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Ormancılık sektöründe silvikültürel müdahaleler, orman ürünlerinin bölmeden çıkarılması gibi farklı çalışma koşulları içeren iş faaliyetleri olup, iş kazaları çevresel ve kişisel faktörlere bağlı olarak meydana gelebilmektedir. Ortaya konulan bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de ormancılık sektöründe 2013-2019 yılları arasında meydana gelen iş kazaları çeşitli ölçütler açısından genel olarak Türkiye geneli iş kazaları açısından değerlendirmek ve ormancılıkta sektöründeki ekonomik faaliyet sınıflarına göre iş kazalarını değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda değerIendirme ölçütleri olarak kaza sıklık oranı (KSO), kaza frekansı (KF) ve kaza ağırlık oranı (KAO) kullanılmıştır. Ormancılık sektöründe iş kazaları ekonomik faaliyet sınıfları açısından incelendiğinde ise, yıllar itibariyle ölümlü olmayan iş kazalarına göre “ormancılık için destekleyici faaliyetler ekonomik faaliyeti”nin KS, KF ve KAO ölçütleri açısından “silvikültürel ve diğer ormancılık faaliyetleri”, “tomrukçuluk faaliyetleri” ve “ağaç dışındaki yabani olarak yetişen ürünlerin toplanması” faaliyetlerinden daha yüksek değere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ulaşılan bulgular genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, ormancılık sektörünün Türkiye geneli iş kazaları açısından durumu belirlenerek, sektörün durumu ortaya konulmuştur.

Doğal yaşam alanlarındaki mühendislik çalışmaları, olabildiğince doğru veriler gerektirir. Ormanların ekolojik, ekonomik ve estetik koşulları üzerindeki doğrudan veya dolaylı etkilerini optimize etmek veya azaltmak için, çok boyutlu analizler ve mevcut verilerin kullanılmasıyla desteklenen güncel teknolojik önlemlere ihtiyaç vardır. Ormanlarda yol ağlarının yapımı sırasında ve sonrasında habitatlarda geri dönüşü olmayan sonuçlar gözlemlenebilir. Bu etkiler bozulma, kayıp ve parçalanma olmak üzere üç ana başlıkta toplanabilir. Orman üzerinde karşılaşılabilecek olumsuzlukların azaltılması için kuşkusuz teknolojiden yararlanmak gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi (K.S.Ü) Araştırma ve Geliştirme Ormanı sınırları içerisinde yol ağı planlamasında kullanılabilecek üç teknikle üretilmiş SAM (sayısal arazi modeli)’nin kazı-dolgu ve yol güzergâhı tespitinde durumları karşılaştırılmıştır. Değerlendirilen veriler, 1/25000 ölçekli topoğrafik harita, SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) ve RTK-GPS (Real Time Kinematic-Global Position System) tabanlı verilerdir. Üç teknikle üretilen SAM’lar kullanılarak, ArcGIS ortamında en düşük maliyetli güzergâh analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre 1/25000 ölçekli topoğrafik harita kaynaklı üretilen veri setine göre elde edilen toplam kazı 50,04 m3 olarak hesaplanmış ve dolgu miktarı 23,46 m3 olarak hesaplanmıştır. SRTM tabanlı yöntemde elde edilen toplam kazı 38,58 m3 ve dolgu miktarı 34,37 m3’tür. RTK-GPS yöntemine göre toplam kazı ve dolgu miktarı 89,95 m3 ve 27,23 m3’tür. Toplam 991,57 m uzunluğa sahip örnek yolda, maksimum kazı miktarı RTK-GPS> SRTM> 1/25000 ölçekli topoğrafik harita tabanlı olarak belirlenirken, toplam dolgu hacmi miktarları sırasıyla SRTM> 1/25000 ölçekli topoğrafik harita> RTK-GPS olarak belirlenmiştir., Engineering research on natural habitats requires as accurate data as possible. In order to optimize or reduce the direct or indirect impact on the ecological, economic and aesthetic conditions of the forest, the latest technological measures, supported by multi-dimensional analysis and the use of available data, are required. During and after the construction of road networks in forest, irreversible results can be observed in habitats. These effects can be summarized into the three main concepts of degradation, loss and fragmentation. There is no doubt that technology must be used to reduce possible negative effects on forest. In the study, three different DTMs (digital terrain models), which can be used in road network planning within the boundaries of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University (K.S.U) Research and Development Forest, was compared according to the effectiveness of these DTMs in excavation-embankment and determining the road route. The evaluated data sets were 1/25000 scaled topographic map-based, SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)-based and RTK-GPS (Real-Time Kinematic - Global Position System)-based data. The least cost route analysis was performed in the GIS ArcGIS 10.1 software environment, using DTMs produced with the three techniques. The results indicated that the total amount of excavation obtained in the method based on the contour map was calculated as 50.04 m3 and the amount of embankment as 23.46 m3. The total excavation obtained in the SRTM-based method was 38.58 m3 and the amount of embankment was 34.37 m3. According to the RTK-GPS method, the total amount of excavation and embankment was 89.95 m3 and 27.23 m3, respectively. On the sample road with a total length of 991.57 m, the maximum excavation amount was determined as RTK-GPS> SRTM> 1/25000 scaled topographic map based method DTM, while the total embankment amounts were determined as SRTM> 1/25000 scaled topographic map> RTK-GPS based method.

