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The aim of this study was to reveal the development potentials of five high-intensity training models on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Following VO2max determination, maximal cardiac output (Q(max)), maximal stroke volume (SVmax), and maximal arteriovenous O-2 difference (a-vO(2diff_max)) were analysed. Short-interval-(short-HIIT), long-interval (long-HIIT), alternating work-rate continuous (alter-HIT), constant work-rate continuous (const-HIT), and sprint interval (SIT) sessions were per-formed on separate days with iso-effort and iso-time methods. Time spent (t(spent)) at > 95% of VO2max was the highest in long-HIIT (p < 0.05). The t(spent) at > 90% of Qmax was higher in alter-HIT than long-HIIT and SIT (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for t(spent) at > 90% of SVmax amongst high-intensity trainings. The t(spent) at > 90% of a-vO(2diff_max) was higher in short-HIIT and long-HIIT than other modalities (p < 0.05). It can be said that continuous modalities seem to have a higher potential to improve central part of VO2max, while interval modalities may be better to develop peripheral component., Scientific Research Projects Fund of Ege University, Turkey [16-BESYO-001], Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Fund of Ege University, Turkey [Grant number: 16-BESYO-001] . The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas with atherosclerosis-inhibiting effect. NO is also involved in the structure and function of erythrocytes (RBCs). Blood NO levels and haematological parameters (HPs) and the relationship between these parameters in swimmers over one-year training season have not yet been evaluated. Material and Methods: The effects of training (TP), detraining (DTP), and retraining period (RTP) on blood NOx (as total nitrite) levels and the relationships between NO and HPs in child swimmers were investigated. Ten trained male swimmers (11.1±0.6 years old) joined the study. With intervals of two months; blood biochemistry, physical and physiological measurements were performed after TP, DTP, and RTP. As an endurance criterion, critical speed (CS) was measured. Venous blood was obtained after 12 hours of fasting, serum iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, NOx (by Cd++ mediated 'Griess' assay) levels were measured, and haemograms were assessed. Results: NOx levels during TP were below the baseline levels (19.3%) and increased to the baseline during DTP. NOx was greater in RTP compared with DTP (p

Direnç egzersizlerinde kritik tork (KT) ve bu değerin zaman-tork hiperbolik modelindeki eğim sabitini veren anaerobik iş kapasitesi (T'), egzersiz şiddeti ve bitkinlik süresi arasındaki ters ilişkiyi ortaya koymuştur. Sonraki yıllarda, bu parametrelerin büyük kas gruplarının katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen egzersizlere uyarlanmasıyla kritik güç (KG) ve kritik hız (KH) ile bu kriterlere ait fonksiyonlar (sırasıyla W' ve D') tanımlanmıştır. Bu kavramlar "kritik bir metabolik oran" olarak bilinen kritik eşik (KE) değerini verir. Matematiksel temelli bu KE, "yorgunluk oluşmadan uzun süreler devam ettirilebilen en yüksek oran" olarak nitelendirilir. Bu değer " O2'nin stabil tutulabildiği en yüksek egzersiz şiddeti" olarak fizyolojik bir temele oturtulmuştur. Dolayısıyla KE, çok ağırdan (-very heavy) şiddetli (-severe) egzersiz alanına geçişin sınırı olarak kabul edilir. KE belirlemede kullanılan sabit şiddetli egzersiz sayıları genellikle üç ile yedi arasında değişir. Güvenilir ve geçerli bir KE tahmin etmede seçilecek egzersiz şiddetlerinin, şiddetli egzersiz alanına ait olup, 1-2 dakikadan 10-12 dakikaya değişen sü- relerde bitkinlik yaratacak düzeylerde olması gerekir. Ancak matematiksel teorilerle açıklanan KE bir miktar düşük geçerliliğe sahip bir performans bileşenidir. KE üzeri egzersiz şiddetlerinde bitkinliğe kadar O2'de izlenen yavaş komponentin her durumda O2maks ile sonlanmayabileceği gösterilmiştir. Bu derleme, ilgili kavramların teorik ve pratik temellerini açıkladıktan sonra, gerçek bir kritik eşik belirlemenin inceliklerini aktarmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır., C ritical torque during resistance trainings and its asymptotic slope constant of time-torque hyperbolic equation as anaerobic work capacity (T’), manifested an inverse relationship between exercise intensity and time limit. In the following years, by means of the adaptations of these parameters to exercises performed with large muscle involvements, critical power, critical velocity, and their mathematical functions were identified as W’ and D’. Those concepts have given critical threshold (CT) known as a “critical metabolic rate”. Mathematically based CT is identified as “the highest rate that can be sustained for a very long time without fatigue”. CT has been based upon a physiological basis by “the highest exercise intensity that can be remained a stable O”. Thereby, CT represents a boundary that separates exercise intensity domains between very heavy and severe. The number of constant-intensity exhausted exercises to define the CT mostly vary between three and seven. A number of exercises within the severe zone that can be caused exhaustion within 1-2 to 10-12 minutes, should be adjusted in order to evaluate a reliable and valid CT. On the other hand, mathematically based CT as a performance criterion has a lack of accuracy. It was shown that slow component of O may not always reach to Ovia exercises to volitional exhaustion performed with supra-critical threshold. This review was prepared to 2max explain theoretical and practical bases of the critical threshold and then, to clarify key points to detect a real critical threshold

