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Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] contributes to cardiovascular disease risk. A genetically determined size polymorphism in apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], determined by the number of Kringle (K) repeats, inversely regulates Lp(a) levels. Nongenetic factors including dietary saturated fat influence Lp(a) levels. However, less is known about the effects of carbohydrates including dietary sugars. In this double-blind, parallel arm study among 32 overweight/obese adults, we investigated the effect of consuming glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages providing 25% of energy requirements for 10 weeks on Lp(a) level and assessed the role of the apo(a) size polymorphism. The mean (±SD) age of participants was 54 ± 8 years, 50% were women, and 75% were of European descent. Following the 10-week intervention, Lp(a) level was reduced by an average (±SEM) of -13.2% ± 4.3% in all participants (P = 0.005); -15.3% ± 7.8% in the 15 participants who consumed glucose (P = 0.07); and -11.3% ± 4.5% in the 17 participants who consumed fructose (P = 0.02), without any significant difference in the effect between the two sugar groups. Relative changes in Lp(a) levels were similar across subgroups of lower versus higher baseline Lp(a) level or carrier versus noncarrier of an atherogenic small (≤22K) apo(a) size. In contrast, LDL-C increased. In conclusion, in older, overweight/obese adults, consuming sugar-sweetened beverages reduced Lp(a) levels by ∼13% independently of apo(a) size variability and the type of sugar consumed. The Lp(a) response was opposite to that of LDL-C and triglyceride concentrations. These findings suggest that metabolic pathways might impact Lp(a) levels.

Traditional Mongolian Language evolved through the history taking in its purview the Buddha's teaching of the Dharma through the route of the Tibetan language. This research study examined the chronology of the evolution of the Mongolian language and literature, the influence of Tibetan on its grammar and on the written Mongolian. The focus of the study was however on the creation of a written Mongolian language based on the translations of the ten sutras of knowledge of the Tripitaka and the words of foreign origin borrowed from Sanskrit and Tibetan into Mongolian. The findings revealed that the Mongolian grammar, often compared with the content of Sumju, was influenced by the primary grammar of Tibetan and Ogtorgui Maani, the main grammar of written Mongolian. The study also revealed that "Sumdag" which comprised two sutras, Sumju and Dagjug, assisted in the translations of the Buddhist scriptures into Tibetan and Mongolian languages. The "Sumdag" also enriched the Mongolian vocabulary by classification of vowels and consonants; and revived the grammar of ancient texts by developing new grammatical terminology and definitions. This study would provide useful insights to linguists, teachers and students about the influence of "Sumdag" on Traditional Mongolian Language and Dharma Literature.

Speaking of speech recognition within the English language, it is the process of recognizing oral speech and transcribing it into writing using exclusive algorithms. For the perishable skill of English language learning, use of innovative speech recognition technology using Advanced Speech Recognition Technologies MLP-LSTM is proposed in this paper to advance the existing online learning platforms. Previous research addresses the importance of NLP in English language learning but notes the challenges in effectively extracting and segmenting features from multimodal data. In order to overcome these problems, this paper incorporate the proposed MLP for feature extraction and LSTM for sequence learning. The utilization of MLP-LSTM provides not only a brilliant improvement of the capacity to transform spoken language and perceive it but also minimizes the Word Error Rate (WER) to 0.075. With this low WER, along with the total accuracy rate of 98.25 %, this paper focus on underlining how this system is more effective than traditional language learning tools. This paper has been implemented through Python Software. The given MLP-LSTM based speech recognition model lays the foundation for a highly complex yet accurate paced English language learning platform that will cater to the needs of the learners in the global scenario.

Background and Aim:Hepatitis E virus (HEV) poses a global public health concern. HEV has a single serotype and 8 genotypes. There is inadequate knowledge about risk factors and zoonotic transmission pathways of hepatitis E virus in Mongolia, although the prevalence of HEV is, on average, 12% among the Mongolian population. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of HEV G8 infection in Bayankhongor province, Mongolia. Materials and Methods: Human serum samples (309) were collected in Bogd, Bayangovi, and Bayanlig districts of Bayankhongor province, Mongolia, with a control group consisting of non-camel herders. An in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to detect anti-HEV IgG. The interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather the data. The assessment factors included age, sex, and occupation for the respondents. Univariate analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. The same population was tested for hepatitis B and C viruses (HBVs and HCVs) using rapid tests. Results: Of 309 samples, 41 (13.3%) tested positive for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G antibodies, 23 (7.4%) for HBV and 11 (3.6%) for HCV. HEV seropositivity was linked with water supply, khoormog consumption, and co-infection with HBV and HCV. Conclusion: HEV prevalence among Bayankhongor residents underscores potential transmission routes related to water supply and khoormog consumption, emphasizing the need for sequencing from human positive sera of HEV and preventive measures. We did not conduct the genotyping of positive human samples.

