernyi by the shape of its aedeagus and tegmen, which are wide and robust. The aedeagal hooks are closely positioned. Some specimens of both M. (M.) quadripunctata and M. (M.) cernyi can exhibit elytral patterns similar to those of M. (M.) snizeki. There are phenetic similarities with M. (M.) kodymi, a species endemic to the island of Crete, but the first black fascia of. M. (M.) kodymi is divided into two rounded spots and the central fascia is “zig-zag“ shaped. Characters distinguishing the remaining species of the nominotypical subgenus (e.g. aedeagus, pronotum, coloration) are pointed out by Pan & Bologna (2014). Etymology. Named after Miroslav Snížek (Nové Homole, Czech Republic), an enthusiastic field entomologist and collector of the first specimens known to us. Collecting circumstances. No ecological data were recorded for any of the known specimens. In the material provided by M. Snížek, specimens of the new species were collected together with numerous individuals of M. (Eumylabris) calida (Pallas, 1782), M. (M.) cernyi Pan & Bologna, 2014, M. (Mauritabris) damascena Reiche, 1866, M. (M.) mediorientalis Pan & Bologna, 2014 and Hycleus fuscus (A. G. Olivier, 1811). The adults were active from mid-April to the end of May. Geographic distribution. Specimens have been recorded from the western part of Jordan, on the east bank of the Jordan River. Most specimens have been collected in the regions near the Dead Sea: Al Karak in Kerak Governorate, SW Madaba, Madaba Governorate and Safra env., At-Tafilah Governorate. One specimen was collected in the northern Jordan: Al Huna near Borma, Jerash Governorate.

Key to Jordanian species of Mylabris (Mylabris) Species marked by an asterisk are listed from Jordan in some papers. These species occur in neighboring countries. In our opinion, the records may be erroneous and the old reports from Jordan could well refer to the newly described species. All older material of these species needs to be revised. 1 Pronotum with fore transverse depression.................................................................. 2 - Pronotum without fore transverse depression................................................................ 4 2 Black elytral pattern composed by isolated, irregular spots. Anterior sutural black spots fused and forming one spot bilobed posteriorly. Pronotum longer than wide, with pronounced fore transverse depression. Antennomere III more than 1.5 times longer than IV, XI twice as long as wide. Tegmen slender in lateral view, proximal hook of aedeagus situated considerably distant from apex and far from distal one. Species range: Jordan.................................... M. (M.) snizeki sp. nov. - Black elytral pattern usually composed by isolated rounded spots, the middle one can be fused forming a transverse fascia. Pronotum slightly longer than wide. Antennomere III less than 1.5 times longer than IV, XI less than twice as long as wide. Tegmen wide in lateral view, aedeagal hooks closer. Females of these species are difficult to identify.................. 3 3 Aedeagal hooks similar in shape and inclination; apical lobe of tegmen short. Species range: S Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan (possibly N Pakistan)................................................ M. (M.) cernyi Pan & Bologna, 2014 - Distal hook of aedeagus smaller than proximal hook; apical lobe of tegmen longer than in M. (M.) cernyi and slightly curved. Species range: Spain, throughout southern Europe, southern Russia, Turkey to northwestern China (Xinjiang)............................................................................... * M. (M.) quadripunctata (Linnaeus, 1767) 4 Black elytral pattern composed by two small rounded anterior spots (sutural and humeral); middle fascia incomplete, reaches neither sutural nor external margin of elytron, or rarely reaches external margin; black apical fascia wide. Antennomere XI more than twice as long as wide (in males). Hooks of aedeagus very closely spaced. Species range: Israel, Jordan, Iraq, W Iran................................................................. M. (M.) mediorientalis Pan & Bologna, 2014 - Black elytral pattern composed by variable shaped spots and complete fasciae; apical fascia somewhat wider than in M. mediorientalis; anterior fascia in some specimens broken up into two rather irregularly rounded spots. Proximal and distal hooks of aedeagus not closely spaced. Antennomere XI less than twice as long as wide. Species range: Spain, southern Europe, southern Russia, Turkey to eastern Siberia, central Kazakhstan....................... * M. (M.) variabilis (Pallas, 1782), Published as part of ��ern��, Ladislav & Vrabec, Vladim��r, 2019, Mylabris (Mylabris) snizeki sp. nov. from Jordan, with a key to the Jordanian species of the nominotypical subgenus (Coleoptera: Meloidae), pp. 146-150 in Zootaxa 4555 (1) on pages 149-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.1.13, http://zenodo.org/record/2624087, {"references":["Pan, Z. & Bologna, M. A. (2014) Taxonomy, Bionomics and Faunistics of the nominate subgenus of Mylabris Fabricius, 1775, with the description of five new species (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Mylabrini). Zootaxa, 3806 (1), 1 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3806.1.1","Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cumcharacteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Pars II. Editio duodecima reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 533 - 1327 + [37] pp."]}