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze cardiac output (Qc), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and arterio-venous O-2 difference (a-vO(2diff)) responses throughout a graded exercise test (GXT) and verification phase (VP) to examine whether SV decrement during the GXT is a main factor for underestimation of the maximal O-2 uptake ((V) over dot(2max)), or not. METHODS: Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered for this study ((V) over dot(2max): 61.7 +/- 6.13 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)). Following submaximal tests, participants were asked to perform GXT until exhaustion. Then, multise.s.sion verifications were performed on different days using +/- 3% constant work rates. The highest 30-second mean of ((V) over dot(2max)) was considered as the ((V) over dot(2max)) and corresponding external power as peak power output (PPO). The Qc, SV, HR, and a-vO(2diff) responses were evaluated at both GXT and VPby nitrous-oxide rebreathing method. After repeated-measures analyses, possible significant differences were investigated by LSD/Wilcoxon. RESULTS: It was shown that the HR and a-vO(2diff) reached their potentially highest values at the end of the both GXT and VP (192.9 +/- 8.8 vs. 190.7 +/- 7.9 bpm; 17.1 +/- 1.6 vs. 16.9 +/- 1.1%, respectively; P>0.05); however, SV (128.8 +/- 11.2 vs. 137.3 +/- 11.2 mL; P4.029) and Qc (24.8 +/- 2.02 vs. 26.2 +/- 2.71 L.min(-1); P-0.046) were lower at GXT when compared to the VP. VO2 means were, therefore. higher in VP when compared to the GXT (61.7 +/- 6.13 vs. 59.1 +/- 6.2 mL.min(-1).kg(-1); P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: The GXT provided only a peak ((V) over dot(2) but not the ((V) over dot(2max)). Consequently, the real ((V) over dot(2max)) and PPO could be provided by only VP administrations. This is likely to result from the lower Qc and SV responses observed from a prolonged incremental test protocol when compared to short bouts of constant work rate trials., Ege University Scientific Research Projects FundsEge University [EGE BAP-16], Present study was financially supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Funds (EGE BAP-16.BESYO.001).

WOS: 000387111600008, PubMed ID: 28149412, It is important to verify the old findings of Cumming (1972) and Goldberg and Shephard (1980) who showed that stroke volume (SV) may be higher during recovery rather than during exercise, in order to organize the number of intervals throughout training sessions. The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate individual SV responses to various upright cycling exercises using the nitrous-oxide rebreathing method. Nine moderate to well-trained male athletes volunteered to take part in the study (maximal O-2 uptake (VO2max): 60.2 +/- 7 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)). Workloads ranging from 40-100% of VO2max were applied to determine individual peak SV (SVpeak) response. Results showed that SV responses were higher during exercise compared to recovery in all exercise loads from 40-100% of VO2max. Mean SV responses to individual SVpeak loads were also higher during exercise compared to recovery (122.9 +/- 2.5 versus 105.3 +/- 5.93 mL). The highest SV responses to 10 min exercises of 40-70% of VO2max were obtained in the 5th or 7.5th min of each stage (p= 0.05). Meanwhile, during 5 min exercises between 80-100% of VO2max, peak SV responses were observed in the 3rd min of loading (p= 0.05). In conclusion, individual SVpeak levels encountered over wide exercise intensity ranges showed that SVpeak development may also be correlated to exercise intensity corresponding to individual SVpeak loads.