ObjectiveCharacterization studies of the phenotypic and genetic diversity of Mongolian goats are limited, despite several goat breeds being registered in the country. This study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic and genetic diversity of 14 cashmere goat populations in Mongolia, consisting largely of identified goat breeds.MethodsBody weight, cashmere quality, and coat color were the phenotypic traits considered in this study. A linear model was used to fit body weight and cashmere traits, and least squares means (LSMs) were estimated for the region and location classes. Genetic diversity and structure were assessed using a goat 50K SNP array.ResultsThe studied populations exhibited greater phenotypic diversity at the regional level. A very small overall differentiation index (Fst: 0.017) was revealed by Wright’s Fst and a very small overall inbreeding index (FROH1:0.019) was revealed based on runs of homozygosity. Genetic clustering of populations by principal components showed large variances for the two goat populations of the Russian admixture (Gobi Gurvan Saikhan and Uuliin Bor), and smaller but differentiated clusters for the remaining populations. Similar results were observed in the admixture analysis, which identified populations with the highest (Govi Gurvan Saikhan and Uuliin Bor) and lowest (Tsagaan Ovoo Khar) exotic admixtures. A genomewide association study (GWAS) of body weight and cashmere traits identified a few significant variants on chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 9, and 15, with the strongest variant for cashmere yield on chromosome 4. The GWAS on coat color yielded nine significant variants, with the strongest variants located on chromosomes 6, 13, and 18 and potential associations with KIT, ASIP, and MC1R genes. These signals were also found in other studies on coat color and patterns in goats.ConclusionMongolian cashmere goats showed relatively low genetic differentiation and low inbreeding levels, possibly caused by the traditional pastoral livestock management system and the practice of trading breeding bucks across provinces, along with a recent increase in the goat population. Further investigation of cashmere traits using larger samples and alternative methods may help identify the genes or genomic regions underlying cashmere quality in goats.

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] contributes to cardiovascular disease risk. A genetically determined size polymorphism in apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], determined by the number of Kringle (K) repeats, inversely regulates Lp(a) levels. Nongenetic factors including dietary saturated fat influence Lp(a) levels. However, less is known about the effects of carbohydrates including dietary sugars. In this double-blind, parallel arm study among 32 overweight/obese adults, we investigated the effect of consuming glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages providing 25% of energy requirements for 10 weeks on Lp(a) level and assessed the role of the apo(a) size polymorphism. The mean (±SD) age of participants was 54 ± 8 years, 50% were women, and 75% were of European descent. Following the 10-week intervention, Lp(a) level was reduced by an average (±SEM) of −13.2% ± 4.3% in all participants (P = 0.005); −15.3% ± 7.8% in the 15 participants who consumed glucose (P = 0.07); and −11.3% ± 4.5% in the 17 participants who consumed fructose (P = 0.02), without any significant difference in the effect between the two sugar groups. Relative changes in Lp(a) levels were similar across subgroups of lower versus higher baseline Lp(a) level or carrier versus noncarrier of an atherogenic small (≤22K) apo(a) size. In contrast, LDL-C increased. In conclusion, in older, overweight/obese adults, consuming sugar-sweetened beverages reduced Lp(a) levels by ∼13% independently of apo(a) size variability and the type of sugar consumed. The Lp(a) response was opposite to that of LDL-C and triglyceride concentrations. These findings suggest that metabolic pathways might impact Lp(a) levels.

The drive of this article is to evaluate the capability and service delivery of the English language training institutions and their coordination, according to the findings of the survey. The research incorporated the framework of language planning goals of Kaplan and Baldauf, to perform relative and content investigation. Expressive statistics and examination of study related to language learning and instruction delivered at the secondary schools and the universities have been studied to identify conditions for the English language training. This article focuses on language acquisition planning, especially evaluation policy in Mongolian educational institutions which have the main responsibility to implement the policy. It also discussed the results taken for consideration in language testing considering attaining programs, and goals. For example, every year the proficiency testing is done for more than 3000 freshmen students who are studying 'English I' (A2 level), the assessment reveals that more than 90% of them fail. It is then concluded that there is no united and national evaluation policy for English language acquisition planning in Mongolia.

Genetic diversity is a hallmark of RNA viruses and the basis for their evolutionary success. Taking advantage of the uniquely large genomic database of SARS-CoV-2, we examine the impact of mutations across the spectrum of viable amino acid sequences on the biophysical phenotypes of the highly expressed and multifunctional nucleocapsid protein. We find variation in the physicochemical parameters of its extended intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) sufficient to allow local plasticity, but also observe functional constraints that similarly occur in related coronaviruses. In biophysical experiments with several N-protein species carrying mutations associated with major variants, we find that point mutations in the IDRs can have nonlocal impact and modulate thermodynamic stability, secondary structure, protein oligomeric state, particle formation, and liquid-liquid phase separation. In the Omicron variant, distant mutations in different IDRs have compensatory effects in shifting a delicate balance of interactions controlling protein assembly properties, and include the creation of a new protein-protein interaction interface in the N-terminal IDR through the defining P13L mutation. A picture emerges where genetic diversity is accompanied by significant variation in biophysical characteristics of functional N-protein species, in particular in the IDRs.

