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2. Analysis of plasma‐derived small extracellular vesicle characteristics and microRNA cargo following exercise‐induced skeletal muscle damage in men.

Author

Lovett, Jason, McColl, Rhys S., Durcan, Peter, Vechetti, Ivan, and Myburgh, Kathryn H.

Subjects
GEL permeation chromatography, EXTRACELLULAR vesicles, NON-coding RNA, RNA sequencing, SKELETAL muscle
Abstract

Extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo is known to change in response to stimuli such as muscle damage. This study aimed to assess particle size, concentration and microRNA (miR) content within small EV‐enriched separations prepared from human blood taken before and after unaccustomed eccentric‐biased exercise‐induced muscle damage. Nine male volunteers underwent plyometric jumping and downhill running, with blood samples taken at baseline, 2, and 24 h post‐exercise. EVs were separated using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and their characteristics evaluated by nanoparticle tracking. No changes in EV size or concentration were seen following the muscle‐damaging exercise. Small RNA sequencing identified 240 miRs to be consistently present within the EVs. RT‐qPCR analysis was performed: specifically, for known muscle‐enriched/important miRs, including miR‐1, −206, −133a, −133b, −31, −208b, −451a, −486 and − 499 and the immune‐important miR‐21, −146a and − 155. Notably, none of the immune‐important miRs within the EVs tested changed in response to the muscle damage. Of the muscle‐associated miRs tested, only the levels of miR‐31‐5p were seen to change with decreased levels at 24 h compared to baseline and 2 h, indicating involvement in the damage response. These findings shed light on the dynamic role of EV miRs in response to exercise‐induced muscle damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Physiological and muscle histochemical assessment of men and women 10 km runners matched for race performance or training volume.

Author

Engelbrecht, Lize, Rawlins, Maia, Kohn, Tertius A., Wilson, Robyn L., Eksteen, Gabriël J., and Myburgh, Kathryn H.

Subjects
LONG-distance running, CITRATE synthase, FAT, TIME trials, TREADMILLS
Abstract

Women have a disadvantage for performance in long-distance running compared with men. To elaborate on inherent characteristics, 12 subelite women were matched with 12 men for training volume (M-Tm) (56.6 ± 18 vs. 55.7 ± 17 km/wk). The women were also matched to other men for a 10 km staged outdoor time trial (M-Pm) (42:36 min:s) to determine which factors could explain equal running performance. Anthropometry and treadmill tests were done. Fiber type (% Type I and Type IIA) and citrate synthase activities were analyzed in muscle biopsy samples. Consistent sex differences for both comparisons included height, weight, % body fat (P < 0.01), and hematocrit (P < 0.05). Women had lower V̇ o 2max and peak treadmill speed (PTS) compared with both M-Tm and M-Pm (P < 0.01). Training matched pairs had no sex difference in % PTS at race pace but compared with M-Pm women ran at a higher % PTS (P < 0.05) and %HRmax (P < 0.01) at race pace. On average, the women trained 22.9 km/wk more than M-Pm (+67.5%, P < 0.01). This training was not associated with higher V̇ o 2max or better running economy. Muscle morphology and oxidative capacity did not differ between groups. Percentage body fat remained significantly higher in women. In conclusion, women matched to men for training volume had slower 10 km performance (−10.5% P < 0.05). Higher training volume, more high-intensity sessions/wk, and time spent training in the 95%–100% HRmax zone may explain the higher % PTS and %HRmax at race pace in women compared with performance-matched men. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: When subelite women 10 km runners were matched with male counterparts for 10 km race performance, inherent differences in % body fat, V̇ o 2max, Hct, and peak treadmill speed were counteracted by significantly higher training volume, more time training at higher %HRmax and consequently, higher %HRmax and %PTS at race pace. Citrate synthase activity and muscle fiber types did not differ. When women and men matched for training, 10 km performance of men was 10.5% faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Skeletal muscle fibre type and enzymatic activity in adult offspring following placental and peripheral malaria exposure in foetal life

Author

Christensen, Dirk L, Mutabingwa, Theonest K, Bygbjerg, Ib C, Vaag, Allan A, Grunnet, Louise G, Lajeunesse-Trempe, Fanny, Nielsen, Jannie, Schmiegelow, Christentze, Ramaiya, Kaushik L, Myburgh, Kathryn H, Christensen, Dirk L, Mutabingwa, Theonest K, Bygbjerg, Ib C, Vaag, Allan A, Grunnet, Louise G, Lajeunesse-Trempe, Fanny, Nielsen, Jannie, Schmiegelow, Christentze, Ramaiya, Kaushik L, and Myburgh, Kathryn H