BACKGROUND: Although several studies have focused on maximal O2 uptake (V O2max) measured by a verification phase following the determination of peak O2 uptake (V O2peak) by a graded exercise test, an explanation for the underlying mechanisms of the difference between V O2peak and confirmed V O2max is scant. OBJECTIVE: To explore the hypothesis that when the difference between V O2peak and V O2max (ΔV O2) increases, the gap between peak stroke volume (SVpeak) and SV level corresponding to V O2peak velocities (ΔSV) grows. METHODS: Nine moderately to well-trained male athletes (V O2max: 60.2 ± 7 mL · min−1 · kg−1) volunteered to take part in the study. Following familiarization session, volunteers were asked to perform submaximal and maximal graded exercise tests. Then, constant-loading SVpeak tests (using wattages in a range from 40–100% of V O2peak) and verification phase (using wattages corresponding with 100–110% of V O2peak) were conducted in a climatic chamber. RESULTS: The ΔV O2 was well correlated with ΔSV (Pearson r = 0.89; p 0.001). The mean SVpeak of participants corresponded to 60.3± 18% of V O2peak. V O2max was significantly greater (11.2%) than V O2peak (60.2± 7 vs. 54.2± 8.1 mL · min−1 · kg−1) (p 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: V O2peak and V O2max differences may be related to the gap between SVpeak and SV at V O2peak.

Cardiovascular drift (CV-Drift) may occur after the ~10th min of submaximal continuous exercising. The purpose of this study was to examine whether CV-Drift is prevented by an intermittent exercise modality, instead of a continuous exercise. Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered to take part in the study ( V ˙ O2max: 61.7 &plusmn, 6.13 mL&middot, min&minus, 1&middot, kg&minus, 1). Following familiarization sessions, athletes&rsquo, individual maximal O2 consumption ( V ˙ O2max), maximum stroke volume responses (SVmax), and cardiac outputs (Qc) were evaluated by a nitrous-oxide re-breathing system and its gas analyzer. Then, continuous exercises were performed 30 min at cyclists&rsquo, 60% V ˙ O2max, while intermittent exercises consisted of three 10 min with 1:0.5 workout/recovery ratios at the same intensity. Qc measurements were taken at the 5th, 9th, 12nd, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th min of continuous exercises versus 5th and 10th min of workout phases of intermittent exercise modality. Greater than a 5% SV decrement, with accompanying HR, increase, while Qc remained stable and was accepted as CV-Drift criterion. It was demonstrated that there were greater SV responses throughout intermittent exercises when compared to continuous exercises (138.9 &plusmn, 17.9 vs. 144.5 &plusmn, 14.6 mL, respectively, p &le, 0.05) and less HR responses (140.1 &plusmn, 14.8 vs. 135.2 &plusmn, 11.6 bpm, respectively, 0.05), while mean Qc responses were similar (19.4 &plusmn, 2.1 vs. 19.4 &plusmn, 1.5 L, respectively, p &gt, 0.05). Moreover, the mean times spent at peak SV scores of exercise sessions were greater during intermittent exercise (1.5 vs. 10 min) (p &lt, 0.001). In conclusion, intermittent exercises reduce CV-Drift risk and increases cardiac adaptation potentials of exercises with less physiological stress.

