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Objectives: It was aimed to investigate the usability of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 levels as biomarkers in the oosteoarticular complications of brucellosis. Methods: The subjects were categorized into three groups as the healthy control group, brucella group, and brucella patients with osteoarticular involvement groups. Before medical treatment, serum samples from patients and control groups were stored at -80ºC until the day of study. MMP-2 and TIMP-1 serum levels were quantified by the ELISA method.Results: Serum level of MMP-2 (mean ± SD) in healthy control group was 1.71 +/- 0.10 ng / mL. Brucella patient group and Osteoarticular complıcation group were 14.3 +/- 2.52 ng / ml 20.65 +/- 2.33 ng / ml respectively (p=0.001). The mean TIMP-1 level in the control group was 3578.96 +/- 67.2 ng / mL, while in the Brucella group, this rate was 998.27 +/- 66.7 ng / mL and in the bone involvement group, 1656. 17 +/- 17.3 ng / ml. The difference between the control group and the brucella patients and the complicated group was statistically significant (p= 0.001). Conclusions: We think that the significant change in serum levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 when evaluated together with the radiological method, can be used as a biochemical indicator of the development of osteoarticular complications.

Objective: Musculoskeletal involvement in brucellosis is very important. This study aimed to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and hematological parameters as a predictive value for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal brucellosis. Methods: This prospective case-control study was conducted between June 2011 and November 2019 in a university hospital. Ninety-nine patients with the confirmed diagnosis of brucellosis without musculoskeletal involvement and forty-three brucellosis patients with musculoskeletal involvement were examined. The hematological, biochemical parameters, and radiological imaging findings of both groups were recorded. These parameters were statistically compared between the two groups. Results: The mean age of the patients (non-involvement group) and musculoskeletal involvement groups was 44.04 ± 23.11 and 37.92 ± 24.80 years, respectively (P = 0.062). C-reactive protein (CRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly higher in the musculoskeletal involvement group (P < 0.05). The lower lymphocyte level was statistically significant in this group. Based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the sensitivity and specificity were 70% and 65% for ALP, 77% and 58% for CRP, 83% and 45% for lymphopenia, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the other hematological and biochemical parameters. Spondylodiscitis (34.8%) was the most common MRI finding in patients with musculoskeletal involvement. Conclusions: Our study results show that CRP, ALP, and lymphopenia can be used as valuable markers in the preliminary diagnosis of musculoskeletal brucellosis.

Introduction: COVID-19 is the infection caused by the new coronavirus. Specific treatment for COVID-19 has not been established, yet. It is important to determine the disease severity of the patients at the first admission. Therefore, the exploration of biomarkers is deemed necessary. We aimed to assess the diagnostic and early prognostic value of CRP and LDH levels in possible COVID-19 patients presenting with a severe clinical picture. Methodology: We evaluated the correlations of relevant routine laboratory test results with disease severity in COVID-19 patients admitted to our infectious diseases clinic. Patients were divided into severe and non-severe disease groups based on clinical findings, oxygen saturation levels in the arterial blood, biochemical test results, and radiological findings. Differences in the findings between the two disease severity groups were examined to determine potential biomarkers. Results: Median age and the CRP and LDH levels in the severe disease group were statistically significantly higher compared to the nonsevere group (p < 0.0001). No other parameters statistically significant differences have been observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: CRP and LDH levels were positively correlated with lung lesions in early-stage COVID-19, potentially reflecting disease severity. Because LDH and CRP levels can potentially reflect the pulmonary function, they can be potential predictors of COVID-19- related respiratory failure. For avoiding poor prognosis; LDH and CRP should be considered as potential predictors for identifying the need for thoracic CT scans, close monitoring of pulmonary function, and aggressive supportive therapy early in the course of COVID-19.