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Maternal malaria may restrict foetal growth. Impaired utero-placental blood flow due to malaria infection may cause hypoxia-induced altered skeletal muscle fibre type distribution in the offspring, which may contribute to insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. This study assessed muscle fibre distribution 20 years after placental and/or peripheral in-utero malaria exposure compared to no exposure, i.e., PPM+, PM+, and M-, respectively. METHODS: We traced 101 men and women offspring of mothers who participated in a malaria chemosuppression study in Muheza, Tanzania. Of 76 eligible participants, 50 individuals (29 men and 21 women) had skeletal muscle biopsy taken from m. vastus lateralis in the right leg. As previously reported, fasting and 30 min post-oral glucose challenge plasma glucose values were higher, and insulin secretion disposition index was lower, in the PPM+ group. Aerobic capacity (fitness) was estimated by an indirect VO 2max test on a stationary bicycle. Muscle fibre sub-type (myosin heavy chain, MHC) distribution was analysed, as were muscle enzyme activities (citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, myophosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase activities. Between-group analyses were adjusted for MHC-I %. RESULTS: No differences in aerobic capacity were found between groups. Despite subtle elevations of plasma glucose levels in the PPM+ group, there was no difference in MHC sub-types or muscle enzymatic activities between the malaria-exposed and non-exposed groups.CONCLUSION: The current study did not show differences in MHC towards glycolytic sub-types or enzymatic activity across the sub-groups. The results support the notion of the mild elevations of plasma glucose levels in people exposed to placental malaria in pregnancy being due to compromised pancreatic insulin secretion rather than insulin resistance.

Published
2023

13. Muscle Histopathological Abnormalities in a Patient With a CCT5 Mutation Predicted to Affect the Apical Domain of the Chaperonin Subunit

Author

Scalia, Federica, primary, Barone, Rosario, additional, Rappa, Francesca, additional, Marino Gammazza, Antonella, additional, Lo Celso, Fabrizio, additional, Lo Bosco, Giosuè, additional, Barone, Giampaolo, additional, Antona, Vincenzo, additional, Vadalà, Maria, additional, Vitale, Alessandra Maria, additional, Donato Mangano, Giuseppe, additional, Amato, Domenico, additional, Sentiero, Giusy, additional, Macaluso, Filippo, additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Conway de Macario, Everly, additional, Macario, Alberto J. L., additional, Giuffrè, Mario, additional, and Cappello, Francesco, additional

Published
2022
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18. Sarcopenic Obesity in Africa: A Call for Diagnostic Methods and Appropriate Interventions

Author

Mendham, Amy E., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Goedecke, Julia H., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Myburgh, Kathryn H., Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A., Lambert, Estelle V., Kalula, Sebastiana, Hunter, Angus M., Brooks, Naomi E., Mendham, Amy E., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Goedecke, Julia H., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Myburgh, Kathryn H., Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A., Lambert, Estelle V., Kalula, Sebastiana, Hunter, Angus M., and Brooks, Naomi E.

Abstract

This perspective aims to highlight the lack of current knowledge on sarcopenic obesity in Africa and to call for diagnostic methods and appropriate interventions. Sarcopenic obesity has been defined as obesity that occurs in combination with low muscle mass and function, which is typically evident in older adults. However, there has been no clear consensus on population-specific diagnostic criterion, which includes both gold-standard measures that can be used in a more advanced health care system, and surrogate measures that can be used in low-income settings with limited resources and funding. Importantly, low and middle-income countries (LMICs) across Africa are in an ongoing state of economic and social transition, which has contributed to an increase in the aging population, alongside the added burden of poverty, obesity, and associated co-morbidities. It is anticipated that alongside the increased prevalence of obesity, these countries will further experience an increase in age-related musculoskeletal diseases such as sarcopenia. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) approach will allow clinicians and researchers to consider developmental trajectories, and the influence of the environment, for targeting high-risk individuals and communities for treatment and/or prevention-based interventions that are implemented throughout all stages of the life course. Once a valid and reliable diagnostic criterion is developed, we can firstly assess the prevalence and burden of sarcopenic obesity in LMICs in Africa, and secondly, develop appropriate and sustainable interventions that target improved dietary and physical activity behaviors throughout the life course.