WOS: 000419181600026, PubMed ID: 29910457, In this study, thermal behaviours of the athletes were investigated with respect to thermal comfort and exercise intensity. The relationship between an index for analysing thermal comfort (Predicted Mean Vote: PMV) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) which shows exercise intensity and exhaustion level was evaluated. Eleven moderately trained male athletes (V) over dotO(2max) 54 +/- 9.9 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)) had volunteered for the study (age: 22.2 +/- 3.7 years; body mass: 73.8 +/- 6.9 kg; height: 181 +/- 6.3 cm; Body surface area (BSA): 1.93 +/- 0.1 m(2); body fat: 12.6% +/- 4.2%; (V) over dotO(2max): 54 +/- 9.9 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)). Experiments were carried out by using a cycle ergometer in an air-conditioned test chamber which provided fresh air and had the ability to control the temperature and relative humidity. The study cohort was divided into two groups according to maximal oxygen consumption levels of the participants. Statistical analyses were conducted with the whole study cohort as well as the two separated groups. There was a moderate correlation between PMV and RPE for whole cohort (r: -0.51). When the whole cohort divided as low and high aerobic power groups, an average correlation coefficient at high oxygen consumption cohort decreased to r: -0.21, while the average correlation coefficient at low oxygen consumption cohort increased to r: -0.77. In conclusion, PMV and RPE have a high correlation in less trained participants, but not in the more trained ones. The case may bring to mind that thermal distribution may be better in high aerobic power group in spite of high RPE and thus the relation between PMV and RPE is affected by exercise performance status., Ege University, Scientific Research Projects FundEge University [10-BESYO-003], This study was financially supported by Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund (Grant number 10-BESYO-003).

The researchers investigated the relationship between intense training, the catechol-Omethyltransferase (COMT) Val108/158Met gene polymorphism, and alexithymia. Eighteen female and 77 male athletes...

WOS: 000303151300020 PubMed: 21904246 Ozkaya, O, Colakoglu, M, Kuzucu, EO, and Yildiztepe, E. Mechanically braked elliptical wingate test: modification considerations, load optimization, and reliability. J Strength Cond Res 26(5): 1313-1323, 2012-The 30-second, all-out Wingate test evaluates anaerobic performance using an upper or lower body cycle ergometer (cycle Wingate test). A recent study showed that using a modified electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer for Wingate testing (EWT) leads to greater power outcomes because of larger muscle group recruitment. The main purpose of this study was to modify an elliptical trainer using an easily understandable mechanical brake system instead of an electromagnetically braked modification. Our secondary aim was to determine a proper test load for the EWT to reveal the most efficient anaerobic test outcomes such as peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP), power drop (PD), and fatigue index ratio (FI%) and to evaluate the retest reliability of the selected test load. Delta lactate responses (Delta La) were also analyzed to confirm all the anaerobic performance of the athletes. Thirty healthy and well-trained male university athletes were selected to participate in the study. By analysis of variance, an 18% body mass workload yielded significantly greater test outcomes (PP = 19.5 +/- 2.4 W.kg(-1), AP = 13.7 +/- 1.7 W.kg(-1), PD = 27.9 +/- 5 W.s(-1), FI% = 58.4 +/- 3.3%, and Delta La = 15.4 +/- 1.7 mM) than the other (12-24% body mass) tested loads (p < 0.05). Test and retest results for relative PP, AP, MP, PD, FI%, and Delta La were highly correlated (r = 0.97, 0.98, 0.94, 0.91, 0.81, and 0.95, respectively). In conclusion, it was found that the mechanically braked modification of an elliptical trainer successfully estimated anaerobic power and capacity. A workload of 18% body mass was optimal for measuring maximal and reliable anaerobic power outcomes. Anaerobic testing using an EWT may be more useful to athletes and coaches than traditional cycle ergometers because a greater proportion of muscle groups are worked during exercise on an elliptical trainer. Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey The authors would like to give special thanks to Professor Cem Seref Bediz, M.D., Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, for his editorial assistance. The authors would also like to thank the Acibadem Health Group for the material support they provided. This study was sponsored by the Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey.

