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1. Unraveling the Effects of Cluster Transfer-Induced Breakups on $^{12}$C Fragmentation in Hadron Therapy

Author

T V, Arunima Dev, K, Anagha P., C. V, Midhun, Musthafa, M. M, T, Vafiya Thaslim T., Akbar, Shaima, B, Swapna, Thomas, Nicemon, Joseph, Antony, and Ganesan, S.

Subjects
Physics - Medical Physics, Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

The capability of standard Geant4 PhysicsLists to address the fragmentation of $^{12}$C$-^{12}$C was assessed through a comparative analysis with experimental cross sections reported by Divay et al. and Dudouet et al. The standard PhysicsLists were found to be inadequate in explaining the fragmentation systematics. To address this limitation, the breakup component of fragmentation was systematically integrated into the standard PhysicsList, which successfully replicated the differential and double differential cross sections for $\alpha$ production. This breakup component was modeled using fresco CDCC-CRC calculations. This novel physics process was then incorporated into the Geant4 framework, facilitating the calculation of dose distributions in water and tissue. The application of this method demonstrated a precise reproduction of the dose deposited at the Bragg peak region, corroborating the experimental data from Liedner et al., thereby enhancing the accurate visibility of dose tailing.

Published
2024

2. Measurement of the Sequential $3\alpha$ Process in the Photodissociation of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$

Author

Bharathan, Resmi K., C. V, Midhun, Musthafa, M. M, M, Sreena, Ajaykumar, Silpa, P, Farhana Thesni M., B, Swapna, T, Vafiya Thaslim T., A, Shaima, K, Nived, R, Akhil, K, Anagha P., T. V, Arunima Dev, S, Keerthi E., S, Akshay K., P. V, Arun, and Ghugre, S.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The cross sections for the $^{12}\mathrm{C}(\gamma,\alpha)^{8}\mathrm{Be}\rightarrow 3\alpha$ reaction have been successfully measured using exclusive coincidence between three $\alpha$ particles, minimizing Compton background. Sequential breakup kinematics are evident, and the cross sections are presented as locally averaged histogram values. Theoretical \textsc{Fresco} CDCC-CRC calculations reproduce the experimental data, showing that the process involves electromagnetic coupling to both $^{8}\mathrm{Be}^{0^+}$ and $^{8}\mathrm{Be}^{2^+}$ states. This study confirms that the $^{12}\mathrm{C}(\gamma,\alpha)^{8}\mathrm{Be}\rightarrow 3\alpha$ reaction proceeds via a sequential mechanism, crucial for understanding its significance in radiotherapy dosimetry.

Published
2024

3. On the Microscopic Level Density Models for Nuclei Near Z=28 Shell Closure

Author

E, Surayya H., Sunny, Jesmi, Musthafa, M. M, Midhun, C. V, Suryanarayana, S. V, Pandey, Jyoti, Pal, A, Rout, P. C, Santra, S, Joseph, Antony, and Ganesan, S.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

A comprehensive test of level density models for explaining the decay of excited compound nuclei, 54 Mn, 56 Fe, 58 Co, 60 Ni, 61 Ni and 63 Cu, in the energy range of 28 - 36 MeV has been performed. The compound nuclei of interest in the desired ranges are populated using 6 Li based transfer reactions. The proton decay spectrum for each excitation energy bins has been measured. The measured proton spectrum has been reproduced using statistical model calculations with different level density models. A variance minimised approach has been employed for analysing the prediction capability of different level density models. This approach has been converged to Gogny Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov(HFB) microscopic level density model and which is attributed as the most accurate model for the desired nuclei.

Published
2023

4. The total neutron production from the alpha induced reaction on natural Zirconium

Author

T, Vafiya Thaslim T, Musthafa, M M, C V, Midhun, Ghugre, S., H, Gokul Das, B, Swapna, T, Najmunnisa, Shana, F S, T, Rijin N, Dasgupta, S, and Datta, J

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

A significant amount of alpha particles, upto $\sim$ 35 MeV are produced in the reactor environment. Alpha induced reaction on natural Zirconium, a reactor component, upto 40 MeV has been measured using stacked foil activation technique. The total neutron production cross section from all possible channels for $\alpha$ energies upto 35 MeV is also estimated using TALYS 1.96. The isomeric cross section ratio for the production of the radionuclide $^{95}Nb$ has been measured and reported for the first time.