This research analyzes 657 studies in the Web of Science (WOS) and 288 studies in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database from 2010 to 2023. This research employs the scientific quantitative knowledge graph method to analyze literature characteristics, core author, institution network, hotspots, and trends. The CiteSpace software analysis results show that the number of published papers is rising but fluctuates slightly. A core group of authors has not yet formed in this field, and the cooperation density between authors and institutions is low. Their distribution spreads in space with significant regional differences, mainly in European and Asian countries. The causes, impacts, and solutions of multi-actor engagement in service innovation are the focus of WOS and CNKI literature. However, scholars discuss the enterprise supply side, customer demand side, and government policy side in WOS, while scholars mainly discuss the interaction between variables in CNKI. A lack of an evaluation system for service innovation in wellness tourism restricts further research on service innovation. There is an essential potential for topics such as multi-actor engagement in the wellness tourism service innovation, digital technology, knowledge management, service innovation ecosystem performances, and wellness tourism development in developing countries. This study promotes an overview and reference for future scholars' research of service innovation in the wellness tourism industry.

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the 30 days readmissions and predictors of readmission at selected referral hospitals in Mongolia. Methods: We studied the electronic medical recording database of patients admitted to The State First Central Hospital of Mongolia, The State Second Central Hospital of Mongolia, and The State Third Central Hospital of Mongolia, from January 01, 2023, to June 30, 2023. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s Whole system measures white paper adopted the measurement methods for hospital readmission percentages. A descriptive analysis was conducted to calculate the percentage of hospital readmissions. We examined principal diagnoses, length of stay and age and gender are variables. Results: 31,675 hospital discharged data were recorded in hospitals over the 6-month study period. The average readmission percentage across the three hospitals were 1988 (6.3%). Most of the principal diagnosis leading to readmissions were cancer and chronic diseases. Conclusion: The highest hospital readmission rates were observed in patients with cancer and chronic diseases, particularly among individuals aged 46-64 years in the referral hospitals.

Objectives: The impact of COVID-19 prompted a race to find a treatment that would reduce its mortality. This study aimed to analyze how the clinical and laboratory characteristics reflect the disease process and progression of COVID-19 cases in hospitalized patients of Mongolia, which could be informative in managing patients with COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the prescription patterns of drugs given to hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19. A total of 1012 participants were recruited in the study. These were identified from the reported positive cases by polymerase chain reaction or antigen reactivity performed in Ulaanbaatar. Result: A total of 1096 patients participated in this study. The mean age was 51.86 ± 16.98 for male patients and 52.23 ± 16.4 for female patients. It has been revealed that there are statistically significant differences between male and female patients. RBC was 4.56 ± 0.79 M/ UL and 5.08 ± 1.36 M/UL, men and women respectively. The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in female COVID-19 patients were significantly higher (46.75 ± 72.83 mg/dL) compared to male patients (33.94 ± 47.96 mg/dL). The platelet count (PLT) was 245.32 ± 77.71 for male patients, while there was a significant reduction in PLT count in female patients (229.30 ± 71.59). Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19 in Mongolia appeared to remain in the hospital for 6.86 ± 2.43 days, shorter than in other countries. Hematological analysis showed that female patients had elevated C-reactive protein levels and decreased PLT count.

The introduction of novel highly pathogenic (HPAI) viruses into Korea has been attributed to recombination events occurring at breeding sites in the Northern Hemisphere. This has increased interest in monitoring and genetically analyzing avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in northern regions, such as Mongolia, which share migratory bird flyways with Korea. AIVs in Mongolia were monitored by analyzing 10,149 fecal samples freshly collected from wild birds from April to October in 2021 to 2023. The prevalence of AIVs in wild birds was 1.01%, with a total of 77 AIVs isolated during these 3 years. These 77 AIVs included hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes H1, H2, H3, H4, H6, H10 and H13 and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes N1, N2, N3, N6, N7 and N8. The most frequently detected subtype combinations were H3N8 (39.0%) and H4N6 (19.5%), although HPAI viruses were not detected. Genetic analysis indicated that theses AIVs isolated from Mongolian samples were closely related to AIVs in wild birds in Korea, including those of Eurasian lineage. These findings indicate the necessity of continuous AIV surveillance and monitoring, as HPAI viruses introduced into Korea may derive from strains in Mongolia.

Many disease-causing microbes are not obligate pathogens; rather, they are environmental microbes taking advantage of an ecological opportunity. The existence of microbes whose life cycle does not require a host and are not normally pathogenic, yet are well-suited to host exploitation, is an evolutionary puzzle. One hypothesis posits that selection in the environment may favor traits that incidentally lead to pathogenicity and virulence, or serve as pre-adaptations for survival in a host. An example of such a trait is surface adherence. To experimentally test the idea of ‘accidental virulence’, replicate populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evolved to attach to a plastic bead for hundreds of generations. Along with plastic adherence, two multicellular phenotypes— biofilm formation and flor formation— increased; another phenotype, pseudohyphal growth, responded to the nutrient limitation. Thus, experimental selection led to the evolution of highly-adherent, hyper-multicellular strains. Wax moth larvae injected with evolved hyper-multicellular strains were significantly more likely to die than those injected with evolved non-multicellular strains. Hence, selection on plastic adherence incidentally led to the evolution of enhanced multicellularity and increased virulence. Our results support the idea that selection for a trait beneficial in the open environment can inadvertently generate opportunistic, ‘accidental’ pathogens.