Host defenses in the brain are modulated by the activation of several factors such as oxygen free radical species (ROS), Ca2+ influx, and TRPM2 activation, and they are well-known adverse factors in neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, recent data indicated a protective action of curcumin (CRC) via inhibition of TRPM2 on the inflammation factors, ROS, and apoptosis in hypoxia-induced SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. However, the relationship between interferon gamma (IFNg) exposure and TRPM2 activation in the SH-SY5Y cells are not fully identified. The SH-SY5Y cells as a neuronal cell line model were used in several neuroinflammation studies. Hence, we used the SH-SY5Y cells in the current study, and they were divided into four main groups as control, CRC, IFNg, and IFNg+CRC. The data presented here indicate that IFNg induced excessive Ca2+ influx via activation of TRPM2. The IFNg treatment further increased cell death, cell debris amount, apoptosis, and cytokine generations (IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) which were due to increased cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS generations as well as increased activations of caspase-3 and caspase-9. The expression levels of TRPM2, PARP-1, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were increased in the cells by the IFNg treatment. However, CRC treatment reduced the increase of expression levels, cytokine generations, caspase activations, ROS release, Ca2+ influx, cell death, and apoptosis levels via inhibition of TRPM2 in the SH-SY5Y cells that were treated with IFNg. Moreover, the treatment of TRPM2 blockers (ACA and 2-APB) potentiated the modulator effects of CRC. In conclusion, these results suggest that neuroinflammation via IFNg lead to the TRPM2 activation in the SH-SY5Y cells, whereas CRC prevents IFNg-mediated TRPM2 activation, cell death, and cytokine generations.

In this study, the energy analyses of wheat production were compared for various geographic regions as Central Anatolia, Black Sea, Mediterranean, Eastern Anatolia and the Marmara. For this purpose, the data obtained from different studies conducted in these geographical regions were used. Five key indicators to assess the energy analyses in wheat production in the geographical regions of Turkey (energy profitability, specific energy, energy efficiency, energy use and net energy) were considered. As a result, the lowest specific energy was obtained in the Mediterranean/Adana region with 2.22 MJ kg-1, while the highest specific energy was obtained in the East Anatolia with 10.51 MJ kg-1. The lowest and highest energy use efficiency was obtained with 2.36 and 7.88 in the Black Sea/Samsun and East Anatolia/Erzurum region, respectively. The highest energy use rate is fertilizer energy in total input energy of the wheat production for geographical regions of Turkey.

An oxidative cyclization of 2-arenoxybenzaldehyde N-acyl hydrazones 3 a-o was employed to synthesize new 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds 4 a-d, 4 f-i, 4 k-n. This method involves oxidative cyclization of 2-arenoxybenzaldehyde N-acyl hydrazones 3 a-o with molecular iodine mediated catalysis in which potassium carbonate served as a base. Characterization of all the synthesized novel compounds involved, proton and carbon NMR, mass spectrometry, and CHN elemental analysis. The synthesis of novel 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles may display potential to provide pharmacologically important heterocyclic compounds. Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Scientific Research Projects

Change in the energy metabolism of cancer cells, which display significant differences compared to normal cells, is a rising phenomenon in developing new therapeutic approaches against cancers. One of the metabolic enzymes, hexokinase-II (HK-II) is involved in glycolysis, and inhibiting the HK-II activity may be a potential metabolic target for cancer therapy as most of the drugs in clinical use act on DNA damage. Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is one of the compounds blocking HK-II activity in cancer cells. In a previous study, we showed that the novel MJ analogs inhibit HK-II activity through VDAC detachment from the mitochondria. In this study, to evaluate the potential of targeting HK-2 activity, through patient cohort analysis, we first determined HK-2 expression levels and prognostic significance in highly lethal glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumor. We then examined the

