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Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, or UHMWPE, is a thermoplastic semicrystalline polymer with outstanding wear resistance, low friction coefficient, and mechanical qualities. It also can exhibits powerful resistance to corrosive substances. Even Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has unique characteristics, but it features an extremely low melt flow rate (MFR) of near zero, which renders it unsuitable for processing using traditional polymer processes. Thus, PP is one of the most potential plasticizers for increasing the extrudability of UHMWPE-based composites. PP, commonly known as Polypropylene, is a thermoplastic polymer that is widely used in many industry sector. It is made from the monomer propylene using chain-growth polymerization. However, there is a problem where the chemical incompatibility of the PP-UHMWPE composites makes the composite is difficult to manufacture. As a result, the intent of this research is to examine the characteristics of both materials in order to acquire a better knowledge of the requirements and to present a deeper insight into these two materials in order to increase the extrudability of PP-UHMWPE composite for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). The characterization procedure comprises the morphological and flow properties, thermal behavior and stability, and crystallinity of UHMWPE and PP in powder and granular form, respectively. The research illustrates the feature for both polymer behavior that is influenced by particle shape. This paper's findings were utilized to manufacture the extrudability of PP-UHMWPE composites using FFF as a bone repair implant.

Variations in piping arrangements of heating pad for flexitank applications causes a difference in the time required to completely liquidise the liquid during the discharging process. As reference, a conventional heating pad took about 48 hours to heat up the flexitank. There are many commercials heating pad used in flexitank applications to facilitate the discharging process of liquid. However, there are still uncertainty or limitation reference regarding the heating pad for flexitank application. One of the solutions to minimize the time taken for discharging processis identify the finest piping arrangement of heating pad. Based on the previous study, piping arrangement plays an important role for performance of the heating pad heat distribution. Thus, this paper aims to study the thermal behaviour of different heating pad arrangement for flexitank application with references to commercial arrangement of floor heating pad based on various inlet pressure using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation software. This study was done by comparing thermal analysis of three piping arrangement which is conventional arrangement, Serpentine arrangement, and Spiral arrangement. The geometry of heating pad was created using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software, SolidWorks. The results have discussed some important components parameter that must be controlled for the system to function efficiently. These parameters include pressure distribution within the pipes, temperature distribution along the pipes, and piping arrangement patterns. The simulation results show that the Counterflow arrangement has a uniform temperature distribution between the inlet and outlet. The study concluded that counterflow arrangement generally the best arrangement among these three since the configuration allowing less pressure losses and better thermal distribution on flexitank and heating pad. This study is therefore useful for designers to explore more adequately the benefits of underfloor h

The main element of the air intake system is an intake manifold. These are the main components which control the flow value that will be used in the combustion chamber. The aim of this study is to analyse the velocity of flow distribution in all runners and to compare the design of intake manifold in previous study. Simulations are performed on two types of intake manifold design which are Design 1, the inlet end is located next to the regulator chamber whilst for Design 2, the inlet end is located in the middle of regulator chamber. Intake manifold parameters such as velocity distribution, unevenness and pressure losses along the runner are used to determine the better design for better performance. From the results, the velocity and the pressure of intake manifold of these two types of design are determined. Compared with previous study, the velocity difference is 0.05%. This showed that the simulation result obtained in this study is in accordance with previous study. Next, the percentage difference between Design 1 and previous design is approximately 4%. Furthermore, the pressure losses between Design 1 and Design 2 are 0.3% and Design 1 achieved the range of acceptable values between 2500Pa to 3000Pa. The results of the velocity distribution, the evenness of each runner and the value of pressure losses shows that Design 1 met all the criteria and exhibited the best design improvement as compared to the previous design with 2% improvement. &nbsp

Safety is the most important factor in both manufacturing vehicles as well as when driving and riding. Passive and active system are the two main categories of safety system, thus, this project focus on the active system which where the brake system is located to avoid any collision in critical situation especially rear-end collision. The main objective of this project is to study the driver’s braking response in car-following situations. Data Acquisition System using Arduino IDE was developed, which lead to analyzing the driver’s brake response during emergency braking event. Two types of vehicles were used, which are the Yamaha 135LC motorcycle and Perodua Myvi 1.3L, which also known as Test Vehicle 1 (TV 1) and Test Vehicle 2 (TV 2) respectively. The Data Acquisition System (DAQ) system to record the brake response time of driver in TV 2 as the driver reacts to the activation of brake lights of TV 1 by using the ESP8266 (Wi-Fi controller) was developed. The DAQ installed in TV 1 was connected wirelessly to the DAQ installed in TV 2. Arduino IDE software was used as a medium to transfer data from the push-button sensor to the laptop with the assist of ESP8266 board as the microcontroller, that is connected to the push-button sensor. Two brake lights were tested, which were standard brake lights and flashing brake lights. Each brake lights were tested with three different speeds, which are 20, 30 and 40 km/h. Experiment was carried out at night, where TV 1 braked at any straight road around the campus. Generally, the results indicates that for each speed tested for both brake lights, the brake response time increases as speed increases. The overall results suggested that flashing brake lights has a significantly shorter brake response time with average of 145, 144, 173 ms for 20, 30 and 40 km/h respectively. With average percentage of 12.8% faster brake response time