WOS: 000370091600008, Aims of this study were to examine our hypotheses assuming that (a) skin temperature patterns would differ between submaximal exercise (SE) and graded maximal exercise test (GXT) and (b) thermal kinetics of T-skin occurring in SE and GXT might be similar in a homogenous cohort. Core temperature (T-core) also observed in order to evaluate thermoregulatory responses to SE and GXT. Eleven moderately to well-trained male athletes were volunteered for the study (age: 22.2 +/- 3.7 years; body mass: 73.8 +/- 6.9 kg; height: 181 +/- 6.3 cm; body surface area 1.93 +/- 0.1 m(2); body fat: 12.6% +/- 4.2%; VO2max: 54 +/- 9.9 mL min(-1) kg(-1)). Under stabilized environmental conditions in climatic chamber, GXT to volitional exhaustion and 20-min SE at 60% of VO2max were performed on cycle ergometer. Thermal analyses were conducted in 2-min intervals throughout exercise tests. T-skin was monitored by a thermal camera, while T-core was recorded via an ingestible telemetric temperature sensor. Thermal kinetic analyses showed that T-skin gradually decreased till the 7.58 +/- 1.03th minutes, and then initiated to increase till the end of SE (Rsqr = 0.97), while T-skin gradually decreased throughout the GXT (Rsqr = 0.89). Decrease in the level of T-skin during the GXT was significantly below from the SE [F (4, 40) = 2.67, p = 0.07, eta(2)(p) = 0.211]. In the meantime, T-core continuously increased throughout the SE and GXT (p < 0.05). Both GXT and SE were terminated at very close final T-core values (37.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C and 38.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C, respectively; p > 0.05). However, total heat energies were calculated as 261.51(kJ/m(2) and 416 kJ/m(2) for GXT and SE, respectively (p < 0.05). Thus, it seems that SE may be more advantageous than GXT in thermoregulation. In conclusion, T-core gradually increased throughout maximal and submaximal exercises as expected. T-skin curves patterns found to be associated amongst participants at both GXT and SE. Therefore, T-skin kinetics may ensure an important data for monitoring thermoregulation in exercise. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Ege University, Scientific Research Projects FundEge University [EGE.BAP-10.BESYO.003], This study was financially supported by Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund [Grant number EGE.BAP-10.BESYO.003]. We would like to thank Ozgur Ozkaya PhD and Ekim Pekunlu PhD for the technical assistance.

We have previously demonstrated that, ACE D allele may be related with a better performance in short duration aerobic endurance in a homogeneous cohort with similar training backgrounds. We aimed to study the variation in the short-duration aerobic performance development amongst ACE genotypes in response to identical training programs in homogeneous populations. The study group consisted of 186 male Caucasian non-elite Turkish army recruits. All subjects had undergone an identical training program with double training session per day and 6 days a week for 6 months. Performances for middle distance runs (2,400 m) were evaluated on an athletics track before and after the training period. ACE gene polymorphisms were studied by PCR analysis. The distribution of genotypes in the whole group was 16.7% II, n = 31; 46.2% ID, n = 86; 37.1% DD, n = 69. Subjects with ACE DD genotype had significantly higher enhancement than the ID (P < 0.01) and II (P < 0.05) genotype groups. Around 2,400 m performance enhancement ratios showed a linear trend as ACE DD > ACE ID > ACE II (P value for Pearson chi(2) = 0.461 and P value for linear by linear association = 0.001). ACE DD genotype seems to have an advantage in development in short-duration aerobic performance. This data in unison with the data that we have obtained from homogenous cohorts previously is considered as an existence of threshold for initiation of ACE I allele effectiveness in endurance performance. This threshold may be anywhere between 10 and 30 min with lasting maximal exercises.