Amaç: Dirençli gram negatif bakterilerdeki artış önemli bir endişe kaynağıdır ve enfeksiyonların tedavisinde zorluklara yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae suşlarına karşı CLZ-TAZ ve CAZ-AVB kombinasyonlarının in vitro etkinliğini karşılaştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya, laboratuvarımıza gönderilen çeşitli örneklerden izole edilen, karbapenemlere dirençli 80 Enterobacteriaceae türü dahil edildi. İzolatların tanımlanması ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılıkları otomatize sistemler kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Tüm izolatlarda karbapenemazların varlığı, CarbaNP testi ve karbapenem inaktivasyon yöntemi kullanılarak test edildi. Karbapenemaz genlerinin varlığı multipleks PCR ile test edildi.Bulgular: Fenotipik testler ile karbapenemazların varlığı %60 E. coli izolatında ve %78.5 K. pneumoniae izolatında tespit edildi. Karbapenemaz içeren izolatların %73.7'sinde OXA-48 enzimi bulundu. İkinci en yaygın enzim NDM idi. β-laktam/β-laktamaz inhibitör kombinasyonlarının CRE izolatlarına karşı etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesinde ise, CAZ-AVB'nin (%77) aktivitesinin CLZ-TAZ'dan (%48) daha yüksek olduğu tespit edildi.Sonuç: Bulgularımız, CRE suşlarının neden olduğu enfeksiyonların tedavisinde CAZ-AVB ve CLZ-TAZ'ın umut verici olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Seftazidim-avibaktam ile duyarlılık oranları, seftolozan-tazobaktamınkinden daha yüksekti. Bu çalışmada elde edilen veriler ülkemizde de bu ajanların klinik kullanımına katkı sağlayacaktır., Objective: The increase in resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a major concern and has led to difficulties in the treatment of infections. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro efficacy of CLZ-TAZ and CAZ-AVB combinations against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains.Methods: 80 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae species isolated from various samples sent to our laboratory were included in the study. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of strains were performed using automated systems. The presence of carbapenemases in all isolates was tested using the CarbaNP test and the carbapenem inactivation method. The presence of carbapenemase genes was tested by multiplex PCR.Results: The presence of carbapenemases was detected in 60 % E. coli isolates and in 78.5% K. pneumoniae isolates via phenotypic tests. OXA-48 enzyme was found in 73.7% of isolates containing carbapenemase. The second most common enzyme was NDM.The assessment of the efficacy of the β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations against CRE isolates revealed that the activity of CAZ-AVB (77%) was higher than CLZ-TAZ (48%).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CAZ-AVB and CLZ-TAZ may be promising in the treatment of infections caused by CRE strains. Sensitivity rates were higher with ceftazidime-avibactam than with ceftolozane-tazobactam. The data obtained in this study will contribute to the clinical use of these agents in our country.

© 2021Introduction: Although early diagnosis of septic arthritis may reduce mortality rates, and limit unnecessary surgical interventions, clinical parameters alone are not adequate for making the diagnosis of septic arthritis. Therefore, relevant laboratory parameters are used to enhance diagnostic sensitivity. The aim of our study was to assist in making the diagnosis of septic arthritis, and prevent delays in the diagnosis. For this purpose; we aimed to determine the diagnostic values of human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP 1-3) and procalcitonin (PCT) in synovial fluids of patients with arthritis. By comparing the HNP 1-3 and procalcitonin levels, as well as CRP, in synovial fluid aspirates, we evaluated the significance of these data in the differential diagnosis of septic arthritis from noninfectious arthritis. Methods: A total of 67 adults consisting of 37 septic arthritis and 30 noninfectious arthritis patients were included in our study. As bioindicators; levels of HNP 1-3, PCT, synovial and serum CRP levels were found to have significant ROC areas in discriminating septic arthritis patients from noninfectious arthritis patients. Results: As a result, synovial fluid HNP 1-3 levels were significantly higher in septic arthritis patients compared to noninfectious arthritis patients (p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of HNP 1-3 levels in the diagnosis of septic and noninfectious arthritis were found as 86%, 87%, and 87%, respectively (AUC of the ROC curve = 0.828). Conclusions: It was decided that the level of HNP 1-3 in the synovial fluid can be used as an alternative indicator in the diagnosis of septic arthritis.

Aims: The lack of information about the inter variability of the test results obtained by CLSI and EUCAST requires further clarifications to interpret antimicrobial susceptibility patterns better. This study aimed to compare the CLSI and EUCAST interpretations of the antimicrobial susceptibility test results of the ESBL–producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia strains. Methods: After obtaining 157 ESBL-producing E. coli and 95, ESBL-producing K. pneumonia isolates from the urine specimens of the patients, Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method was used for conducting antimicrobial susceptibility test. The test procedures and the interpretation of the results were carried out according to the year 2017 versions of both of the two guidelines. For the statistical comparison of concordance between the two guidelines, the Kappa coefficients and the concordance rates were calculated. Results: The results were graded in the range from perfect to poor agreement. For E. coli, interpretations of the AST results revealed a moderate to perfect agreement between both methods. Weighted Kappa agreement scores in the range from 0.42 to 1. The agreement for AMC, TPZ30/6, ceftazidime 10, meropenem, and aztreonam was poor without any inconsistencies. For Klebsiella, the kappa agreement score was in the range from 0.25 to 1. It was incompatible with AMC, TPZ 30/6, ceftazidime 10, aztreonam; there was poor agreement for cefepime, amikacin and ertapenem. Conclusions: Our results showed agreement between the two guidelines for uropathogenic extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae but also showed inconsistencies between two guidelines. Therefore, the results of our study contribute to the comparison of these guidelines for interpreting antibiotic susceptibilities.

Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Due to increased health awareness and risks related to alcohol abuse, beer with low or no alcohol content has been gaining popularity. However, there is a consumer perception that these beers are not as satisfactory as regular beers in terms of sensorial quality. Therefore studies have been focusing on new production methods. There are mainly two ways to produce nonalcoholic (NA) beer: biologically and physically. Biological methods rely on altering the process conditions and yeasts, whereas in physical methods ethanol is removed after fermentation either by heat or membrane processes. In this chapter, trends in NA beer production are discussed. Special or nonconventional yeasts have been emerging, thanks to rapid advances in molecular biology. These yeasts include genetically modified strains and yeasts from non-Saccharomyces genus. Membrane-based dealcoholization methods are also emerging with various possible systems. All methods have been discussed with their specific advantages and drawbacks. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2-s2.0-85092263886

This study aimed to evaluate the metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production in Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter baumannii using phenotypic and genotypic methods and to determine the most appropriate phenotypic method. The study included 55 Pseudomonas spp. (53 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 P. fluorescens and 1 P. putida) and 33 A. baumannii isolates which were resistant to imipenem (IMP) and/or meropenem (MEM). Six phenotypic and one genotypic (real-time polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) methods were used. According to the phenotypic tests, the rates of MBL-positive Pseudomonas spp. and A. baumannii were, respectively: 25.5% and 39.4% by the gradient test; 21.8% and 21.2% by the Rosco rapid CARB screen test; 9.1% and 21.2% by the modified Hodge test (MHT); 32.7% and 66.7% by the combined EDTA disk diffusion test; 56.4% and 100% by IMP + EDTA and 49.0% and 72.7% by MEM + EDTA and 9.1% and 3.0% by IMP + dipicolinic acid (DPA) for the Rosco MBL confirm test; 36.4% and 6.1% by IMP + DPA and 54.5% and 6.1% MEM + DPA for the double disk synergy test. MBL genes were detected only in three Pseudomonas spp. (blaIMP in two P. aeruginosa isolates and blaVIM in a P. fluorescens isolate). For Pseudomonas spp., the MBL positivity rate did not significantly differ between the RT-PCR and MHT and between the RT-PCR and Rosco MBL confirm test (with IMP + DPA) (p > 0.10). In conclusion, the Rosco MBL confirm test (with IMP + DPA) phenotypically predicted the MBL positivity most closely to the RT-PCR method for both Pseudomonas spp. and A. baumannii isolates. © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Objective: Antibiotic resistance in Gram negative bacteria is an increasing problem worldwide and a challenging issue for the physicians in both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Infections caused by metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing bacteria are particularly threatening as the resistance genes of these bacteria may render an entire antibiotic class ineffective. Moreover, the rates of multidrug-resistant strains are also higher among MBL-producing bacteria. Multidrug resistance has been gradually increasing among non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB). The present study aimed to investigate resistance rates of carbapenem-resistant NFGNB isolated from patients’ specimens to other antibiotics and to evaluate MBL production by E-test method. Method: Carbapenem-resistant NFGNB, which were isolated from the inpatients’ specimens sent from January 2014 through March 2015 to Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital Medical Microbiology Laboratory, were included. Imipenemand/or meropenem-resistant strains were considered as carbapenem-resistant. Meropenem/meropenem+EDTA E-test strips were used for phenotypic MBL detection. Results: The study included 110 carbapenemresistant NFGNB strains. Of these strains, 44.5% were Acinetobacter baumannii and 36.4% were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The NFGNB strains were mostly isolated from tracheal aspirate (37.9%), followed by blood (22.3%), wound (17.5%), and urine (13.6%) specimens. When all carbapenem-resistant NFGNB strains were considered, the highest rate of resistance was ampicillin-sulbactam OZET Amac: Gram negatif bakterilerde gorulen antibiyotik direnci tum dunyada giderek artan bir sorundur ve hem hastane ici hem de toplum kokenli enfeksiyonlarda hekimleri zorlayan bir konudur. Metallo-beta-laktamaz (MBL) ureten bakteriler ile olusan enfeksiyonlar ozellikle endise vericidir; cunku bu bakterilerdeki direnc genleri bir sinif antibiyotigin tumunu etkisiz kilabilirler. Ayrica, MBL ureten bakteriler arasinda coklu ilac direncli suslarin orani da yuksek olmaktadir. Coklu ilac direnci non-fermenter Gram negatif basiller (NFGNB) arasinda giderek artis gostermektedir. Bu calismada, hasta orneklerinden izole edilen karbapenem direncli NFGNB (non-fermenter Gram negatif basiller)’de diger antibiyotiklere direnc oranlarinin ve E-test yontemi ile MBL uretiminin arastirilmasi amaclanmistir. Yontem: Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi Tibbi Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarina Ocak 2014 ve Mart 2015 yillari arasinda gonderilen yatan hasta orneklerinden izole edilen karbapenem direncli NFGNB calismaya dahil edilmistir. Imipenem ve/veya meropenem direncli suslar karbapenem direncli olarak kabul edilmistir. Fenotipik olarak MBL tayini icin meropenem/ meropenem+EDTA E-test stripleri kullanilmistir. Bulgular: Calismaya 110 karbapenem direncli NFGNB sus dahil edilmistir. Bunlarin %44,5’i Acinetobacter baumannii, %36,4’u Pseudomonas aeruginosa’dir. NFGNB suslarinin en fazla izole edildigi ornek trakeal aspirat (%37,9) olup bunu %22,3 ile kan, %17,5 ile yara ve %13,6 ile idrar ornegi izlemistir. Karbapenem direncli tum NFGNB Makale Dili “Ingilizce”/Article Language “English”