Published
2021
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19. Understanding factors associated with sarcopenic obesity in older African women from a low-income setting:a cross-sectional analysis

Author

Mendham, Amy E, Goedecke, Julia H, Micklesfield, Lisa K, Brooks, Naomi E, Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L, Gallagher, Iain J, Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A, Lambert, Estelle V, Kalula, Sebastiana, Hunter, Angus M, Mendham, Amy E, Goedecke, Julia H, Micklesfield, Lisa K, Brooks, Naomi E, Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L, Gallagher, Iain J, Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A, Lambert, Estelle V, Kalula, Sebastiana, and Hunter, Angus M

Abstract

BACKGROUND: High rates of food insecurity, obesity and obesity-related comorbidities in ageing South African (SA) women may amplify the risk of developing sarcopenic obesity. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of sarcopenic obesity and its diagnostic components [grip strength, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and body mass index (BMI)] in older SA women from a low-income setting.METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited black SA women between the ages of 60-85 years (n = 122) from a low-income community. Testing included a fasting blood sample (markers of cardiometabolic risk, HIV), whole body and regional muscle and fat mass (dual-energy absorptiometry x-ray), anthropometry, blood pressure, functional movement tests, current medication use, demographic and health questionnaires, physical activity (PA; accelerometery), household food insecurity access scale, and a one-week quantified food frequency questionnaire. Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) criteria (grip strength and ASM, adjusted for BMI) were used to classify sarcopenia. Participants with sarcopenia alongside a BMI of > 30.0 kg/m2 were classified as having sarcopenic obesity. Prevalence using other criteria (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and the International Working Group for Sarcopenia) were also explored.RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 27.9%, which comprised of sarcopenia without obesity (3.3%) and sarcopenic obesity (24.6%). Other classification criteria showed that sarcopenia ranged from 0.8-14.7%, including 0.8-9.8% without obesity and 0-4.9% with sarcopenic obesity. Using multivariate-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) those with sarcopenic obesity presented with a descriptive profile of higher C-reactive protein, waist circumference, food security and sedentary time than women without sarcopenic obesity (p = 0.046). A similar profile described women with l

Published
2021

20. Osteoporosis in older black South African women and relationships with body composition, dietary intake and physical activity

Author

Mendham, Amy, Brooks, Naomi E., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Lain J., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H., Kalula, Sebastiana, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo, Lambert, Estelle V., Goedecke, Julia H., Hunter, Angus M., Mendham, Amy, Brooks, Naomi E., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Lain J., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H., Kalula, Sebastiana, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo, Lambert, Estelle V., Goedecke, Julia H., and Hunter, Angus M.

Published
2021

21. Sarcopenia in older black South African women and relationships with physical activity and protein intake

Author

Mendham, Amy E., Brooks, Naomi E., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H., Kalula, Sebastiana, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo, Lambert, Estelle V., Mendham, Amy E., Brooks, Naomi E., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H., Kalula, Sebastiana, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo, and Lambert, Estelle V.

Published
2021

22. Sarcopenic Obesity in Africa:A Call for Diagnostic Methods and Appropriate Interventions

Author

Mendham, Amy E., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Goedecke, Julia H., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Myburgh, Kathryn H., Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A., Lambert, Estelle, Kalula, Sebastiana, Hunter, Angus M., Brooks, Naomi E., Mendham, Amy E., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Goedecke, Julia H., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Myburgh, Kathryn H., Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A., Lambert, Estelle, Kalula, Sebastiana, Hunter, Angus M., and Brooks, Naomi E.

Abstract

This perspective aims to highlight the lack of current knowledge on sarcopenic obesity in Africa and to call for diagnostic methods and appropriate interventions. Sarcopenic obesity has been defined as obesity that occurs in combination with low muscle mass and function, which is typically evident in older adults. However, there has been no clear consensus on population-specific diagnostic criterion, which includes both gold-standard measures that can be used in a more advanced health care system, and surrogate measures that can be used in low-income settings with limited resources and funding. Importantly, low and middle-income countries (LMICs) across Africa are in an ongoing state of economic and social transition, which has contributed to an increase in the aging population, alongside the added burden of poverty, obesity, and associated co-morbidities. It is anticipated that alongside the increased prevalence of obesity, these countries will further experience an increase in age-related musculoskeletal diseases such as sarcopenia. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) approach will allow clinicians and researchers to consider developmental trajectories, and the influence of the environment, for targeting high-risk individuals and communities for treatment and/or prevention-based interventions that are implemented throughout all stages of the life course. Once a valid and reliable diagnostic criterion is developed, we can firstly assess the prevalence and burden of sarcopenic obesity in LMICs in Africa, and secondly, develop appropriate and sustainable interventions that target improved dietary and physical activity behaviors throughout the life course.