A polymorphic variant of the human angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene was identified. The 'D' (rather than 'I') variant was associated with improvements in strength related to physical training. We set out to determine whether the response to different patterns of strength training might also differ. Ninty-nine Caucasian male non-elite athletes were randomly allocated into one of three groups: 31 non-training/control (CG: 31), single-set (SSG: 35) and multiple-set (MSG: 33). SSG and MSG trained three times a week for 6 weeks. Both training groups were underwent a strength-training program with two mesocycles (12-15 repetition maximum (RM) and 8-12 RM mesocycles). One RM loads in half squat and bench press were assessed before training and after the first and second mesocycles. ACE polymorphisms analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Subjects with ACE II genotype in the MST group had improved strength development in 12-15 RM, while SST and MST groups had similar gains in 8-12 RM. Subjects with ACE DD genotype in both the SSG and the MSG had similar benefits from both 12-15 RM and 8-12 RM. Strength gains for subjects with ACE ID genotype in the SSG were similar to MSG gains in response to 8-12 RM loads but not with 12-15 RM loads. Additionally, subjects with DD genotype had superior strength gains in both strength training groups. Tailoring strength training programmes (single-set vs. multiple set) according to the athlete's ACE genotype may be advantageous.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether greater and sustainable stroke volume (SV) responses may be obtained by exercise intensities corresponding to peak SV (SVpeak) vs. maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), and short vs. long intervals (SI vs. LI). Nine moderate- to well-trained male athletes competing at regional level specialists of cyclist, track and field volunteered to take part in the study (VO2max: 59.7 ± 7.4 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)). Following familiarisation sessions, VO2max was determined, and then SVpeak was evaluated using exercise intensities at 40%-100% of VO2max by nitrous-oxide rebreathing (N2ORB) method. Then each separate participant exercised wattages corresponding to individual VO2max and SVpeak during both SI (SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak)) and LI (LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak)) workouts on a cycle ergometer. Main results showed that both SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak) yielded greater SV responses than LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak) (p ≤ 0.05). Mean SV responses were greater in LI(SVpeak) than in LIVO2max (p ≤ 0.05), but there was no statistical difference between SI(SVpeak) and SIVO2max. However, there was significantly less physiological stress based on VO2, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and rate of perceived exhaustion in SVpeak than in [Formula: see text] intensities (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, SV responses at exercise phases increased in the early stages and remain stable until the end of SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak) workouts (p > 0.05), while they were gradually decreasing in LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak) sessions (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, if the aim of a training session is to improve SVpeak with less physiological stress, SI(SVpeak) seems a better alternative than other modalities tested in the present study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate 3 different flexibility techniques: (a) ballistic stretching (BS), (b) proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (PNF) + BS, and (c) PNF + static stretching (SS) on vertical jump (VJ) performance and to determine the most appropriate stretching method during warm-up period before explosive force disciplines. One hundred voluntary male athletes participated in this study. All subjects performed aerobic warm-up (5-minute jog) followed by BS (5 seconds for each stretching exercise), PNF + BS (PNF performed followed by 5 seconds of BS), and PNF + SS (PNF performed followed by 30 seconds of SS) treatment protocol, respectively in the same day. Each stretching treatment was applied for 4 sets bilaterally. In all stretching treatments, lumbar extensor, gluteus maximus, and hamstring muscles were stretched with a single stretching exercise. After a 2-minute brief rest period, participants performed 3 trials of VJ test followed by one of the treatment protocols. Vertical jump performance was evaluated by countermovement jump (CMJ). Participants were divided into 3 groups according to their flexibility and prejump performances after warm-up. For each individual group and the whole group, after all treatments, differences in CMJ values were obtained (p ≤ 0.05). Ballistic stretching increased the VJ performance in the groups with low and average flexibility, poor prejumping performance, and also in the whole group (p ≤ 0.05). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching + BS affected VJ performance in the group of participants with high flexibility (p ≤ 0.05). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation + SS decreased VJ performance in groups of participants with high flexibility, moderate, and high prejumping performance and in whole group (p ≤ 0.05). Ballistic stretching method increased VJ height, therefore seems to be more suitable than PNF + SS and PNF + BS before events that rely on explosive power as a part of warm-up period.