Published
2023
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5. Determination of photo-nuclear cross section of $^{61}$Ni($\gamma$,xp) reaction via surrogate ratio technique

Author

Akbar, Shaima, Musthafa, M. M, C. V, Midhun, Joseph, Antony, Suryanarayana, S. V., Pal, A., Santra, S., Rout, P. C., Pandey, Jyoti, Pandey, Bhawna, Agrawal, H. M., Jagadeesan, K. C, and Ganesan, S.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The photo nuclear reaction cross section of $^{61}$Ni($\gamma$,xp) reaction have been measured by employing surrogate reaction technique. This indirect method is used for the first time to obtain the cross section of photo nuclear reaction. The compound nucleus $^{61}$Ni$^{*}$ was populated using the transfer reaction $^{59}$Co($^{6}$Li,$\alpha$) at E$_{lab}=$ 40.5 MeV. To calculate the surrogate ratio, $^{60}$Ni($\gamma$,xp) was selected as reference reaction and the corresponding compound nucleus $^{60}$Ni$^{*}$ was populated using the transfer reaction $^{56}$Fe($^{6}$Li,d) at E$_{lab}=$ 35.9 MeV. The experimental cross section data of the reference reaction has been taken from EXFOR data libraries. Compound nuclear cross section calculations have been done using EMPIRE 3.2.3 code., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures

Published
2022

7. An Indirect Measurement of $^6$Li(n,$\gamma$) Cross Sections

Author

C. V, Midhun, Musthafa, M. M, Suryanarayana, S. V, H, Gokuldas, A, Shaima, K, Hajara., Joseph, Antony, Santhosh, T., Baishya, A., Pal, A, Rout, P. C, Santra, S, Shan, P. T. M, B, Satheesh, John, B. V., Jagadeesan, K. C, and Ganesan, S.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

The $^6$Li(n,$\gamma$)$^7$Li cross sections in the neutron energy range of 0.6 to 4 MeV have been measured by the experimental implementation of the direct capture formalism. This was done by measuring the $\gamma$ transition probability experimentally and accounting for the spin factor by theoretical calculation. The electromagnetic transition probabilities from $^7$Li$^*$ analogous to the initial neutron capture states of $^6$Li$+n$ were measured by populating the J$_i$ states of $^7$Li through $^7$Li($p,p'$)$^7$Li$^*$ reaction. The impact of coupling of resonant states, above neutron separation threshold of $^7$Li, in the neutron capture, is observed from the capture $\gamma$ spectrum. The measured cross sections were reproduced through {\sc fresco} and Talys-1.95 Direct Capture Calculations.

Published
2022

8. Impact of $^7$Be breakup on $^7$Li(p,n) Neutron Spectrum

Author

C. V, Midhun, Musthafa, M. M, Suryanarayana, S. V, Santhosh, T., Baishya, A., Patil, P., Pal, A, Rout, P. C, Santra, S, Kujur, R., Joseph, Antony, A, Shaima, K, Hajara., Shan, P. T. M, B, Satheesh, Sawant, Y., John, B. V., Mirgule, E. T, Jagadeesan, K. C, and Ganesan, S.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

The formation of continuum neutron distribution in $^7$Li(p,n) has been identified as due to the coupling of the $^7$Be breakup levels to the final state of the reaction. The continuum neutron spectra produced by $^7$Li(p,n) reaction has been estimated by measuring the double differential cross sections for continuum and resonant breakup of $^7$Be, through $^7$Li(p,n)$^7$Be$^*$ reaction at 21 MeV of proton energy. The breakup contributions from continuum and $5/2^-$, $7/2^-$ states of $^7$Be have been identified. The measured double differential cross sections have been reproduced through CDCC-CRC calculations. The cross sections were projected to neutron spectrum using Monte-Carlo approach and validated using experimentally measured $^3$He gated neutron spectra. $^7$Li(p,n) neutron spectrum at 20 MeV incident proton energy measured by McNaughton. et al. has been reproduced by adapting estimated model parameters for the reaction.