Human brucellosis is a common zoonotic infectious disease in the world. Spinal epidural abscess development in brucellosis is a rare but serious complication. We aimed to discuss the clinical, radiological and serological findings of the spinal stenosis caused by epidural and paraspinal abscess due to brucella infection. Treatment of the abscess usually consists of surgical drainage, decompression and antibiotherapy. In our case, since the Brucellar spinal epidural abscess was diagnosed in the early period, it was improved with medical treatment without any surgical intervention. In the early diagnosis of the disease, serology and culture as well as magnetic resonance imaging are extremely important..

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Fosfomisin ve diğer antibiyotiklerin genişlemiş spektrumlu beta-laktamaz (GSBL) negatif ve pozitif Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) suşlarına karşı duyarlılık oranları incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal-Method: İdrar kültürlerinden izole edilen 100 GSBL pozitif ve 100 GSBL negatif E. Coli suşu çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Antibiyotik duyarlılıkları Kirby-Bauer disk difüzyon yöntemi ve/veya Phoenix 100 otomatize sistemi kullanılarak, GSBL varlığı ise kombine disk difüzyon yöntemi ile araştırılmıştır. Bulgular: E.coli suşlarının Fosfomisin’e karşı duyarlılık oranları GSBL pozitiflerde %96, GSBL negatiflerde ise %98 olarak saptanmış olup, benzer olduğu görülmüştür. İmipenem’e dirençli suş bulunmamış olup, GSBL negatif suşların tedavide kullanılan diğer antibiyotiklere karşı GSBL pozitif suşlardan daha yüksek oranda duyarlılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.Sonuç: Sonuç olarak tek doz kullanım kolaylığı da olan Fosfomisin’in hem GSBL pozitif hem de GSBL negatif E. Coli suşlarının etkeni olduğu komplike olmayan üriner sistem infeksiyonlarının tedavisinde kullanılabileceği düşünülmüştür., Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of Fosfomycin and the other antibiotics against extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) negative and positive Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) strains. Material-Method: 100 ESBL positive and 100 ESBL negative E. Coli strains isolated from urine cultures were included to the study. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and /or automated Phoenix with 100 systems. ESBL was investigated with combined disk diffusion method. Results: Fosfomycin sensitivity was found as 96% and 98% in ESBL positive and negative E. Coli strains, respectively. It was found that, there was no İmipenem resistant strain, and the ESBL negative strains shown higher sensitivity rate than ESBL positive strains against the other antibiotics used in treatment. Conclusions: As a result, it was thought that, the Fosfomycin, which is also easy to use in a single dose, can be used in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary system infections caused by both ESBL positive and ESBL negative E. coli strains. We consider that the reasons why no early complication are the patient selection, careful follow-up, and treatment of the patients in a newly established transplantation center.