Mylabris is a diverse genus of Meloidae and includes over 170 species throughout the Palaearctic region, classified into 14 subgenera. The current classification is largely built on taxonomic works pre-dating the application of cladistic methods and based on a few morphological characters. In the present study, we use molecular data from mitochondrial and nuclear loci sampled across Mylabrini to assess the monophyly of Mylabris and its subgenera, and to identify which diagnostic morphological characters used for taxa delimitation represent synapomorphic features. We obtain a robust phylogeny which is consistent across datasets (3-, 4- and 5-gene datasets), methods (Bayesian vs. Maximum Parsimony), and approaches (species tree vs. total evidence). The genus Mylabris is monophyletic provided that Pseudabris is included and Ammabris is excluded. Most of the morphology-based subgenera are recovered as well-supported phylogenetic clades. Although previous classifications based on number and shape of antennomeres were confounded by convergent evolution of these traits, mesosternal and male genitalia features provided unambiguous apomorphies of Mylabrini genera and subgenera. We integrate these insights into an updated phylogenetic systematics of Mylabris and Mylabrini blister beetles, and we provide the description of two new subgenera, Dvorabris and Pardabris.

Objective: Compound traditional Chinese medicine (CTCM) with the application of compatibility from multiple active ingredients with multiple-specific targets can achieve a synergistic effect on cancer therapy. This study is aimed to observe the compatibility effects of Aidi injection on the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and to explore the mechanism of CTCM. Methods: Aidi injection is a clinical compound prescription containing Mylabris, Ginseng, Astragalus, and Acanthopanax, which can inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis. In this study, the anticancer activity of Aidi injection, as well as its disassembled and combined compositions, had been evaluated by varying levels of polyamine biomarkers on human hepatoma Hep-G2 cells detected using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: According to the different variations in polyamine levels, it was revealed that Mylabris and Ginseng had an antitumor effect, while Astragalus acted as an assistant and Acanthopanax had weak anticancer activity. The increased level of polyamines in Hep-G2 cells had been found in HL-7702 cells. On combining Mylabris and Ginseng, polyamine levels went close to the normal level, which was even more marked when Astragalus was added. Aidi injection acted like the combination of Mylabris, Ginseng, and Astragalus. Conclusions: This study established a quantitative evaluation of the compatibility effects of Aidi injection based on polyamine biomarkers and evaluated the consistency of its anticancer effect, providing a manner to research the efficacy evaluation of CTCM. Moreover, the correlation between polyamine metabolism and anticancer activity can be used in anticancer drug screening.

3.7 Genus Mylabris Fabricius, 1775 Mylabris Fabricius, 1775: 261. Type species: Meloe cichorii Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Latreille, 1810: 430). Distribution. Asia, Europe, Africa., Published as part of Pan, Zhao & Ren, Guodong, 2018, Taxonomic revision of the subfamily Meloinae (Coleoptera: Meloidae) from Xizang, China, with description of a new species, pp. 66-88 in Zoological Systematics 43 (1) on page 80, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201807, http://zenodo.org/record/5366525, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. 1775. Systema entomologicae, systen insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae. 32 + 832 pp.","Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cumcharacteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Ed. Decima, Reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. 824 pp.","Latreille, P. A. 1810. Considerations generales sur l'ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des crustaces, des arachnides, et des insectes; avec un tableau methodique de leurs genres, dispses en familles. F. Schoell, Paris. 444 pp."]}