Published
2021

9. Fusion hindrance of $^{48}$Ti + $^{138}$Ba reaction

Author

Rajesh, K. K. and Musthafa, M. M.

Subjects
Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We have already measured the ER excitation function of $^{48}$Ti + $^{138}$Ba reaction around the Coulomb barrier. While a detailed report of measurement of ER excitation function of $^{48}$Ti + $^{138}$Ba is available in literature, the present paper compares it with other channels forming the same compound nucleus. The experiment was performed at IUAC, New Delhi for lab energies from 189.3 to 234.4 MeV, where the ER cross sections show an abrupt fall beyond 160.03 MeV. The decrease in ER cross section is attributed to non compound nuclear reaction such as quasi-fission (QF). A comparison with statistical model code PACE 4 also shows significant deviation of the experimental data from theoretical predictions. When this reaction is compared with $^{86}$Kr + $^{100}$Mo and $^{64}$Ni + $^{122}$Sn forming the same compound nucleus $^{186}Pt^{*}$, the symmetric systems show more ERs than the asymmetric one and it is against the general trend. Preliminary study predict the influence of deformation and isospin asymmetry in the abrupt fall of ER cross section than that of the symmetric systems. A detailed theoretical analysis of the systems are in progress and will be published shortly.

Published
2020

13. Chemical compositions and kinematics of the Hercules stream

Author

Ramya, P., Reddy, Bacham E., Lambert, David L., and Musthafa, M. M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

An abundance analysis is reported of 58 K giants identified by Famaey et al. (2005) as highly probable members of the Hercules stream selected from stars north of the celestial equator in the Hipparcos catalogue. The giants have compositions spanning the interval [Fe/H] from $-$0.17 to $+$0.42 with a mean value of $+$0.15 and relative elemental abundances [El/Fe] representative of the Galactic thin disc. Selection effects may have biassed the selection from the Hipparcos catalogue against the selection of metal-poor stars. Our reconsideration of the recent extensive survey of FG dwarfs which included metal-poor stars (Bensby et al. 2014) provides a [Fe/H] distribution for the Hercules stream which is similar to that from the 58 giants. It appears that the stream is dominated by metal-rich stars from the thin disc. Suggestions in the literature that the stream includes metal-poor stars from the thick disc are discussed.

Published
2016
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15. Study of the Reduction of Neutron Flux Through the Iron Material Using GEANT4 Simulations.

Author

Alshamy, A. M., Musthafa, M. M., and C. V., Midhun

Subjects
*MONTE Carlo method, *NEUTRON flux, *NEUTRONS, *IRON
Abstract

Monte Carlo simulations using GEANT4 are performed to study the total neutron-nucleus cross section using a C f 252 source. The neutron flux with and without the iron foil for three different thicknesses is recorded on the scoring mesh volume using the primitive scorer named flatSurfaceFlux. The transmission method is used to calculate the neutron cross-section. The High Precision (QGSP BERT HP) neutron model, which is based on the G4NDL and ENDF-VI databases, is used for the hadronic interactions of low-energy neutrons below 20 MeV. The results are compared with the experimental data and nuclear reaction TALYS 1.96 code, and it is found that the GEANT4 results describe the experimental quite well. This study leads to useful insights into the mechanisms of neutron-induced reactions, particularly in the vicinity of the reactor domain for medium nuclei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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20. Molecular Phylogeny and Characterization of Mundri Sheep (Ovis aries) of Pakistan through Sequencing of Mitochondrial Cytochrome b and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I.

Author

Noreen, T., Hussain, T., Mansha, M., Mansoor, Z., Wajid, A., Ashraf, M. R., Ayub, G., M Musthafa, M. M., and Marikar, F. M. M. T.

Subjects
MOLECULAR phylogeny, BLOOD sampling, CYTOCHROME oxidase, SHEEP breeds, POLYMERASE chain reaction
Abstract

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2023
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22. Mental health and self-esteem correlated with the academic achievements of youths from Sri Lankan schools.