Text classification technique is advancing rapidly alongside AI technology, showing signs of maturity. Moreover, there are always many unrestricted constraints that text classification must deal with in practical settings. English text is indeed a significant component of textual data and a significant source of data for persons seeking data from other countries. This study enhances the text classification method currently in use using text classification depending upon English quality. By using an illustration of English quality-related text classification systems, the concept as well as execution of text classification systems is demonstrated, concluding the study on text classification algorithms. The main task of this article is to categorize, and analyze huge volumes of information in English text using technique of integrating qualitative. Therefore, the fundamental components of superior English compositions are attained using Lion Optimization Algorithm (LOA). Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) is utilized to classify the obtained texts. If there is a lot of training input, the typical English text classification method can easily display flaws like ambiguous characteristic elements. In light of such issues, the research suggests a quality-related English text classification approach based on convolutional neural network in order to enhance the precision and adaptability of English text classification.

Mongolian women enjoy equal rights and actively participate in various sectors of the national economy, including the mineral and mining industry. The Mongolian University of Science and Technology (MUST), the largest university in Mongolia, plays a crucial role in preparing engineers for the Mongolian industry. Within MUST, the School of Geology and Mining Engineering (SGME) stands out as one of the largest schools, boasting a dedicated team of 136 staff members. Impressively, 92 of these staff members are female, constituting a remarkable 67.65% of the total staff. The directorial board of SGME, consisting of 12 members, also demonstrates a noteworthy level of gender diversity, with 5 of its members being female. This represents a proportion of 41.67% and highlights the inclusion of women in decision-making positions. Additionally, it is worth noting that the Geology and Hydrogeology department, one of the five departments within the School, is led by a capable female leader. However, despite the encouraging representation of women among staff and in leadership roles, there is a noticeable disparity in the enrollment and graduation rates of students at SGME. Currently, these rates stand at only about 20–24 percent, indicating the need for further efforts to encourage and support female students in pursuing geology and mining engineering studies. Outside of academia, within the mining industry, the Oyu Tolgoi large-scale mine, which in 2022 employed 20,328 workers, faces a significant gender imbalance. Out of this workforce, only 3577 are women, comprising a mere 18% of the total employees, while the remaining 82% are men. Among the 2997 total employees in the open pit mine, 737 women are employed in various roles, including 66 engineers and technicians, with the remaining 671 in other positions. In the newly opened underground mine, the total number of women employees stands at 2840, including 248 engineers and technicians and 2592 in other roles. Furthermore, on the Board of Directors, there are only 2 women out of a total of 23 managers, and a mere 104 women hold positions as senior staff and superintendents. A comparative analysis between Asia and other global regions reveals that female employment in Mongolia’s mining sector in general, at 18%, closely aligns with Oceania’s rates (17%) and surpasses those of both the broader Asian region (13%) and South America (11%). Addressing these statistical imbalances is crucial to improving gender equality in geoscience and mining. Historically, the mining industry has been male-dominated, but women-led professional geoscience and mining organizations in Mongolia play a vital role in promoting the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in these industries. Recognizing the significance of gender diversity, these organizations strive to increase the representation of women in leadership positions. Women in leadership bring unique perspectives that contribute to well-rounded decision-making processes within organizations. By acknowledging the importance of gender dynamics, promoting inclusivity, and supporting the professional growth of Mongolian women in geoscience and mining, the overall development and sustainability of these sectors in the country will be greatly enhanced.

This paper aims to estimate macroeconomic determinants of stock market volatility (SMV) for post-socialist countries using unbalanced panel data from 1995 to 2020. We evaluated the impacts of the stock market and macroeconomic determinants on SMV using the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) model based on the data of selected eleven post-socialist countries in terms of two consecutive years. The findings reveal that economic freedom has a strong and good impact at any time; however, although the previous year's turnover ratio (TOR) had a positive impact, it has an unfavorable impact on SMV in the current year. Furthermore, the year's inflation rate, level of corruption, economic growth rate, and stock market value have all shown a negative impact. The study's findings serve as a useful reference for stock market practitioners and policymakers in these nations in making decisions.