Mylabris (Micrabris) macilenta Marseul, 1872 Mylabris macilenta Marseul, 1872: 489. Type locality: “ Indes orientales, Himalaya ” (India). Type depository: MNHN. Mylabris (Chrysabris) macilenta: Kuzin, 1954: 349. Mylabris (Micrabris) macilenta: Bologna, 2008: 395. Material examined from Xizang. None. Distribution. China: Xizang (Blair, 1927; Bologna, 2008) (Gyirong (Tan, 1981; Wang et al., 2003), Mainling (Wang et al., 2003), Nyingchi (Wang et al., 2003)); India; Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan., Published as part of Pan, Zhao & Ren, Guodong, 2018, Taxonomic revision of the subfamily Meloinae (Coleoptera: Meloidae) from Xizang, China, with description of a new species, pp. 66-88 in Zoological Systematics 43 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201807, http://zenodo.org/record/5366525, {"references":["Marseul, S. A. de. 1872. Monographie des Mylabrides. Memoires de la Societe royale des Sciences de Liege: 363 - 662, 9 pls.","Kuzin, V. S. 1954. K poznanyyu systemy narybnikov (Coleoptera, Meloidae, Mylabrini). Trudy Vsesoyznogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 44: 336 - 379.","Bologna, M. A. 2008. Meloidae. In: Lobl, I., Smetana, A. (eds), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol. 5: Tenebrionoidea). Apollo Books, Stenstrup. pp. 384 - 390.","Blair, K. G. 1927. Heteromera of the third Mt. Everest expedition, 1924. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19 (9): 253 - 255.","Tan, J. J. 1981. Coleoptera: Meloidae. In: The comprehensive scientific expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang plateau, CAS (ed.), Insects of Xizang (Vol. I). Science Press, Beijing. pp. 405 - 416.","Wang, B. H., Tan, R., Zhang, Y. H., Wang, C. L., Shi, Q. G. 2003. Investigation of blister beetles from Xizang. Tibet's Science and Technology, 121: 33 - 35, 40."]}

Mylabris (Chalcabris) bistillata Tan, 1981 stat. rev. Mylabris bistillata Tan, 1981: 407. Type locality: Markam, Xizang, China. Type depository: IZCAS. Hycleus bistillatus: Bologna, 2008: 385. Material examined from Xizang. None. Distribution. China: Xizang (Bologna, 2008) (Gonjo (Tan, 1981; Wang et al., 2003), Jomda (Tan, 1981; Wang et al., 2003), Markam (Tan, 1981; Wang et al., 2003)), Sichuan. Remarks. Bologna (2008) transferred this species to the genus Hycleus. However, according to its original description, this species should be transferred back to the genus Mylabris, subgenus Chalcabris. Additionally, we reexamined some nominated specimens (not from Xizang) from Prof. Tan (IZCAS), which are actually the misidentification of Mylabris (Chalcabris) splendidula (Pallas, 1781). Thus, the validity of M. bistillata should be reconfirmed after reexamined the types., Published as part of Pan, Zhao & Ren, Guodong, 2018, Taxonomic revision of the subfamily Meloinae (Coleoptera: Meloidae) from Xizang, China, with description of a new species, pp. 66-88 in Zoological Systematics 43 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201807, http://zenodo.org/record/5366525, {"references":["Tan, J. J. 1981. Coleoptera: Meloidae. In: The comprehensive scientific expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang plateau, CAS (ed.), Insects of Xizang (Vol. I). Science Press, Beijing. pp. 405 - 416.","Bologna, M. A. 2008. Meloidae. In: Lobl, I., Smetana, A. (eds), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol. 5: Tenebrionoidea). Apollo Books, Stenstrup. pp. 384 - 390.","Wang, B. H., Tan, R., Zhang, Y. H., Wang, C. L., Shi, Q. G. 2003. Investigation of blister beetles from Xizang. Tibet's Science and Technology, 121: 33 - 35, 40."]}