Published
2021

23. Food security, dietary intake and foodways of urban low-income older south african women:An exploratory study

Author

Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A., Faber, Mieke, Mendham, Amy E., Goedecke, Julia H., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Brooks, Naomi E., Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Myburgh, Kathryn H., Hunter, Angus M., Lambert, Estelle V., Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A., Faber, Mieke, Mendham, Amy E., Goedecke, Julia H., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Brooks, Naomi E., Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Myburgh, Kathryn H., Hunter, Angus M., and Lambert, Estelle V.

Abstract

This cross-sectional study explored the differences in sociodemographics, dietary intake, and household foodways (cultural, socioeconomic practices that affect food purchase, consumption, and preferences) of food secure and food insecure older women living in a low-income urban setting in South Africa. Women (n = 122) aged 60–85 years old were recruited, a sociodemographic questionnaire was completed, and food security categories were determined. The categories were dichotomised into food secure (food secure and mild food insecurity) and food insecure (moderate and severe). A one-week quantified food frequency questionnaire was administered. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). Most participants (>90%) were overweight/obese, unmarried/widowed, and breadwinners with a low monthly household income. Food insecure participants (36.9%) more frequently borrowed money for food (57.8% vs. 39.0%, p = 0.04), ate less so that their children could have more to eat (64.4%. vs. 27.3%, p = 0.001), and had higher housing density (1.2 vs. 1.0, p = 0.03), compared to their food-secure counterparts. Overall, <30% of participants met the WHO (Geneva, Switzerland) recommended daily servings of healthy foods (fruits, vegetables, and dairy products), but >60% perceived that they consumed an adequate amount of healthy foods. The overall low-quality diet of our cohort was associated with poor nutritional perceptions and choices, coupled with financial constraints.

Published
2021

26. Sarcopenic Obesity in Africa: A Call for Diagnostic Methods and Appropriate Interventions

Author

Mendham, Amy E., primary, Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, additional, Goedecke, Julia H., additional, Micklesfield, Lisa K., additional, Christensen, Dirk L., additional, Gallagher, Iain J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A., additional, Lambert, Estelle V., additional, Kalula, Sebastiana, additional, Hunter, Angus M., additional, and Brooks, Naomi E., additional

Published
2021
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27. Food Security, Dietary Intake, and Foodways of Urban Low-Income Older South African Women: An Exploratory Study

Author

Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A, primary, Faber, Mieke, additional, Mendham, Amy E, additional, Goedecke, Julia H, additional, Micklesfield, Lisa K, additional, Brooks, Naomi E, additional, Christensen, Dirk L, additional, Gallagher, Iain J, additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H, additional, Hunter, Angus M, additional, and Lambert, Estelle V, additional

Published
2021
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29. Sarcopenia in older black South African women and relationships with physical activity and protein intake

Author

Mendham, Amy E., Brooks, Naomi E., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H., Kalula, Sebastiana, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo, Lambert, Estelle V., Mendham, Amy E., Brooks, Naomi E., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Iain J., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H., Kalula, Sebastiana, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo, and Lambert, Estelle V.

Abstract

Introduction: South Africa (SA) is a developing country with an ageing population. Adequate nutrition and physical activity (PA) protect against the loss of muscle mass and physical function, both of which are important components of sarcopenia. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of sarcopenia in older black SA women and investigate its associations with PA and protein intake. Materials and Methods: Older black SA women (age, 68 (range; 60–85 years) n = 122) completed sociodemographic questionnaires, 24 h urine collection (estimate protein intake), venous blood (hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and ferritin), functional tests (grip strength, 3 m timed-up-and-go (TUG), 10 m walk test) and PA monitoring (activPAL). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry whole-body scans assessed fat and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM). Results: According to the European Working group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP)2, 2.5% (n = 3) had confirmed sarcopenia of a low severity based on normal physical function. Of the total cohort, 9% (n = 11) had low grip strength, 22.1% (n = 27) had a low appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), and no women had low TUG (s) or gait speed (m/s). Higher ASMI was associated with lower hs-CRP (p = 0.05; Rho = -0.209) and higher ferritin (Rho = 0.252; p = 0.019), grip strength (kg, Rho = 0.223; p = 0.015), and gait speed (m/s, Rho = 0.180; p = 0.050). Protein intake suggested intake of 41.8g/day/ or 0.51 g/kg of body mass/day. Higher total protein intake (g/24h), was associated with higher FFSTM (kg) and ASMI (p < 0.001). PA outcomes were not correlated with FFSTM or ASMI (p > 0.05), however, there was a strong positive correlation of TUG (s) and gait speed (m/s) with time spent: 1) stepping per day (min) and; 2) at a high cadence (> 100 steps/min) (all p < 0.01). Daily step count was 7137 ± 3233 (mean ± Standard deviation), with 97.9 ± 38.7 min of total time spent stepping and 12.6 ± 16.8 min spent stepping at a high cadence (> 100, Issue oce2