The present study is focused on evaluating acaricidal activity and chemical compositions of Erigeron acer root, which was identified as a promising candidate among fifteen Mongolian plant extracts tested for acaricidal activity. The acaricidal effect was evaluated against Haemaphysalis longicornis, assessed for toxicity to normal human skin fibroblast, and analyzed for its chemical constituents. The acetone extract of E. acer root showed significant activity against H. longicornis, with a lethal concentration (LC50) of 5.31 mg/mL and low toxicity, evidenced by a cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 267.00 µg/mL. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and molecular networking, thirteen natural compounds were identified, including pyrrolidines, alkaloids, fatty acids, and flavonoids, highlighting the efficacy of E. acer root extract as an effective acaricide against H. longicornis and offering insights for developing new tick control solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Mongolia, which has a small population, a large territory, and abundant natural, agricultural, and mineral resources, regional development of the education sector, especially tertiary education, which is significant for population settlement, is an important issue for regional development. The purpose of this study is to optimize spatial planning of the tertiary education sector in line with regional development. This research used statistical and spatial analyzing methods to achieve the sets of research objectives. The key indicators of the tertiary education sector included a number of universities, institutes, and colleges, students, full-time teachers, new entrants, and graduates from general educational schools and the relevant datasets were collected from the National Statistical Office (NSO) and the Ministry of Education and Science (MES) covering the period from 1990 to 2019. As can be seen from research results, 92.5 per cent of tertiary educational institutions, 88.9 per cent of all employees working in the sector, 92.6 per cent of all students, and 92.2 per cent of new entrants are all located in Ulaanbaatar alone, which means that Mongolia’s tertiary education sector is overcrowded in the Capital city only. This study suggests that it is necessary to support the establishment of vocational and tertiary education institutions, research centers, institutes, and their branches outside of the capital city by first reviewing the status and functions of national and aimag-level cities, which are in line with regional and local unique and economic priorities.

Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces a multicellular phenotype, known as a mat, on a semi‐solid medium. This biofilm phenotype was first described in the lab strain Σ1278b and has been analyzed mostly in this same background. Yeast cells form a mat by spreading across the medium and adhering to each other and the surface, in part through the variegated expression of the cell adhesion, FLO11. This process creates a characteristic floral pattern and generates pH and glucose gradients outward from the center of the mat. Mats are encapsulated in a liquid which may aid in surface spreading and diffusion. Here, we examine thirteen environmental isolates that vary visually in the phenotype. We predicted that mat properties were universal and increased morphological complexity would be associated with more extreme trait values. Our results showed that pH varied significantly among strains, but was not correlated to mat complexity. Only two isolates generated significant liquid boundaries and neither produced visually complex mats. In five isolates, we tracked the initiation of FLO11 using green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the endogenous promoter. Strains varied in when and how much GFP was detected, with increased signal associated with increased morphological complexity. Generally, the signal was strongest in the center of the mat and absent at the expanding edge. Our results show that traits discovered in one background vary and exist independently of mat complexity in natural isolates. The environment may favor different sets of traits, which could have implications for how this yeast adapts to its many ecological niches.

The state of affairs concerning religion in Mongolia has recently become a controversial subject due to the need to clarify the constitutional and state policy on religion, which was being interpreted in different ways by scholars. I the researcher concluded my thoughts on how the constitution of Mongolia stipulated “religion”, whether the main principle such as “The State shall respect religion and religion shall honor the State” is referring to all religions, and clarified the constitutional concept of state and religion in the constitution. Religion is not merely a matter of religious human right, it is also essential matter in terms of national security and national integration. Furthermore, I the researcher tried to define the scope of religion in broad concept of “Civilization” and how it is regulated by the law of national security. Үндсэн хуулийн үзэл санаа ба соёл иргэншлийн аюулгүй байдалд хамаарах зарим асуудал Хураангуй: Үндсэн хуулиар баталсан, төрөөс шашны талаар баримтлах бодлогыг эрдэмтэн судлаачид зөрүүтэй тайлбарлаж, ойлгомжгүй байдал үүсгэсэн тул үүнийг тодорхой болгох шаардлага тулгарч байна. Сүүлийн үед Монгол Улсад шашны нөхцөл байдлын талаарх асуудал хурцаар хөндөгдөх болжээ. Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хуулиар “шашны” асуудлыг хэрхэн зохицуулсан, Үндсэн хуульд заасан “Монгол Улсад төр нь шашнаа хүндэтгэж, шашин нь төрөө дээдэлнэ” гэсэн зарчим нь бүх шашныг илэрхийлж байгаа эсэхэд дүгнэлт өгөх, Үндсэн хуулиар төрөөс, шашны талаар баримтлах Үндсэн хуулийн үзэл санааг тодорхой болгох тал дээр судлаач байр сууриа илэрхийллээ. Шашны асуудал бол дан ганц шашин шүтэх хүний эрхтэй холбогддогүй, улс орны нэгдмэл, аюулгүй байдлын асуудал давхар хөндөгдөж байдаг харилцаа юм. Үүнээс уламжлан “Иргэншил” хэмээх олон талт өргөн ойлголтод шашны хамаарах хүрээг тогтоож Монголчуудын соёл иргэншлийн аюулгүй байдал, Үндэсний аюулгүй байдлын тухай хууль, үзэл баримтлалаар хэрхэн зохицуулсан талаар хөндөн гаргахыг оролдлоо. Түлхүүр үгc: Үндсэн хууль, Үндсэн хуулийн үзэл баримтлал, бүрэн эрхт байдал, Төрөөс шашны талаар баримтлах бодлого, Үндэсний аюулгүй байдал, соёл иргэншил, төрийн үүрэг.