Amaç: Bir 13-üyeli aminoasit siklik lipopeptit olan daptomisin özellikleGram-pozitif bakterilerin tedavisinde kullanılmak üzere geliştirilmiş olan yenibir antibiyotiktir. Bu çalışmada kan ve yara kültürlerinden izole edilenstafilokok suşlarının daptomisine duyarlılığını ve diğer bazı antibiyotikleredirenç oranlarını belirlemek amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada çeşitli servis ve polikliniklerdengönderilen otuz metisiline dirençli (methicillin-resistant) S. aureus (MRSA),yetmiş metisiline duyarlı (methicillin-susceptible) S. aureus (MSSA), ellimetisiline dirençli koagülaz negatif stafilokok (MRKNS) ve elli metisilineduyarlı koagülaz negatif stafilokok (MSKNS) suşunun daptomisin minimalinhibitör konsantrasyonu (MİK), antibiyotik gradient test yöntemiylearaştırılmış ve diğer bazı antibiyotik duyarlılıkları değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: Daptomisin, vankomisin ve linezolide tüm suşların duyarlı olduğutespit edilmiştir.MRSA, MSSA ve MSKNS suşları için daptomisin MİK50/MİK90değerleri 0,064/0,094 μg/ml, MRKNS suşları için ise MİK50/ MİK90 değerleri0,094/0,25 μg/ml olarak bulunmuştur.Tartışma ve Sonuç: Daptomisin MİK değerlerinin uygulanabilirdeğerlerde saptanmış olması,kliniklerde glikopeptitlere ve linezolidealternatif olarak kullanılabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Uygun kullanımınınsağlanması ile de direnç gelişiminin önlenmesi sağlanabilecektir., Aim: Daptomycin is a 13-member amino-acid cyclic lipopeptide and a new antibiotic that has been developed especially for use in the treatment of Gram-positive bacteria. In this study we aimed to determine the level of susceptibility to daptomycin and resistance to some other antibiotics of Staphylococcus strains isolated from blood and wound cultures.Materials and Methods: In this study, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for daptomycin of thirty methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), seventy methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), fifty methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) and fifty methicillin-susceptible coagulase-negative staphylococci (MSCNS) that were sent from various clinics was evaluated by the methods of antibiotic gradient and other antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Results: All of the strains were found susceptible to daptomycin, vancomycin, and linezolid. Daptomycin MIC50/MIK90 values for the MRSA, MSCNS and MSSA strains were found to be 0.064/0.094 μg /ml and MIC50/MIK90 values for the MRCNS strains 0.094/0.25 μg/ml. Discussion and Conclusion: The finding that daptomycin MIC values are in the applicable interval suggests that daptomycin can be used as an alternative to glycopeptides and linezolid in the clinic. Development of resistance is preventable when its appropriate use is ensured.

Human gut microbiota (GM) has now beenaccepted as a potential modulator ofhuman biology.Although new to the world of science, GM's impactionbrain and behavior has drawn great attention around theglobe. Studies have now proven that GM can directlyor indirectly modify brain neurochemistry via variousmechanisms like neural, immune and endocrine. Theintestinal microbiota influence neurodevelopment,modulate behavior, and contribute to neurologicaldisorders. This presentation is an overview of recentfindings regarding the GM -brain axis in PD (Braniste etal. 2014; Sampson et al. 2016)Parkinson disease (PD) is the second-mostcommon neurodegenerative disorder. PD patients showalpha-synuclein deposits and neurodegeneration in theenteric nervous system as well as breakdown of themucosal barrier, bacterial invasion, and mucosalinflammation in the colon. Alterations in GM andincreased gut permeability may influence PDpathophysiology via epigenetic processes that alterαSyn regulation (Matsumoto et al. 2010).Sampson et al. (2016) suggest that GM arerequired for the hallmark motor and GI dysfunction in amouse model of PD, via postnatal gut-brain signaling bymicrobial molecules that impact neuroinflammation andαSyn aggregation. They propose that GM regulatemovement disorders and suggest that alterations in thehuman microbiome represent a risk factor for PD. GMdo not only affect gut physiology, but there is also anintense bidirectional interaction with the braininfluencing neuronal activity, behavior, as well as levelsof neurotransmitter receptors, neurotrophic factors, andinflammation. Recently, gut microbiome alterations inPD subjects and a connection between GM and motoraswell as non-motor symptoms have been described(Sampson et al. 2016; Parashar and Udayabanu 2017)