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A partial hand amputation can significantly change a person's life for the better. Partial amputees must be fitted with a prostheses, which is one way to enhance their function and solve some of the issues they confront. The purpose and aesthetics of partial hand prosthetics range widely to help people perform their tasks. There isn't a perfect replacement item available yet that can replace what was lost. The comprehensive study examined the variations in partial hand prosthetics using experimental approaches that explain the physical characteristics that include weight, grip characteristics, design flexibility, shape, adaptability, and pinching action those are used for engineering requirements and formal system analysis. This review article examines and characterizes various prosthetic solutions that have been researched and offered by academics.

Many wearable or portable medical devices have limited battery energy. In this paper, a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) was adopted to take advantage of bodyweight to generate power to wearable and implantable medical devices. To confirm the power generated by the PZT, electromyography (EMG) was used to measure the subject’s muscle activity. The proposed system consists of three parts: power, measurement, and monitoring units. The power unit was tested using on 0.25 F, 0.33 F, 0.5 F, and 1 F supercapacitors to explore the best supercapacitor that can supply the measurement unit by power. Based on using PZT, we found that the power unit was able to supply the measurement unit with adequate voltage (i.e., 5 V) for normal operation without system failure. The present system has better performance than state-of-the-art in terms of power and voltage as compared to that in previous studies.

The electroretinogram (ERG) is an electrophysiological recording method that measures the retinal electrical potential. The electrical reaction is quantified by electrical interaction of the indicator electrode with the cornea or at various levels inside the retina. However, such ERG systems suffer from certain limitations and challenges, such as high cost, low a/b-wave amplitude, and the outcomes do not provide any information about patients. In this work, we designed and implemented a real-time prototype for an ERG system for measuring eye waves via diode-transistor logic (DTL)- electrode and AD624AD-model. In addition, a graphical user interface (GUI) via virtual instrument engineering workbench (LabVIEW) was used. The developed system achieved high amplitude for ERG a/b-waves of about 100 and 700 mV. In terms of a/b-waves in the system, the findings show that this study has good results for optimizing the measurement of ERG signals. The method showed satisfactory accuracy of about 92.5% for 10 participants aged 20-60 years and comprising both genders

Biomedical sensors help patients monitor their health conditions and receive assistance anywhere and at any time. However, the limited battery capacity of medical devices limits their functionality. One advantageous method to tackle this limited-capacity issue is to employ the wireless power transfer (WPT) technique. In this paper, a WPT technique using a magnetic resonance coupling (MRC-WPT)-based wireless heart rate (WHR) monitoring system—which continuously records the heart rate of patients—has been designed, and its efficiency is confirmed through real-time implementation. The MRC-WPT involves three main units: the transmitter, receiver, and observing units. In this research, a new design of spiral-spider coil was designed and implemented for transmitter and receiver units, respectively, to supply the measurement unit, which includes a heart rate sensor, microcontroller, and wireless protocol (nRF24L01) with the operating voltage. The experimental results found that an adequate voltage of 5 V was achieved by the power component to operate the measurement unit at a 20 cm air gap between the receiver and transmitter coils. Further, the measurement accuracy of the WHR was 99.65% comparative to the benchmark (BM) instrument. Moreover, the measurements of the WHR were validated based on statistical analyses. The results of this study are superior to those of leading works in terms of measurement accuracy, power transfer, and Transfer efficiency.

Wireless power transfer (WPT)–based magnetic resonance coupling (WPT-MRC) is an encouraging technique for medium-power medical devices and other similar applications. Most wearable medical devices are operated based on several batteries. Generally, the batteries of such devices cannot be used for an extended time and typically involve a replacing or recharging process. WPT-MRC is a candidate technology that can resolve the charging of such batteries or it can directly supply power to the medical device. This paper aims to design and implement WPT based on the spiral–spider coils (WPT-S/S) for transferring high power over different air gaps to address the power problem. A heart rate measurement unit (HRMU) was implemented practically to confirm the functionality of the presented WPT-S/S. The proposed system comprises three main parts: monitoring, measurement, and power. The power unit contains receiver/transmitter coils, a capacitor resonator, and a rectifier. The measurement part contains an Arduino Nano platform (microcontroller), an nRF24L01 wireless technology for transmitting the HR measurement to the monitoring unit, and the biomedical sensor (HR sensor). The WPT-S/S system achieved 87% transfer power efficiency and 10 W DC output power over a 5-cm distance between the source coil (transmitter) and destination coil (receiver) when a resistance load of 200 Ω was employed. Also, the spiral–spider configuration succeeded in achieving adequate DC output voltage (i.e., 5 V) for supplying the HRMU at a distance of 20 cm between the coils.

Ultrasonic Power Transfer (UPT) is a technology for wireless power transfer that can be used for medical uses with low power. Batteries are used as power sources for most wearable or portable medical systems. The battery of these systems cannot operate for a long period and need to be charged or replaced from time to time. UPT is a candidate technology that can be adopted to solve this problem. In this paper, UPT operates at a 40-kHz ultrasound transducer was employed for providing the power to low power heart rate sensor. The proposed system includes a heart rate monitor (HRM) and power units. An ultrasonic receiver and transmitter, bridge rectifier, supercapacitors, and converter are the main components of the power unit. While the HRM contains measurement and monitoring parts. The nRF24L01 wireless technology, a microcontroller-based Arduino Nano, and a heart rate sensor are the main components of the measuring circuit. The monitoring part involves nRF24L01 wireless technology, a microcontroller-based Arduino Mega 2560, and a laptop. The transfer power and efficiency achieved by UPT with a 4-Farad supercapacitor were 55.1% and 0.06318 mW at 6 cm, respectively. The heart rate measurement accuracy was 97% as compared with a consumer-ready device. These findings show that the proposed system is stronger than previous studies at 6 cm in terms of transfer power efficiency and transfer power.