Abstract Background Siberian musk deer, one of the seven species, is distributed in coniferous forests of Asia. Worldwide, the population size of Siberian musk deer is threatened by severe illegal poaching for commercially valuable musk and meat, habitat losses, and forest fire. At present, this species is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. However, the genetic information of Siberian musk deer is largely unexplored. Results Here, we produced 3.10 Gb draft assembly of wild Siberian musk deer with a contig N50 of 29,145 bp and a scaffold N50 of 7,955,248 bp. We annotated 19,363 protein-coding genes and estimated 44.44% of the genome to be repetitive. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that wild Siberian musk deer is closer to Bovidae than to Cervidae. Comparative analyses showed that the genetic features of Siberian musk deer adapted in cold and high-altitude environments. We sequenced two additional genomes of Siberian musk deer constructed demographic history indicated that changes in effective population size corresponded with recent glacial epochs. Finally, we identified several candidate genes that may play a role in the musk secretion based on transcriptome analysis. Conclusions Here, we present a high-quality draft genome of wild Siberian musk deer, which will provide a valuable genetic resource for further investigations of this economically important musk deer.

Monitoring adverse drug reactions is a vital issue to ensure drug safety and to protect the general public from medication-related harmful effects. In order to properly monitor drug safety, a regulatory system needs to be in place as well as an infrastructure that allows for analyzing national and international safety data. In Mongolia, adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting activities have been implemented in the past decade. During this period, the basic structure and legal basis of an adverse drug reaction monitoring system was established. Because of the fragmented but growing healthcare system and the complexity of pharmaceutical issues in Mongolia, a sustainable process for the development of the adverse drug reaction reporting system is a key issue. The aim of this article is to disclose the Mongolian situation for the rest of the world and to share experiences on how an ADR reporting system can be developed towards a higher and more advanced level to contribute to both national and international drug safety issues. In this article, we review the features of the Mongolian health care and pharmaceutical systems, as well as the current development of the adverse drug reaction reporting system.

Rangelands located in arid and semi-arid region are particularly vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research project is to assess vulnerability and its impacts on socio-economy of pastoral society and to formulate adaptation options for the selected rangelands. The analysis process consisted of (1) using geospatial techniques to assess the pastoral vulnerability; (2) using statistical correlation analysis to assess the impact of vulnerability on the grazing societies’ socio-economic conditions; (3) using qualitative document analysis (QDA) to evaluate policy documents; and (4) engaging in policy formulation, which included active participation by multiple academic researchers, policymakers, and representatives of the local community. The pastoral vulnerability assessment results reveal that drought, pasture usage and normalized difference vegetation index are the main drivers. Pastoral vulnerability increases the breeding stock’s miscarriage rate and causes livestock loss, which may affect the socio-economics of the herder community, devaluing herders’ labour and shortening their life expectancy. Two provinces’ policies were reviewed, and the findings suggest that aligning development and sectoral policies with climate change responses (i.e. adaptation and mitigation) to enhance the adaptive and transformative capacity of rural communities is important. The adaptation options and policy recommendations for two provinces are identified to enhance the resilience of livelihoods to climate change and adaptation activities to potentially reduce vulnerability to anthropogenic climate change and advance development.

In Mongolia, horses play important roles, not only in livestock production, but also in terms of culture, tradition, and Mongolian beliefs. Although the presence of non-tsetse-transmitted horse trypanosomoses, which are caused by infections with Trypanosoma evansi (surra) and T. equiperdum (dourine), has been reported in the country, whether there is a nationwide epidemic of these infectious diseases is unknown. In the present study, a nationwide surveillance of horse trypanosomoses was performed. The sample sizes for each province, the whole country, and male and female horses were, respectively, 96, 2,400, and 316 and 306. In total, 3,641 samples of horse sera were collected by simple random sampling. The rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA, which was applied for surra against cattle and water buffalo and dourine against horse, revealed that the overall sero-prevalence of the diseases in Mongolia was 4.8%. Among them, high sero-prevalences were observed in the central provinces (5.2–11.0%, p < 0.05) of the country. The sero-prevalence was significantly higher in females than in males (6.0% and 4.0%, p < 0.05, respectively) and in non-castrated males (8.4%, p < 0.01) compared with castrated males (3.0%). These results suggested that currently, horse trypanosomoses are a nationwide endemic problem in Mongolia. Knowledge of the nationwide endemic status of non-tsetse-transmitted horse trypanosomoses in Mongolia will be useful to prevent these diseases.

The important stage of breeding program for F1 hybrids with high yield capacity is to estimate the combining ability of parental lines for productivity characteristics. The information on combining ability may predict the productivity traits to exhibit and helps produce heterotic hybrids and use the initial breeding accessions in tomato. The combining ability of breeding accessions for yield traits was studied with the use of topcross crossing. According to the study of high yielding varieties, the varieties all increase the maturity of hybridisation. However, Jelty gigant varieties have the advantage of general and special combinations (gi = 15.6, σsi2 = 6.4), the minimum seedling duration, and the early varieties of varieties can be used for breeding varietiesThe combinations of our studies include the maturation of flowering and fruitful maturity of h2=0.69-0.67, fruit quantity per plant h2=0.60-0.66) by selection and those are inheritable characters with medium value. Early or total yield h2=0.45-0.58 leaf quantity until first inflorescences h2=0.27 had low heritage coefficient, respectively.