Son yıllarda geliştirilen düşük maliyetli insansız hava araçları (İHA) ve yazılımlar, çok yüksek konumsal çözünürlükte ve kullanıcı tarafından belirlenen aralıklarda düşük maliyetli görüntüleme imkanı sunmaktadır. Ormancılık ile ilgili ölçme ve haritalama kapsamında, dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de düşük maliyetli İHA talepleri önemli ölçüde artmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak düşük maliyetli İHA ve sensörleri hızla piyasaya sürülmektedir. Sonuç olarak ürün çeşitliliği hızla artmaktadır. Kullanılan teknikler, yöntemler ve ölçüm araçları İHA ile üretilen verilerin hassasiyetini etkileyen önemli faktörlerdir. Ayrıca, İHA ile elde edilen blok alım kalitesi ve hassasiyeti çevresel faktörlerin yanı sıra uçuş hızı, uçuş yüksekliği ve kullanılan görüntü algılayıcıların özelliklerine bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Structure-from-Motion (SfM) tekniği ile kullanılan düşük maliyetli İHA’nın uçuş öncesi değerlendirilme ve blok alımı planlaması üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu nedenle, İHA'lar ile elde edilen blok alımın bilimsel araştırmalarda ve uygulamalarda istenilen hassasiyeti sağlayabilmek için uçuş öncesi planlama kapsamında irdelenmiştir. Piyasada düşük maliyetli olarak satılan bir İHA (Drone) için beş farklı uçuş öncesi plan hesaplanmıştır. İHA’nın uçuş kapasitesi, üzerindeki sensör özellikleri ve uçuş yükseklikleri arasındaki ilişkiler göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, düşük maliyetli İHA ve üzerine monte edilmiş görüntü sensörünün maksimum ve minimum performansı, birkaç teknik bilgi yardımıyla tahmin edilebilmektedir. Böylece İHA ile elde edilecek veri hassasiyetinin tahmini ve uçuş güvenliği konusunda bilgi sağlanabilir. Bu makale, araştırmalarında düşük maliyetli İHA veya mikro İHA gibi yarı otomatik sistemleri fotogrametrik çalışmalarında kullanmak isteyen uzmanlar veya araştırmacılar için ön kontrol planlamalarına rehberlik etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Background: Multi-drug resistant organisms, especially Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and Carbapenam Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC), are serious health threat. Early detection of resistant bacteria colonization amongpatients in intensive care units (ICUs) not only enables effective treatment but more importantly prevents disease and limits transmission. Therefore, we aimed to to assess the frequency of VRE and KPC colonization via rectal swab sampling. Methods: The study was carried out in ICUs of a tertiary hospital. Two rectal swab samples were collected within the first 24 hours of admission and another one was taken every subsequent 15 days to test for for VRE and KPC carriage. Results: A total 316 rectal swab samples taken from 230 patients. Forty-seven patients were screened at least 2 times. 183 patients were not further screened due to discharge, exitus or transfer to other wards. Thirty-six patients (16%) were determinedto be VRE (+). The most frequently isolated strain was E. faecium (80.5%) and its most common genotype was VanA (87.5%). Seven patients (3%) were identified as KPC (+). OXA-48 type crbapenamase was confirmed in all KPC isolates. Conclusion: This study shows that VRE and KPC colonization continues to be a serious threat in ICUs. Keywords: Carbapenam resistant klebsiella pneumoniae; vancomycin-resistant enterococci; intensive care units.