Author

Firose, M., Musthafa, M. M., and Marikar, F. M. M. T.

Subjects
*ACADEMIC achievement, *MENTAL health, *SELF-esteem, *INCOME, *RECORDS management, *FATHERHOOD
Abstract

Objectives. This research investigation was done to study the relationship between mental health and self-esteem with academic achievement among Sri Lankan youths. Method. The sample for this study was selected using purposive sampling from educational institutions of Ampara District, Sri Lanka. The total number of samples was 516. The age range of the participants in this study was from 16 to 24 years old (mean age: 19.2 years old). Standard tools were used for data processing, such as the Mental Health Scale developed by Kamlesh Sharma and the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. Further, academic achievement was measured using secondary data, such as semester marks list of youth from schools, colleges and universities. The personnel information plan created by the researcher was used to collect information along with relevant demographic and social data. The pretested questionnaire was reliable, being validated before the final data collection. The data analysis method was developed in this study. The informants were contacted individually by the investigator, and the data were obtained through questionnaires. Data retention is limited to a period of three months. Results. A statistical analysis, using the t-test, ANOVA, correlations and regressions, was performed. The result revealed that, out of eight demographic variables in this study, five variables (i.e., age, locality, father’s education, parent’s income and type of family) were in a significant correlation with mental health of youths and, also, only two variables (i.e., locality and type of family) were in significant correlation with the self-esteem of the youths. Further results revealed that, out of eight demographic variables in this study, seven variables (i.e., age, gender, locality, father’s education, mother’s education, parent’s income and type of family) had a significant correlation with the academic achievement of youths. Conclusions. The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between mental health and self-esteem with the academic achievements of youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

23. An Indirect Measurement of $^6$Li(n,$γ$) Cross Sections

Author

C., Midhun, Musthafa, M. M, Suryanarayana, S. V, H, Gokuldas, A, Shaima, K, Hajara., Joseph, Antony, Santhosh, T., Baishya, A., Pal, A, Rout, P. C, Santra, S, Shan, P. T. M, B, Satheesh, John, B. V., Jagadeesan, K. C, and Ganesan, S.

Subjects
Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), FOS: Physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
Abstract

The $^6$Li(n,$γ$)$^7$Li cross sections in the neutron energy range of 0.6 to 4 MeV have been measured by the experimental implementation of the direct capture formalism. This was done by measuring the $γ$ transition probability experimentally and accounting for the spin factor by theoretical calculation. The electromagnetic transition probabilities from $^7$Li$^*$ analogous to the initial neutron capture states of $^6$Li$+n$ were measured by populating the J$_i$ states of $^7$Li through $^7$Li($p,p'$)$^7$Li$^*$ reaction. The impact of coupling of resonant states, above neutron separation threshold of $^7$Li, in the neutron capture, is observed from the capture $γ$ spectrum. The measured cross sections were reproduced through {\sc fresco} and Talys-1.95 Direct Capture Calculations.

Published
2022
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24. Impact of $^7$Be breakup on $^7$Li(p,n) Neutron Spectrum

Author

C., Midhun, Musthafa, M. M, Suryanarayana, S. V, Santhosh, T., Baishya, A., Patil, P., Pal, A, Rout, P. C, Santra, S, Kujur, R., Joseph, Antony, A, Shaima, K, Hajara., Shan, P. T. M, B, Satheesh, Sawant, Y., John, B. V., Mirgule, E. T, Jagadeesan, K. C, and Ganesan, S.

Subjects
Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The formation of continuum neutron distribution in $^7$Li(p,n) has been identified as due to the coupling of the $^7$Be breakup levels to the final state of the reaction. The continuum neutron spectra produced by $^7$Li(p,n) reaction has been estimated by measuring the double differential cross sections for continuum and resonant breakup of $^7$Be, through $^7$Li(p,n)$^7$Be$^*$ reaction at 21 MeV of proton energy. The breakup contributions from continuum and $5/2^-$, $7/2^-$ states of $^7$Be have been identified. The measured double differential cross sections have been reproduced through CDCC-CRC calculations. The cross sections were projected to neutron spectrum using Monte-Carlo approach and validated using experimentally measured $^3$He gated neutron spectra. $^7$Li(p,n) neutron spectrum at 20 MeV incident proton energy measured by McNaughton. et al. has been reproduced by adapting estimated model parameters for the reaction.