WOS: 000330209300005, PubMed ID: 24511340, The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of static stretching, with vibration given directly over Achilles tendon, on electro-myographic (EMG) responses and vertical jump (VJ) performances. Fifteen male, college athletes voluntarily participated in this study (n=15; age: 22 +/- 4 years old; body height: 181 +/- 10 cm; body mass: 74 +/- 11 kg). All stages were completed within 90 minutes for each participant. Tendon vibration bouts lasted 30 seconds at 50 Hz for each volunteer. EMG analysis for peripheral silent period, H-reflex, H-reflex threshold, T-reflex and H/M ratio were completed for each experimental phases. EMG data were obtained from the soleus muscle in response to electro stimulation on the popliteal post tibial nerve. As expected, the dynamic warm-up (DW) increased VJ performances (p=0.004). Increased VJ performances after the DW were not statistically substantiated by the EMG findings. In addition, EMG results did not indicate that either static stretching (SS) or tendon vibration combined with static stretching (TVSS) had any detrimental or facilitation effect on vertical jump performances. In conclusion, using TVSS does not seem to facilitate warm-up effects before explosive performance.

WOS: 000332153100009 PubMed: 23924890 Ozkaya, O, Colakoglu, M, Kuzucu, EO, and Delextrat, A. An elliptical trainer may render the wingate all-out test more anaerobic. J Strength Cond Res 28(3): 643-650, 2014-The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the 3 main energy pathways during a 30-second elliptical all-out test (EAT) compared with the Wingate all-out test (WAT). Participants were 12 male team sport players (age, 20.3 +/- 1.8 years; body mass, 74.8 +/- 12.4 kg; height, 176.0 +/- 9.10 cm; body fat, 12.1 +/- 1.0%). Net energy outputs from the oxidative, phospholytic, and glycolytic energy systems were calculated from oxygen uptake data recorded during 30-second test, the fast component of postexercise oxygen uptake kinetics, and peak blood lactate concentration, respectively. In addition, mechanical power indices were calculated. The main results showed that compared with WAT, EAT was characterized by significantly lower absolute and relative contributions of the oxidative system (16.9 +/- 2.5 J vs. 19.8 +/- 4.9 J; p

Aksit, Tolga/0000-0003-0223-4508 WOS: 000300695200009 The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of ribose supplementation on interval anaerobic performance and fatiguing substance concentrations. The study cohort consisted of physically active, young male volunteers (n = 15). With a double-blind cross over study design, each participant completed two all-out anaerobic exercise sessions, one week apart, one by supplementing maltodextrine and the other by supplementing ribose (150 mg/kg in each test). Two repetitions of 30-s maximal performance with a 4-min interval were completed. Blood samples were taken at rest and five minutes after the second sprint repetition. Neither the biochemical parameters: pH (-0.32 +/- 0.09 vs. -0.26 +/- 0.11), lactate (La) (13.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 13.3 +/- 2.7 mM, ammonia (423 +/- 190 vs. 404 +/- 166 mu mol/L), inorganic phosphate (Pi) (0.68 +/- 0.53 vs. 0.72 +/- 0.63 mM) nor the anaerobic output (746.2 +/- 82.5 vs. 760.2 +/- 86.8 watts) were affected by placebo and ribose supplementations significantly (p > 0.05). In conclusion, based on this protocol, anaerobic performance and/or biochemical status are not affected by ribose supplementation.

WOS: 000267950800010 The Wingate Anaerobic Test is the most common method used to evaluate explosive power and anaerobic capacity. The Wingate Anaerobic Test performed on an elliptical trainer (WAnTet) may be more accurate than the Wingate Anaerobic Test performed on a cycle ergometer (WAnTc) since larger muscle group recruitment with the WAnTet results in higher anaerobic output. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare peak power ( PP), average power (AP), fatigue index (FI%) and delta lactate responses (Delta La) between WAnTet and WAnTc in healthy male university athletes. In our test subjects, (n = 40; 21 +/- 2 years old), PP ( 1463 +/- 238 vs. 879 +/- 162 watts) and AP ( 1127 +/- 191 vs. 649 +/- 82 watts) for the WAnTet were higher when compared to the WAnTc ( p < 0.001). FI%s of WAnTet and WAnTc were similar ( 49.8 +/- 10.3% and 46.9 +/- 8.3%, respectively; p = 0.054) but. La values were higher for WAnTet than for WAnTc (12.9 +/- 1.7 mM vs. 9.2 +/- 1.5 mM, respectively; p < 0.001). Using an elliptical trainer, rather than a traditional cycle ergometer, results in a more accurate measure of anaerobic power when Wingate Anaerobic Testing is performed. Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey The authors would like to give special thanks to the Acibadem Health Group for the material support they provided. The authors also would like to thank Cem Seref Bediz for his editorial assistance. This study was sponsored by the Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey.