This study includes the analysis of the shipment planning problem for a large textile company in Turkey. The aim is to develop an effective solution method to the problem and thus reduce the shipping costs associated with internal logistics operations. A formal definition of the problem is made and all the parameters and inputs are clearly explained and determined. An original mixed-integer programming model has been proposed to solve the problem although it is not practical in real-world problems since it requires a very long time to get the optimal solution. Therefore, a heuristic method is developed to obtain near-optimal solutions. The performance of the heuristic method has been tested and verified. A simple decision support system with user-friendly interfaces has been developed to implement the heuristic method as a practical shipment planning tool.

In the process of producing information from images with very or ultra-high spatial resolution (VHR and UHR), the most accurate results are achieved by using object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques. The most economical method to obtain UHR images is to use sensor systems that are integrated into unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). In this study, which combines UHR-UAV-based images and OBIA-based analyzes, individual tree crown parameters were obtained, and the results were examined using various accuracy analysis techniques. For this purpose, the UAV data acquisition was performed at the altitude of 40 m above ground level, and a ground sample distance (GSD) of 1.28 cm was obtained. Photogrammetric processes were performed using the structure-from-motion (SfM) techniques, and orthomosaic and photogrammetric point cloud data were generated with 2.46 cm RMSE. OBIA-based techniques were applied to these data, and the individual tree heights, crown borders and related parameters were derived. For the accuracy analysis, actual tree heights were collected with terrestrial measurements. The reference tree crown borders were stereoscopically interpreted from UAV-based images. In this study, the accuracy of the tree crown borders and tree heights were tested over 31 parameters. Recommendations were presented by interpreting the ultimate accuracy values to determine the accuracy of the data obtained using OBIA techniques. As a result, OBIA techniques will increase the effectiveness and preciseness forest inventory applications, such as determination of the stand structural characteristics (canopy cover, canopy gaps, stand height etc.).

Morphometric parameters are important elements in water and land resource management studies. In this study, 23 morphometric parameters of drainage networks were extracted using a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)–based digital elevation model (DEM), an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)–based DEM, a 1:25,000 scale topographical map (TOPO)–based DEM, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) –based DEM and an airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR)–based DEM. Generally, LiDAR sensors provide more accurate results than other DEM sources, and for that reason, we used LiDAR-based DEM data as a reference for comparing results of analyses made by the other DEM sources. According to the results, as resolution increases, many morphometric parameter values also tend to increase. In addition, for all of the morphometric parameter values (basic, derived and shape), the values obtained using the TOPO, UAV, ASTER and SRTM DEMs closely resembled the values obtained using LiDAR DEM-based parameters.