Nowadays, with the increment of fossil fuel engines, there have been facing the downside of a fuel problem, and the survival of those engines has been vulnerable. The dependency on a single source which is a fossil fuel is a worrying issue because the fossil fuel is limited and takes millions of years to produce. In this paper, the performance of the alternative fuels on a diesel engine is analyzed and compared with the standard diesel to determine its compatibility with the diesel engine without any modification. The research study of the performance of plastic pyrolysis oil and crude palm oil blended with diesel at a different concentration which is 20% and 25%, on automotive 4 stroke diesel engine test system were illustrated in this paper. The brake power engine, thermal brake efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust temperature of the blended fuels are recorded and analyzed. The value of brake-specific consumption decreases as the concentration of the pyrolysis oil increases while thermal brake efficiency is increased. The blended fuels recorded lower brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and higher exhaust gas temperature compared to standard diesel fuel. In the aspect of performance of the diesel engine, the uses of crude palm oil and plastic pyrolysis oil are usable and applicable.

Nowadays sound adsorption is required in most industrial applications. Sound adsorption materials are needed mainly in automotive, production environments and equipment, generating a higher sound pressure leading to a more efficient and economical development. Noise is an important environmental issue in modern society and is increasingly recognized as a pollutant that affects human health and well-being...

Internal combustion engines are expected to continue to dominate as the major power source for automotive propulsion in the short to medium term in either major operating mode: spark ignition or compression ignition. An alternative way is needed in order to control the used of gasoline and diesel in a large quantity for a long period of time. An experimental investigation in this review paper was conducted to investigate the effect of bio fuel on performance and emissions of spark ignition and compression ignition engines by running on a variety of bio-fuels, including simulated bio-gas and commercial seed oil. Ricardo E6 variable-compression ratio research engine and dynamo meter fitted with a computer-based cylinder pressure display and processing system were used to run the bio-gas test in spark ignition engine. Single-cylinder direct-injection Gardner (IL2) research engine was used for seed oil bio-fuel test in compression ignition engine. The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and emission for both engine ignitions were referred in this experiment. Besides, the performance for both ignition engines were referred as well. Compression–ignition engine operation with seed-oil derived bio-fuels leads to higher specific fuel consumption but not notably higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen or smoke, when compared with diesel fuel. Specific fuel consumption is lower comparable with spark-ignition engine operation with biogas and specific NOx emissions. Bio fuel is the best material to be used as the replacement for the petroleum such as diesel fuel and petrol fuel because the result shows that bio fuel gives the same performance for engine but with lower pollutants produced thus can reduced the air pollution.

In this paper, the modern biomass-based transportation fuels such as fuels from Pyrolysis process, bio-ethanol, bio-methanol, and bio-diesel are briefly reviewed. Here, the term bio-fuel and non-organic fuel is referred to as liquid or gaseous fuels for the transport sector that are predominantly produced from biomass. There are several reasons for bio-fuels and non-organic fuel to be considered as relevant technologies by both developing and industrialized countries. They include energy security reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector. The term modern biomass is generally used to describe the traditional biomass use through the efficient and clean combustion technologies and sustained supply of biomass resources, environmentally sound and competitive fuels, heat and electricity using modern conversion technologies. Modern bio-mass can be used for the generation of electricity and heat. Bio-ethanol, bio-methanol and bio-diesel as well as diesel produced from biomass by Pyrolysis process are the most modern biomass-based transportation fuels. Bio-ethanol is a petrol additive/substitute.

Issues on global warming, stringent emissions regulation and unstable fuel price are among the primary reasons that lead to the usage of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is one of the most popular alternative fuels for spark ignition (SI) engines that received lots of attention due to its availability and acknowledged superior properties than gasoline. However, detail analysis on latest technology of liquid LPG injection that introduces the fuel in liquid phase during injection is scarcely found. With this motivation, a comprehensive experimental study on an SI engine has been conducted in order to evaluate effects of the liquid LPG injection. A series of experiments was performed at several engine speeds ranging from 1500rpm until 4000rpm with a step size of 500rpm. During the experiments, four throttle position (TP) were tested; 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The experimental results between liquid LPG injection and gasoline were compared. It was found that liquid LPG injection has the capability to increase the engine torque and brake power by 9.56% and 8.34%, respectively as compared to gasoline. Since the LPG has lower carbon to hydrogen ratio than gasoline, the reduction of carbon related emissions, CO2 and CO were found lower in LPG operation by 9.15% and 58.55% respectively than gasoline at all testing conditions. Meanwhile, HC and NOx were recorded higher for LPG, compared to gasoline at all testing conditions. Statistical analysis indicates that liquid LPG operation in SI engine exhibited better combustion stability with 14.87% lower coefficient of variation (COV) of maximum in-cylinder pressure peak throughout the testing than gasoline. In addition, liquid LPG injection also showed improvement on the in-cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise (ROPR) and rate of heat release (ROHR) where the maximum plot of these parameters was found higher with the usage of liquid LPG injection than gasoline.

