Search

This study investigated the characteristics of transmission routes of COVID-19 cluster infections (⩾10 linked cases within a short period) in Gangwon Province between 22 February 2020 and 31 May 2021. Transmission routes were divided into five major categories and 35 sub-categories according to the relationship between the infector and the infectee and the location of transmission. A total of 61 clusters occurred during the study period, including 1741 confirmed cases (55.7% of all confirmed cases (n = 3125)). The the five major routes of transmission were as follows: ‘using (staying in) the same facility (50.7%), ‘cohabiting family members’ (23.3%), ‘social gatherings with acquaintances’ (10.8%), ‘other transmission routes’ (7.0%), and ‘social gatherings with non-cohabiting family members/relatives’ (5.5%). For transmission caused by using (staying in) the same facility, the highest number of confirmed cases was associated with churches, followed by medical institutions (inpatient), sports facilities, military bases, offices, nightlife businesses, schools, restaurants, day-care centres and kindergarten, and service businesses. Our analysis highlights specific locations with frequent transmission of infections, and transmission routes that should be targeted in situations where adherence to disease control rules is difficult.

We control the work function and the surface energy of the MoO3/Au/MoO3 (MAM) anode of OLEDs by modifying the top MoO3 layer via vapor phase deposition. The performance and stability of the device are significantly altered depending on the dipole direction of the selfassembled monolayer (SAM) with permanent dipole moment inserted between N,N′-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB) film and a MAM anode as well as on the interfacial wetting between the SAM and NPB layer. A CF3-terminated monolayer on a MAM electrode improved the performance and stability of the OLEDs relative to a reference device with only a MAM electrode, demonstrating that coating with SAMs via vapor phase deposition is an effective method to engineer the interface of MAM electrode optoelectronic devices.

A MoOx(top)/Au/MoOx(bottom) multilayer was systematically designed for transparent electrodes in green OLEDs in terms of optical transmission and series resistance of the device. The enhancement in optical transmission of MoOx/Au/MoOx (MAM) structures is a result of a series of events, including the optical interference within the multilayers and the interaction of light with surface plasmon polaritons in the metal layer. For the maximum transmission, the optical interference occurring within the multilayers was simulated using a transfer matrix model to determine the optimum thickness of MoOx layers, and then the thickness of the Au interlayer was experimentally optimized for extraordinary optical transmission. In addition, the series resistance added by the top MoOx was characterized to confirm its negligible impact on the performance of the device. The optimum MoOx (40 nm)/Au (10 nm)/MoOx (40 nm) structure showed much higher transmission in the green-red region and lower sheet resistance than indium tin oxide (ITO). We have fabricated MAM-based OLEDs the driving voltage of which was significantly reduced to ∼5.5 V at a current density of 20 mA/cm2, and the current efficiency (11.46 Cd/A) was higher than that (10.91 Cd/A) of ITO-based OLEDs, demonstrating that the MAM electrode is a potential replacement for ITO in optical devices.