Yurtseven, Huseyin/0000-0003-2469-9365; AKBURAK, SERDAR/0000-0002-9066-1595; Demir, Murat/0000-0003-0041-5970; EKSI, Mert/0000-0001-6373-9257; AKBURAK, SERDAR/0000-0002-9066-1595; Akay, Anil Orhan/0000-0002-8745-0295 WOS:000462830400071 The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in forest road pavement bearing capacity (PBC) depending on meteorological conditions, traffic effects and horizontal curve parameters for a year on a monthly basis. Within this context, two different roads were investigated and measured with dynamic cone-penetrometer. The total number of the measurement points was 265 for traffic-restricted road (road no: 001-RN1) and 315 for open traffic road (road no: 005-RN2). In the study, three multiple regression models were developed to estimate PBC values on forest road. According to Model1, which was developed to estimate PBC values depending on vehicle traffic and on meteorological factors for alignment section of the RN2, the adjusted R-2 was found to be 0.635. In Model2 for the curve section of the RN2, the adjusted R-2 was found to be 0.711. Model3 for RN1 depending on meteorological factors demonstrated that the accuracy of PBC estimation had a high adjusted R-2, which was 0.952. In conclusion, PBC values can be estimated at high accuracy. Furthermore, traffic load has a strong effect on PBC. On the other hand, temperature has an important negative effect on the variation in PBC on RN1. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [214O214] This paper is supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) with the grant number 214O214. Also, authors thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped us to improve the manuscript.

Road planning and construction is a complex and time consuming process. One of the most important components in this process is estimating earthwork. Resolution of DEM, which is commonly used in road planning stage, directly affects success of earthworks estimation and construction costs. Within the scope of this study, capabilities of two different data collection systems (UAV and GNSS) were compared for DEM generation. In the study, two sets of DEMs of Bursa Technical University Kestel campus area were produced using both UAV- and GNSS-based methods. Then, cut and fill volumes were compared with considering UAV-based DEM and GNSS-based DEM depending on reference plane for three different roads. According to NRTK-GNSS-based surveying results, point density was obtained as 35 point/ha, while UAV-based surveying point density was computed as $${\sim } 234{,}385$$ point/ha. Using UAV-based DEM as a reference plane, it was found that the volumes of excavations and embankments were very close to each other when the average excavation per unit (i.e., 1 m) road length was calculated.

Degradation on the forest roads have an important factor for the traffic safety and the safe drive of the vehicles. The aim of the study is to determine accurately the degradation rate of the pavement with high precisions, exposed to deformation by meteorological conditions in the short term, on the forest roads using with ZF 5010C Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). Road surface model results which are obtained from areal comparison digital surface model show that maximum swelling and collapsing values occurred on depth of (0.00)–(0.01) and (0.00)–(−0.01) during between November 2015 and April 2016. According to result of volumetric analysis of digital surface models, maximum net gain volume was calculated as 32.50 m 3 (73.70%) in January–December, while net loss was calculated maximum −30.24 m 3 (61.67%) in December–November. Volumetric degradation results are compared with meteorological factors. According to comparison it was observed that degradation and sediment production from forest roads surface is related to total rainfall. Our results revealed that Terrestrial laser scanner can be used effectively in measurement of degradation. Additionally, 1 cm resolution is sufficient in terms of accuracy of evaluation. Also, registration and geo-referencing is one of the most important factors for accuracy of surface model.