Cantharidin is a bio-active compound extracted from mylabris which has been widely adopted in traditional Chinese medicine clinic practices against lung cancer. Although apoptosis bio-markers have been observed from different experiments under different conditions, detailed protein-regulation network against lung cancer is still not clear. In this study, evidenced protein-regulation network triggered by cantharidin against lung cancer was constructed from binding proteins to observed bio-markers towards apoptosis. As a result, targeting apoptosis, a succinct protein-regulation network of cantharidin was constructed. It contains two regulation brunches: (1) bind to ALB to further activate TP53, and (2) bind to PPP2R4 to further inhibit MYC. Primary evaluation on bioinformatics analysis and literature also support this regulation network.

In this study, the efficacy of Formulated Neem Seed Oil (FNSO) on the population of blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata Thunberg (Coleoptera: Meloidae) was evaluated. The data were recorded from beginning of May 2009 and 2010 planting seasons. The experiment was laid out in 3×5 factorial comprising three rates of neem seed oil, 4.2 L ha–1, 8.3 L ha–1,12.5 L ha–1 with Control (0 L ha–1), and synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin (1.5L ha–1) as checks plots. There were also three intervals of application: once a week, once in two weeks, and once in three weeks. Results showed that application of F-NSO at higher dosage of 12.5L ha–1 and at four regime spraying intervals of once a week significantly (P

Cantharidin is a biomolecule with a role in host defense that can also be used as an anticancer drug. The in vivo biosynthetic pathway for cantharidin has been the subject of debate for several decades and the mechanism is not yet completely understood. To study the biosynthetic pathway of cantharidin in blister beetles, Mylabris cichori, a full-length MenA (McMenA) cDNA was cloned based on the partial sequence of the MenA gene from a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library of male and female adult M. cichorii. The cDNA was 1264 base pairs (bp) with an open reading frame of 1026 bp nucleotides encoding a 341 amino acid protein. Analysis of the McMenA amino acid sequence showed that the aspartate rich motif N/DDxxD represented binding sites for prenyl diphosphate via a Mg(2+) ion. Phylogenetic analysis showed that McMenA was most closely related to MenA of Tribolium castaneum, and the amino acid sequence similarity was 86%. The expression pattern of McMenA in adults was analyzed using RT-qPCR, and we found that the highest expression of McMenA occurred during 22-25 days in the sex-separate breeding males, while the lowest expression occurred in females at the same time. Injection with a specific double-strand RNA (dsRNA) of McMenA led to a significant reduction of McMenA mRNA levels after 24 h. Cantharidin and ATP concentrations dropped around the same time. Together, our data showed that the McMenA gene might be involved in cantharidin biosynthesis.

Blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata (Family: Meloidae: Coleoptera) an important pest of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan when fed on its different floral parts including petals, anthers, stigma and ovary. Stigma and ovary were damaged and there was no pod formation. In view of its significant damage potential, a few number of insecticides were evaluated against the beetles in the laboratory: thiodicarb (0.09%), chlorpyriphos (0.10%), quinalphos (0.10%), cypermethrin (0.007%), deltamethrin (0.012%) and novaluron (0.10%). Fresh pigeonpea twigs bearing flowers were dipped for 5 seconds in requisite concentrations of different insecticides and allowed to air dry at room temperature (28oC). For each treatment, three replicates were taken and dead beetle were counted 24 and 48 hours after release. Observations after 24 hours of application indicated that thiodicarb (84.23 %), chlorpyriphos (57.50 %), quinalphos (37.31 %) and cypermethrin (29.77 %) significantly reduced blister beetle population compared with the control (without insecticidal treatment). After 48 hours, all insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over control. Maximum cumulative mortality (100%) was observed in thiodicarb followed by quinalphos (95.7%), cypermethrin (95.7%) and chlorpyriphos (91.6%), while minimum in novaluron and deltamethrin. It was concluded from the studies that among the different insecticidal treatments thiodicarb (0.09%) proved most effective which brought 99.75 % mortality even 24 hours after the treatment.