Published
2021

25. Impact of Be7 breakup on the Li7(p,n) neutron spectrum

Author

Midhun, C. V., primary, Musthafa, M. M., additional, Suryanarayana, S. V., additional, Santhosh, T., additional, Baishya, A., additional, Patil, P. N., additional, Pal, A., additional, Rout, P. C., additional, Santra, S., additional, Kujur, R., additional, Joseph, Antony, additional, A., Shaima, additional, K., Hajara., additional, Shan, P. T. M., additional, B., Satheesh, additional, Sawant, Y., additional, John, B. V., additional, Mirgule, E. T., additional, Jagadeesan, K. C., additional, and Ganesan, S., additional

Published
2021
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31. Interferon-α-A (IFN-α-A) Diversity in Domestic Yak (Bos grunniens) of Pakistan.

Author

Babar, M. Ellahi, Hussain, T., Ali, A., Aftab, A., Sohail, M., Ali, M., -ul-Ain, Q., Wajid, A., Marikar, F. M. M. T., and Musthafa, M. M.

Subjects
LIVESTOCK, YAK, ANIMAL species, BOVIDAE, CLIMATE change
Abstract

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2022
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32. Molecular Phylogeny and Genetic Diversity of Domestic Yaks (Bos grunniens) in Pakistan based on Mitochondrial and Microsatellite Markers.

Author

Hussainγ, T., Wajidγ, A., Soail, M., Ali, A., Abbas, K., Marikar, F. M. M. T., Musthafa, M. M., and Babar, M. E.

Subjects
MOLECULAR phylogeny, GENETIC variation, MICROSATELLITE repeats, YAK, MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
Abstract

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2021
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33. Molecular Diversity Analysis of Jattal and Dera Din Panah Goat Breeds of Pakistan using Microsatellite Markers

Author

HUSSAIN, T., SHAHEEN, M., BABAR, M. E., MUSTHAFA, M. M., NADEEM, A., NAWAZ, A., JAVED, M. M., and MARIKAR, F.

Subjects
Microsatellite markers, Pakistan, genetic diversity, goat breeds
Abstract

ΔΕΝ ΥΠΑΡΧΕΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ, This paper evaluates the genetic diversity of goat breeds in Pakistan, a country blessed with a wide range of goats spread throughout with distinct features contributing to a rich Animal Genetic Resource. The genetic diversity of two goat breeds (Jattal and Dera Din Panah) was assessed with 25 animals representing the two breeds using 16 microsatellite markers. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity of both goat breed populations were observed as 0.83+0.21. The average number of observed alleles was 3.6+1.6 for all loci. The mean polymorphic information content for a goat breed was 0.45, indicating the usefulness of markers panel. Highest Nei’s standard genetic distance (Ds) value of 0.0612 was observed between Jattal and Dera Din Panah goats, and the mean Fst value was 0.013. The measures of genetic variation revealed a good scope for effective improvement, conservation, and designing national breeding policies, in future, for Pakistan goat breeds.

Published
2018

37. Measurement of fusion evaporation residue cross sections in the Ti48+Ba138 reaction

Author

Rajesh, K. K., primary, Musthafa, M. M., additional, Madhavan, N., additional, Nath, S., additional, Gehlot, J., additional, Sadhukhan, Jhilam, additional, Aslam, P. Mohamed, additional, shan, P. T. Muhammed, additional, Prasad, E., additional, Hosamani, M. M., additional, Varughese, T., additional, Yadav, Abhishek, additional, Sharma, Vijay R., additional, Srivastava, Vishal, additional, Shaikh, Md. Moin, additional, Shareef, M., additional, Shamlath, A., additional, and Laveen, P. V., additional

Published
2019
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42. Microsatellite marker-based genetic diversity in Mareecha and Barela breeds of dromedary camel from Pakistan.