WOS: 000267950800009 The aim of this study was to modify an elliptical trainer and determine a suitable test load with it in order to perform Wingate anaerobic testing (WAnTet). Modifications were made to an electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer. Study participants were forty-eight physically active male college athletes ( mean age 20 +/- 1 years). Two pilot studies (n = 8) were administered to determine electrical signalling errors and to select the range of potentially suitable test loads ( between 0.5 to 1.3 watt/kg). The 1.0 watt/kg WAnTet load was determined to be the most suitable for WAnTet applications amongst 0.8 to 1.1 watt/kg loads ( n = 40; p < 0.05). Test-retest results using the 1.0 watt/ kg load for peak power ( PP) ( 1477 +/- 258 and 1484 +/- 271 watts), average power (AP) ( 1134 +/- 209 and 1120 +/- 208 watts), fatigue index ratio (FI%) ( 49 +/- 10% and 49 +/- 10%) and change in lactate levels ( 12.6 +/- 1.7 and 12.4 +/- 2.1 mM) were highly correlated (r: 0.94, 0.94, 0.80 and 0.74, respectively; p < 0.001). An electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer may be used to measure anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity of athletes and may be substituted for the usual Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer. Acibadem Health Group ( Istanbul, Turkey) The authors would like to give special thanks to the Acibadem Health Group for the material support they provided. The authors also would like to thank Cem Seref Bediz for his editorial assistance. This study was sponsored by the Acibadem Health Group ( Istanbul, Turkey).

Background: I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene may be associated with better endurance performance and a stronger response to exercise training. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ACE gene polymorphism and athletic performance in a homogeneous cohort. Methods: Eighty-eight male non-elite Caucasian Turkish athletes with similar training backgrounds for at least for 6 months were studied for ACE gene polymorphisms by PCR analysis. Performance on the 60-meter sprint and middle-distance running tests were evaluated. Results: The distributions of the ACE I/D genotypes were 20.5%, 40.9%, and 38.6% for II, ID, and DD polymorphisms in the whole group (N = 88), respectively. The ACE DD genotype frequency was significantly higher in the superior group (56.7%) than in the poor (37.9%) and mediocre (20.7%) group in middle-distance running performance (χ2 = 11.778; p = 0.019). Conclusion: The ACE DD genotype may be related to better short-duration aerobic endurance performance. Larger homogeneous cohorts may help clarify the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and physical performance. Key words: genetics, endurance performance, DNA, sprint

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ACE gene polymorphism and short- and medium-duration aerobic endurance performance improvements in response to the same training regimen in a non-elite female cohort.Fifty-five female non-elite Caucasian Turkish athletes trained to enhance running speeds corresponding to 70% and 90% of heart rate reserve (V-HRR70 and V-HRR90 respectively) 30 min running speed performance (V-30min) 3 times per week, for 6 weeks. ACE gene polymorphisms studied by PCR analysis.The distribution of genotypes in the whole cohort was 21.8%, 41.8%, 36.4% for II (n=12), ID (n=23) and DD (n=20), respectively. Subjects with ACE II genotype had significantly higher improvements in V-30min and V-HRR70 than the ACE DD group (P0.05). However, in HRR90 ACE DD genotype had a better performance enhancement in running speed than others (P0.05). Endurance improvements in the V-HRR70 and in the V-30min showed a linear trend as IIIDDD (P0.05 and P0.01, respectively) while a linear trend as DDIDII (P0.01) observed in V-HRR90.ACE II genotype may related with better improvements in medium duration aerobic endurance performance whilst ACE DD genotype seems to be more advantageous in performance enhancement in shorter duration and higher intensity endurance activities.