China is showing trends of increase in international trade due to worldwide economic growth. Furthermore, the annual increases in trade value of its bonded area, Bonded logistics complex, etc. are greatly contributing to the development of China’s commerce as result of rising demands from foreign markets. Bonded area is favorable to trade environment and it is typically installed in a port relatively advanced in technology and economy. It differs from other areas due to government’s implementation of favoritism and special policies in that area. Such efficacy is economic like other foreign nations’ “Free Trade Zone”, “Export Processing Zone”, and others that all possess the four functionalities of international trade, modern logistics, entry processing, and commodity marketing.The biggest advantage of bonded area is drastically simplified export-import customs clearance and favorable customs process, and includes other advantages including inspection of goods, tax investigations, foreign exchanges, financial management, etc. that are administered at once. These factors provide accelerated administration of customs procedure and effective business affairs, form ideal investment environment for internationalization of companies, and reduce distribution costs.The Chinese government, following the successful management of bonded area and BLP, is now focusing on establishing the final directing point of the Free Trade Zone. On September 29th, 2013 the “Shanghai Free Trade demonstration borough” was officially launched to form the progressive economic system more efficient than the traditional system. Likewise, we should take advantage of such BLP to export agricultural processed goods, equipment and materials to solidify Korea’s agricultural position there. The trade that utilizes BLP is still mostly conducted by focusing large corporations’ products, and in practice, there have been little discussions of agriculture on the surface aside from the manufacturing industry. However, this venue should serve as appropriate consideration for the sixth industry of agricultural companies, small and medium-sized businesses to take part and form an export path to China’s market.

Analysis of D-loop of mitochondrial DNA of 4 populations of Mongolian horses from different origin was conducted. Nowadays Mongolian horses massive is divided to several countries. Among them there are Mongolia, Inner Mongolia part of China, and Kalmyk Republic of Russia. D-loop of mitochondrial DNA gives an inside into the maternal lines of population of horses. I was stated, that maternal lines of 4 populations from different territories have their similarities, as well as differences. More investigations are in need to understand, if similarities can be explained by the same origin of the populations, or due to other horse breeds, involved into the breed’s genesis.

Objectives: This retrospective study compared local infiltration analgesia (LIA) with femoral nerve block (FNB) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of LIA and FNB, measuring the primary outcome by fentanyl consumption, the secondary outcome by pain scores, and the tertiary measure by postoperative nausea and vomiting incidences. Methods: In this retrospective study, medical history records of 99 TKA patients were reviewed from 2 groups: (1) the LIA group was injected with 180 mg of ropivacaine to the wound and (2) the FNB group was treated with FNB with ropivacaine and morphine. All patients received fentanyl-based patient controlled analgesia (PCA). The observation of outcomes was done during 24 hours. Results: No difference was detected between two groups on the first postoperative day, and the bolus fentanyl consumption was significantly higher in the LIA group. All recorded visual analog scale (VAS) scores both at rest and with movement were similar at 1-12 hours, but at 13-24 hours VAS scores at rest were significantly less in the FNB group. Postoperative nausea and vomiting incidences were significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Single shot LIA with ropivacaine reduces the early pain after unilateral TKA. FNB can provide longer analgesia than LIA.

The urban sprawl process of Ulaanbaatar has changed dramatically due to population growth. Ulaanbaatar city land management master plan defined the settlement zone area suitable for living as 33,698 ha. However, due to unrestricted urban sprawl caused by the exponential growth of the city’s population, the settlement zone area reached 39,235 ha, which exceeds the limit by 5537 ha. In order to tackle this issue, several urban planning concepts were developed to be implemented within Ulaanbaatar city urban planning framework. It is, in any case, problematic to choose a single planning concept due to the fact that neither measurements nor analyses are being made of the respective spatial indicators in urban planning assumptions that are taking urban form into consideration. One of the prerequisites for identifying an optimal concept in urban planning is an assessment of urban form, and measuring the impacts against its spatial data. This study uses 1990–2020 satellite image data to investigate the urban form of Ulaanbaatar with a future action plan. Using remote sensing and GIS technology, Ulaanbaatar city sprawl was analyzed for defining urban form, and consequent results were obtained by comparatively measuring the impacts of monocentric, polycentric, and compact city concepts on city sprawl by applying spatial indicators that have been used in the world’s major cities. The study results show that the compact city concept is the optimal solution to reduce uncontrolled city sprawl based on a technical point of view. This will lower Ulaanbaatar’s sprawl threefold and compress the urban settlement area down from 39,235 ha to 12,479 ha.

This paper investigates the empirical evidence on the relationship between financial accessibility and economic growth to test the conventional hypothesis that improved financial accessibility leads to financial development and economic growth. First, we built a dynamic panel model on the relationship between financial accessibility and economic growth with a set of controlled variables. We then used several financial access indicators from 165 countries, collected from 2004 to 2011, applying the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators to estimate their relationship. From these estimations, we found that high financial accessibility leads to high income in general. In addition, we found that an increase in financial access indicators had a greater impact on economic growth in low-income countries than it did on economic growth in high-income countries.