Author

Hussain, T., Hussain, F., Wajid, A., Babar, M. Ellahi, Musthafa, M. M., and Marikar, F. M. M. T.

Subjects
MICROSATELLITE repeats, CAMELS, ANIMAL breeds, FOOD supply, LOCUS (Genetics)
Abstract

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2021
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43. Spectroscopy of High-Intensity Bremsstrahlung Using Compton Recoiled Electrons.

Author

Midhun, C. V., Musthafa, M. M., Akbar, Shaima, Cyriac, Swapna Lilly, Sajeev, S., Joseph, Antony, Jagadeesan, K. C., Suryanarayana, S. V., and Ganesan, S.

Subjects
*BREMSSTRAHLUNG, *COMPTON electrons, *SPECTROMETRY
Abstract

Recoiled Compton electrons of 180 deg have been utilized to measure the energy distribution of high-intensity bremsstrahlung. An optimized detector-collimator configuration was used for detection and spectrum measurement of recoiled electrons. The spectrum has been reconstructed using Compton cross sections retrieved from the ENDF/B.VIII.0 library. The measured spectrum has been further validated using theoretical simulation by the Geant4 code with incorporating ENDF/B-VIII.0–recommended cross sections. The simulated spectrum matches the measured spectrum if the spatial spread and energy spread of the electron beam are accounted for in the simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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44. Photo-Neutron Detection Using Cr-39 Solid State Nuclear Track Detector.

Author

Rajesh, K. R., Musthafa, M. M., Midhun, C. V., Naiby, Joseph, and Raman, R. Ganapathi

Subjects
*NUCLEAR track detectors, *HEAVY nuclei, *BINDING energy, *THRESHOLD energy, *ALPHA rays, *LINEAR accelerators
Abstract

Photo-neutrons are produced when high energy x-rays interact with various elements by the (ɤ,n) reaction. The production is dependent upon the cross section and binding energy for the (ɤ,n) reaction to occur. The threshold energy required to overcome the binding energy for the production of photo-neutrons is different for different elements. Compared to the direct emission process, most of the photo-neutrons are produced by the evaporation process following resonance in heavy nuclei. Evaporation neutrons are emitted isotropically and have a broad range of energies. In this work, photo-neutron production from lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) were analyzed using CR-39 SSNTD. The 15 MV bremstrahlung x-rays from a Siemens Primus Plus medical linear accelerator was used as the photon source. The passive method developed for the determination of the photo-neutron spectrum from various elements gives comparable results with the theoretical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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45. A Comparative Study of Photo-Neutron Production from Flattened and Unflattened Beams in a Medical Linear Accelerator.

Author

K. R., Rajesh, Musthafa, M. M., Raj, Hridya, Joseph, Naiby, and Ganapathi Raman, R.

Subjects
LINEAR accelerators, NUCLEAR track detectors, INTENSITY modulated radiotherapy, PHOTON beams, NEUTRON sources
Abstract

High energy x-rays from a medical linear accelerator (LINAC) is used to treat cancer patients in radiotherapy department. The medical linac can produce bremsstrahlung x-rays from 4MV to 18MV and the commonly used linac produces 6MV,10 MV and 15MV photons for treating major parts of the cancer patients. The photo neutron production during the radiation treatment is one of the major issues which have to be addressed with high impact because of the high LET nature associated with it. Photo neutrons are produced from several high atomic number (Z) elements present in the linac head mostly by the (ɣ,n) reaction. The flattening filter used in medical linac to produce uniform intensity distribution (made up of either tungsten,steel,lead,uranium, aluminum or a combination) is one of the photo neutron sources in the linac head. Advanced radiotherapy treatments like Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and Volumetric Arc Therapy (VMAT) doesn’t require a flat radiation field, and hence the flattening filter could be removed. This is called flattening filter free beam (FFF beam)1,2. The removal of the filter will result in a forward peaked photon beam, which is very advantageous for these kinds of treatments3,4. The purpose of this work was to find out the difference in the percentage of photo neutron production in a flattening filter free (FFF) and flattening filter (FF) beam using CR39 Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD) from an Elekta Versa HD machine. The neutron fluence was measured at different positions with FFF and FF mode and the results were tabulated. The neutron fluence was lower for the FFF mode of operation than the FF mode. The reduction ranges from 2.27% to 44.22%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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47. Usability of metadata analysis of goat genetic resources among five countries from Africa, Asia and Europe: Metadata analysis of goat genetic.