Published
2020
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30. Osteoporosis in older black South African women and relationships with body composition, dietary intake and physical activity

Author

Mendham, Amy, Brooks, Naomi E., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Lain J., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H., Kalula, Sebastiana, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo, Lambert, Estelle V., Goedecke, Julia H., Hunter, Angus M., Mendham, Amy, Brooks, Naomi E., Micklesfield, Lisa K., Faber, Mieke, Christensen, Dirk L., Gallagher, Lain J., Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor, Myburgh, Kathryn H., Kalula, Sebastiana, Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo, Lambert, Estelle V., Goedecke, Julia H., and Hunter, Angus M.

Abstract

Introduction: Osteoporosis was not a public health concern in black South African (SA) women, until recently when it was reported that the prevalence of vertebral fractures was 9.1% in black compared to 5.0% in white SA women. Accordingly, this study aimed to measure bone mineral density (BMD) of older black SA women and to investigate its association with risk factors for osteoporosis, including strength, muscle and fat mass, dietary intake and objectively measured physical activity (PA). Methods and materials: Older black SA women (age, 68 (range; 60–85 years) n = 122) completed sociodemographic and quantitative food frequency questionnaires (QFFQ), fasting venous blood samples (25-hydroxycholecalciferol: Vitamin D-25), 24 h urine collection (estimate protein intake), grip strength and PA monitoring (activPAL). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of the hip (femoral neck and total) and lumbar spine determined BMD and whole-body scans for fat and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM). WHO classifications were used to determine osteopenia (t-score -2.5 to -1), and osteoporosis (t-score < -2.5). Results: At the lumbar spine 34.4% of the women (n = 42) had osteopenia and 19.7% (n = 24) had osteoporosis. Osteopenia at the left femoral neck was 32% (n = 40) and osteoporosis was 13.1% (n = 16) of participants. The total left hip BMD indicated osteopenia in 27.9% (n = 34) and osteoporosis in 13.1% (n = 16) of participants. Multinomial regression revealed no differences in age (y) or frequency of falls in the past year between all groups (p = 0.727). Compared to those with normal BMD, participants with osteoporosis at the hip neck and lumbar spine were shorter, weighed less and had a lower body mass index (BMI) (all p < 0.05). When adjusted for height, the osteoporotic group (hip neck and lumbar spine) had lower trunk fat (% whole body), FFSTM (kg) and grip strength (kg), compared to those with normal BMD (p < 0.05). Only protein intake (g; 24 h urine analyse

Published
2020
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33. Evaporative Heat Loss

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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34. Exercise-Induced Asthma

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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35. Erythropoietin (EPO)

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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36. Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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37. Eleven-a-Side 0–9 Soccer

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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38. Equilibrium

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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39. Energy Substrates

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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40. Endurance Capacity

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

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2012
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41. Executive Functions

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

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2012
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42. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

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2012
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43. Electrophysiologic Study (EPS)

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

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2012
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44. Exercise and Prognosis After Cancer Diagnosis

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

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2012
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45. Eccentric Muscle Damage

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

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2012
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46. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

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2012
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47. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERKs)

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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48. Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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49. Extrinsic Falls Risk Factors

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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50. Enhancement of Performance Capacity in Long Duration Events

Author

Proske, Uwe, primary, Morgan, David L., additional, Hew-Butler, Tamara, additional, Keenan, Kevin G., additional, Enoka, Roger M., additional, Sixt, Sebastian, additional, Niebauer, Josef, additional, Hawley, John A., additional, Gibala, Martin J., additional, Myburgh, Kathryn H., additional, Capelli, C., additional, Zamparo, P., additional, Kang, Jie, additional, Löllgen, Herbert, additional, Löllgen, Ruth, additional, Jelkmann, Wolfgang, additional, Scott, Christopher B., additional, Smyrnias, Ioannis, additional, Bootman, Martin D., additional, Roderick, H. Llewelyn, additional, Myers, Jonathan N., additional, Brubaker, Peter H., additional, Carlsen, Kai-Håkon, additional, Kjær, Michael, additional, Sim, Marc, additional, Peeling, Peter, additional, Dawson, Brian, additional, and Trinder, Debbie, additional

Published
2012
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