Most wearable intelligent biomedical sensors are battery-powered. The batteries are large and relatively heavy, adding to the volume of wearable sensors, especially when implanted. In addition, the batteries have limited capacity, requiring periodic charging, as well as a limited life, requiring potentially invasive replacement. This paper aims to design and implement a prototype energy harvesting technique based on wireless power transfer/magnetic resonator coupling (WPT/MRC) to overcome the battery power problem by supplying adequate power for a heart rate sensor. We optimized transfer power and efficiency at different distances between transmitter and receiver coils. The proposed MRC consists of three units: power, measurement, and monitoring. The power unit included transmitter and receiver coils. The measurement unit consisted of an Arduino Nano microcontroller, a heart rate sensor, and used the nRF24L01 wireless protocol. The experimental monitoring unit was supported by a laptop to monitor the heart rate measurement in real-time. Three coil topologies: spiral&ndash, spiral, spider&ndash, spider, and spiral&ndash, spider were implemented for testing. These topologies were examined to explore which would be the best for the application by providing the highest transfer power and efficiency. The spiral&ndash, spider topology achieved the highest transfer power and efficiency with 10 W at 87%, respectively over a 5 cm air gap between transmitter and receiver coils when a 200 Ω resistive load was considered. Whereas, the spider&ndash, spider topology accomplished 7 W and 93% transfer power and efficiency at the same airgap and resistive load. The proposed topologies were superior to previous studies in terms of transfer power, efficiency and distance.

The unassisted visual system cannot note minute temporal variations in video and image sequences. In many applications, these differences and small signals are highly informative. A new technique used to expose video variations by measuring and amplifying video variations over time in a fixed position (pixel) was used to Eulerian video magnification (EVM). The objective of the study is to investigate and evaluate different processes for the creation and testing of EVM techniques and video quality parameters for each one of those methods. This research employed four new methods; EVM, Riesz pyramid for fast phase-based video magnification (FPBM), phase-based video magnification (PBM), and Enhanced Eulerian video magnification (E2VM). The experimental findings compared with their output for certain enlargement methods; time and quality parameters of image. A new magnification method is required based on the study of the exiting methods, which takes account of noise elimination, video quality and time reduction.

Many wearables or portable medical devices have limited battery energy. Such batteries cannot operate for a long time and require recharging or periodic replacement. A piezoelectric transducer (PZT), ultrasonic sensor (USS), and magnetic resonator coupling (MRC) are potential technologies for solving this problem, being promising technologies that can be used to generate free power for low-power medical applications. The USS and MRC optimize transfer power, efficiency, and distance between the transmitter and receiver. These three technologies can generate power to wearable and implantable medical devices (IMDs). To validate the proposed PZT, USS, and MRC, we supplied electromyography (EMG) sensor, a heart rate sensor, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) sensor with adequate power to measure the subject’s muscle activity, heart rate (beats per minute, bpm), and SpO2 rate, respectively. The proposed system consists of four parts: power system, measurement part, wireless transmitter, and monitoring part. We found that 5 V could be used for charging 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, and 1 Farad supercapacitors based on the PZT at duration. Furthermore, the 0.25 F supercapacitor was fully charged in 41 min; compared with previous closed-circuit studies, it achieved high power of 197 μW at resistive load 15 kΩ. In addition, USS-based transfer efficiencies and powers could be used with 1, 4, and 8 F supercapacitors. The system had transfer efficiency and power of 69.4% and 0.318 mW, respectively, at 4 cm when 4 F was adopted. Furthermore, the MRC system had transfer efficiency and power of 21.14% and 2.079 W, respectively, at 7 cm at resistive load 70 Ω. Our results show that the PZT, MRC, and USS in the present study outperformed previous works in terms of power generation, transfer power, and efficiency.

Ultrasonic power transfer (UPT) is a promising method for wireless power transfer technology for low-power medical applications. Most portable or wearable medical devices are battery-powered. Batteries cannot be used for a long time and require periodic charging or replacement. UPT is a candidate technology for solving this problem. In this work, a 40-KHz ultrasound transducer was used to design a new prototype for supplying power to a wearable heart rate sensor for medical application. The implemented system consists of a power unit and heart rate measurement unit. The power unit includes an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver, rectifier, boost converter and super-capacitors. The heart rate measurement unit comprises measurement and monitoring circuits. UPT-based transfer power and efficiency were achieved using 1-, 4- and 8-Farad (F) super-capacitors. At 4 F, the system achieved 69.4% transfer efficiency and 0.318 mW power at 4 cm. In addition, 97% heart rate measurement accuracy was achieved relative to the benchmark device. The heart rate measurements were validated with statistical analysis. Our results show that this work outperforms previous works in terms of transfer power and efficiency with a 4-cm gap between the ultrasound transmitter and receiver.