Author

Musthafa, M. M., Hussain, T., Babar, M. E., Aljumaah, R. S., Alshaikh, M. A., Muritala, I., Landi, V., Martinez, A., Amills, M., Dadi, O., Delgado, J. V., Aina, A. B. J., Onasoga, A. A., Adebambo, O. A., Visser, C., Van Marle-Köster, E., Adebambo, A. O., and Marikar, F. M. M. T.

Subjects
*GOAT genetics, *DOMESTICATION of animals, *ACCLIMATIZATION, *MICROSATELLITE repeats, *BIOLOGICAL tags, *HETEROZYGOSITY
Abstract

Goats play a variety of roles all around the globe due to their capability to acclimatize different environmental conditions quite quickly since they have been regarded as one of the first sets of animals domesticated by the human. Even though domestic goats harbor precious genetic materials, research funding among developing countries is a major drawback for thorough study on them. Therefore, microsatellite markers seem to be affordable and informative. Genotypic data from different goat breeds across five countries (Nigeria, South Africa, Pakistan, France and Spain) was generated using eleven microsatellite markers for a comparative study in order to evaluate the usefulness of the available data for genetic characterization and identify the shortcomings of metaanalyses for combined data. The mean number of alleles (MNA) per population range from 6.44±2.83 alleles for Spanish to 10.25±0.96 for Pakistani goats, with an overall mean of 13.55±7.28. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranges from 0.61±0.02 to 0.83±0.01 for Spanish goats and Pakistani goats, respectively with an overall mean of 0.65. Ho of the markers used ranged from 0.569 (INRA5) to 0.793 (MM12). Highest and least polymorphic information content (PIC) was observed in loci MM12 (0.925) and MAF209 (0.489), respectively. All the populations showed significant change from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05) indicating a low level of inbreeding. The genetic distance of each country's goat populations ranged from 0.151 to 4.245. The highest genetic distance (4.245) was observed between Spanish and Pakistani goats while the lowest were observed between Spanish and French goats. Spanish and French goats are from a common ancestor while South African, Nigerian and Pakistani goats came from another ancestor or cluster. A lot of genetic admixture in the Nigerian ecotypes has been observed whereas France and Saudi Arabian breeds have been subjected to high amount of selection pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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48. ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR GENETIC DIVERSITY OF ENDANGERED PUNJAB URIAL (OVIS VIGNEI PUNJABIENSIS) BASED ON INTERLEUKIN 2 GENE SEQUENCES.

Author

HUSSAIN, T., MUSTHAFA, M. M., BABAR, M. E., KHAN, W. A., ULLAH, Z., AQEEL, M., YAQUB, A., and MARIKAR, F. M. M. T.

Subjects
*OVIS vignei, *INTERLEUKIN-2, *MOLECULAR genetics, *ENDANGERED species, *PHYLOGENY
Abstract

Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) is endemic to wild northern Punjab, Pakistan and also an endangered species according to red list categories of International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Better understanding of genetics of immune response of this species can be helpful to design effective conservation strategies. The objective of this study was to assess the molecular genetic diversity on interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene sequences of endangered Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) as a gene encoding a cytokine involved in some vital activities of immune response regulation. The IL-2 gene (492 bp) was amplified and sequenced in DNA samples collected from wild as well as captive O. v. punjabiensis, followed by alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The neighbour joining tree constructed from MEGA6 showed that O. v. punjabiensisi was closer to Ovis ammon (Argali) than the Ovis aries (sheep); the phylogenetic tree also depicted O. v. punjabiensis relationships with other mammalian species. The analysis of study results showed that O. v. punjabiensis is a unique isolated population found in Pakistan which is endemic as well as endangered. The species is closely related to Argali and sheep but has differences in the genetic makeup. Therefore, in-situ and ex-situ conservation techniques for Punjab urial present a good solution to preserve this endangered species from extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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