LPG has a higher research octane number (RON) and low carbon to hydrogen ratio contains. Thus LPG has prospects to gain more performance and reducing the exhaust emission in spark ignition (SI) engine. The objectives of this study are to identify the influence liquid phase LPG system tested on SI engine and investigate the performance and exhaust emission of LPG and gasoline. The contain LPG has 60% butane and 40% propane, according to Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). The experiment was operating on a 1.6 Liter, 4 inline cylinders from a Proton Gen 2 (S4PH). The engine fuel delivery was equipped with Multiport Injection (MPI) system. Injectors LPG Liquid Sequential Injection (LSI) was mounted at close intake valve without disturbing gasoline injectors. To control the LPG injector system, the piggy-back system was installed as to emulate the stock Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The engine was tested via chassis dynamometer at steady state conditions to analyze the Brake Power (BP) and Brake Torque (BT) at a desired engine speed from 1500rpm to 4000rpm with increments of 500rpm. Meanwhile, the Throttle Position (TP) was varied at four conditions that were 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for every single engine speed. The result of the performance showed liquid phase LPG increased BT and BP in the range of 3% to 7%, BSFC was reduced in the range 21% to 52%. The exhaust emission from carbon monoxide (CO) was decreased in the range of 2% to 19%, exhaust emission from a hydrocarbon (HC) was emitted increment in the range of 40% to70% and nitrogen oxide (NOX) exhaust emission was elevated in an average of 60% in comparison with gasoline. The LPG LSI system is more effective than gasoline in Spark Ignition (SI) engine at lower engine speed (1500rpm to 2500rpm) due to low Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and exhaust emission.

Biodiesel based on vegetable oil is an alternative that had various advantage in term of sustainability and environmental attractive compare to others conventional diesel. Biodiesel is product of any fat or oil that derived from any organic sources through a refinery process called transesterification process. This research investigates the effects of storage duration and variant ambient condition on the biodiesel properties and characteristics. In this study, there are three types of blending which is 5vol% blends ( 5vol% plant oil 95vol% diesel), 10vol% blending (10vol% plant oil and 90vol% diesel) and 15vol% blending (15vol% plant oil and 85vol% diesel) each called CPO5 (crude palm oil 5vol%), CPO10 (crude palm oil 10vol%),CPO15 (crude palm oil 15vol%), JO5 (jatropha oil 5vol%), JO10 (jatropha oil 10vol%),and JO15 (jatropha oil 15vol%) respectively. Biodiesel samples were stored at indoor condition and outdoor condition for a 3 months period. The fuel properties such as acid value, viscosity, density, water content and flash point are observed with the laboratory instrument. Flash point value and water content increased under both of indoor and outdoor condition and a steady data for viscosity and density. However, acid value at indoor condition nearly constant but increased dramatically for outdoor condition over the time.

Biodiesel based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. Biodiesel is produced from any fat or oil such as soybean oil, through a refinery process called transesterification. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. Biodiesel can be used as a pure fuel or blended with petroleum in any percentage but the standard storage and handling procedures used for biodiesel are the main issue due to the biodiesel fuel specifications. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. In this research, three different storage temperature were study which are; low (0 – 5 °C), ambient, and high (40 – 50 °C). The key parameters that are required to store biodiesel are discussed, and the recent research advances are noted. Five types of biodiesel after storage all the samples for 2016 hours were tested plus with two product of combustion. Images analysis for combustion process was used to image appearances analysis. Under 2016 hours of storage duration, the effect of degradation was happen although the effect is not significance because the changes are still in acceptable ranges.

Biofuels based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmen-tally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. This provides a critical review of current understanding of main factor in storage method which affecting the biodiesel properties and characteristics. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. Water and sediment contamination are basically housekeep-ing issues for biodiesel. Degradation by oxidation yields products that may compromise fuel proper-ties, impair fuel quality and engine performance. The effect of storage method on the fuel properties and burning process in biodiesel fuel combustion will strongly affects the exhaust emissions.

Diesel engines are still widely needed and applicable to light duty passenger car and heavy duty vehicles. In recent years, limited supply of fossil fuel makes alternative sources of fuel especially biodiesel receiving a lot of attention in the automotive industry. However, in using biodiesel as fuel had created poor fuel-air mixing that generally will produce lower performance and higher emissions than diesel fuel. This is associated with the fuel properties especially viscosity that higher compared to diesel fuel. The aim of this present research was to investigate the effects of preheated biodiesel based crude palm oil (B5, B10 and B15) at 40oC, 50oC and 60oC on performance and emissions of diesel engine at three different load conditions, which are 0% load, 50% load and 100% load. A four-cylinder four strokes cycle, water cooled, direct injection engine was used for the experiments. The results showed that the maximum performance produced was at 0% load condition with the 60oC of heating temperature by B10 where the torque, flywheel torque and brake power increased by 11.55%, 11.42% and 4.16% respectively compared to diesel fuel. While for the emissions, the preheat temperature results on the decrement of CO emission for all load conditions and the maximum reduction recorded was 41.2%. However, the increment of fuel temperature promotes to the higher NOx emissions produced and the maximum increment recorded was 51.7%.