Aim. In this study we evaluated the metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence and its structure in Mongolian urban employed population.Material and methods. The prevalence of MetS, defined by IDF (2005), JIS (2009) and modified NCEP ATP III (2004) criteria, was estimated in 1277 Mongolian railway workers (737 men and 540 women) aged 18 years or older.Results. The MetS prevalence by IDF (2005) definition was found to be 36,1% in men and 39,6% in women, by JIS (2009) — in 38,9% and 40,9% and by NCEP ATP III (2004) — in 25,1% and 35,0% respectively. Abdominal obesity was the most common component (58,5% in men and 76,1% in women) as well as a constellation of abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure and high serum triglycerides was the most common variant in MetS structure (51,9% in men and 30,4% in women).Conclusion. Mongolian railway employees were characterized by high rate of MetS, which can be accounted for professional stress and changes in the lifestyle due to urbanization. The highest common components of MetS were found to be abdominal obesity, hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia.

We assessed the prevalence of obesity and identify obesity-related markers of elevated/high cardiovascular risk among urban employed Mongolians. 1277 railway workers aged 18-63 were investigated. Obesity parameters, blood pressure, lipids and fasting plasma glucose levels were measured. Body composition by bioelectrical impedance method was evaluated. 10-year risk for cardiovascular events was calculated. The results showed that the prevalence of general obesity was 65,4% in men and 68,5% in women. Abdominal obesity was found in 58,5% of men and 76.1% of women. By ROC-analysis we revealed the obesity-related markers with the best diagnostic accuracy for elevated/high cardiovascular risk assessed by the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation, Framingham Heart Study and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease risk algorithms. For men they were waist circumference waist-to-height ratio, for women — the body fat percentage. The optimal cut off values for these predictors and corresponding odds ratios for risk increase were determined.

Nowadays, Mongolia has continually expanded the range of its foreign trade cooperation to include an increasing number of trade partners, which constructed its characteristic mercantile cooperative system, including the two significant neighboring countries, China and Russia, as its strategic partners, the Northeast Asia, as its major imports-exports area, and the increasingly enhanced trade cooperation with the Western countries. Mineral substance is one of the most important exports of Mongolia, which has created considerable foreign exchange receipt. However, as a land-locked country, Mongolia still faces the problems like weak logistics system and backward infrastructure, which impede the further development of the international trade of Mongolia. Building dry ports could shorten the distance between the inland areas and the international markets. Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 56-66

In last years, the carbon nanotubes have been studied as an advanced metal catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. This study focuses on the sonochemical treatment of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a platinum supporting material for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) by mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid and mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the surface of sonochemically treated MWCNT and nanostructured electrocatalyst Pt/MWCNT. According to the experimental results of this work, the surface of MWCNT can be more successfully functionalized with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups after sonochemical treatment by mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The particle size of prepared Pt -electrocatalyst on MWCNT was determined 3.4 nm by XRD.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v12i0.165 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry Vol.12 2011: 20-23

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic agent of public health importance, infecting both humans and animals. An investigation of the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum as well as Anaplasma platys was conducted in a forest area of Selenge province, Mongolia, where ticks are widely distributed and tick-borne diseases are highly endemic. Ticks were collected and tested using polymerase chain reaction based on groEL methodology. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 14 (6%) of Ixodes persulcatus ticks and four (1%) Dermacentor nuttalli ticks; infection of Anaplasma platys was detected in 1% of Ixodes persulcatus ticks and 10% of Dermacentor nuttalli ticks. The phylogenetic tree showed that the Anaplasma phagocytophilum clustered with the Russian group, most likely due to similar geographical locations. This finding is significant for both veterinary and public health officials given that these agents can cause both animal and human illness.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral infectious disease in cattle caused by a Capripoxvirus. LSD has been recently introduced in some Asian countries. However, in Mongolia, no report of LSD is publicly available. We clinically examined LSD symptoms in 1,034 cattle from 4 soum (district) in Dornod province in Mongolia. Sixty-one cattle of them were confirmed with symptoms of LSD and then viral P32 gene was detected by a PCR. The overall prevalence of LSD in cattle was 5.9%. Females odds ratios (OR)=2.27 than males, adults (>2.5-years-old, OR=3.68) than young (1-2.5-years-old) and calves (<1-year-old) were at higher risks for LSD cases in Mongolia, while locations near the tube well and pond water are major risk areas for viral transmission due to density of insects often is high. For virus isolation, skin nodule tissue samples of 4 cattle located in four distinct soums were used for viral propagation using the MDBK cell line. Internal terminal repeat region and RPO30 gene of 4 Mongolian isolates were amplified and sequenced. In the phylogenetic trees, Mongolian LSDVs (2021) were clustered together with the Chinese (2020) and Vietnamese isolates (2020). This is the first report alarming the LSD outbreak in Mongolia that was confirmed by our study. The newly isolated viruses would be a useful base for developing diagnostic tools and inactivated vaccine technology. A large-scale study of LSD is next priority for establishing successful control strategy of further disease outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]