cetin, mehmet/0000-0002-8992-0289 WOS:000515624400001 The present study focuses on assessing the effects of different numbers of skidders on soil compaction. To assess the skidding effects, four-wheeled small-scale logging equipment attached to an ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle) was used. Skidding operations were carried out on undistributed forest corridor (20 x 3 m).To measure soil compaction, 11 measurement lines were used, spaced at 2-m intervals. A total of 33 measurement points were used to measure soil compaction. Soil compaction values were measured for different soil depths with 5 cm intervals in the 0-40 cm range as MpA. The results were evaluated for the skidding zone and the wheel zone. Prior to skidding, soil compactions at 0 cm (top soil) is almost 2.5-3 times lower than those at the other depths. The p values indicate that the numbers of passes and the compaction values belong to nonidentical groups. The Bonferroni method was used to determine whether the compaction values are similar. The Dunn test results demonstrate that there were statistically significant differences between the mean values of the number of passes up to the 60th pass. However, there are no statistically significant differences between the means of the compaction values occurring between 60 and 80 and 100 and 120 passes. Generally, soil compaction is expressed as an increase in the soil bulk density. Soil bulk density and soil porosity are negatively correlated. It was found that for each of the zones, soil compaction values between the depths of 15 cm and 40 cm are approximately 4 times higher than at the 0 cm soil depth. Soil compaction values increased 3 times at the depths of between 0 cm and 5 cm. The average soil compactions values in the skidding zone are approximately 1.5 times higher than those at the wheel zones at the depth greater than 5 cm. The use of different skid trails will decrease soil compaction of the forest stand, provide uniformity of soil compactions in forest stand. TUBITAK-TOVAGTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [117O904]; TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) This research was produced from the data obtained from the rapid support project number 117O904 supported by TUBITAK-TOVAG within the scope of 1002 Rapid Support Program. We would like to thank TUBITAK for their support.

Yurtseven, Huseyin/0000-0003-2469-9365; Akay, Anil Orhan/0000-0002-8745-0295; AKGUL, MUSTAFA/0000-0001-6387-5080 WOS:000462992500008 Terrestrial light detection and ranging technology provides an accurate measurement of individual tree parameters that are essential for managing forest resources, modeling forest fires, planning forest operations, etc. This study aimed to measure individual tree parameters to model a single tree using terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data. A high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) was generated using point cloud data (2,800,430 points) to obtain the tree parameters. Next, the diameter of breast heights (DBH), tree heights, tree lengths, tree projection areas, and crown parameters were calculated using 3D Forest 0.42 software. In order to evaluate the capabilities of TLS data, estimated tree parameters were compared with the parameters obtained by field measurements. Regression analysis and paired sample t-test were performed to compare the DBH and tree height values estimated by TLS with those obtained from field measurements. We found a strong relationship between the field measurements and TLS estimates for DBHs (R-2 = 0.99) with 1.65 cm root mean square error (RMSE) and tree heights (R-2 = 0.98) with RMSE = 0.724 m. The paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test for DBH groups showed no significant difference (P = 0.7285 > 0.05), whereas according to the results of the paired sample t-test for the height groups, there were significant differences between tree heights (P = 0.015 < 0.05; t = -2.55). The results also indicate that TLS is an effective measurement tool to provide highly accurate and precise results for 3D modelling of tree structure parameters without cutting trees. TLS also has great potential to provide many individual tree attributes with high accuracy, which can be used for further evaluations in many forestry disciplines such as silviculture, nature conservation, forest management, and urban forestry.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of gender on the 30 m sprint performance of middle school students (10-13 ages). The study included 25 male and 25 female total 50 middle school students. The mean age of female students was found as 12,36 ± 0,48 (year), the mean body weight as 42,03 ± 3,63 (kg), and the mean height as 151,11 ±5,61 (cm), and the mean age of male students was found as 12,28 ± 0,45 (year), the mean height as 152,28 ± 5,04 (cm), and the mean body weight as 43,35 ± 1,88 (kg). The mean sprint performance of female students was calculated as 6,33 ± 0,53 seconds, and the mean sprint performance of the male students was 6,17 ± 0,47 seconds. As a result the effect of gender on sprint performance was found to be insignificant between the groups (p>0,05).

Recent technological developments, which has reliable accuracy and quality for all engineering works, such as remote sensing tools have wide range use in forestry applications. Last decade, sustainable use and management opportunities of forest resources are favorite topics. Thus, precision of obtained data plays an important role in evaluation of current status of forests' value. The use of aerial and terrestrial laser technology has more reliable and effective models to advance the appropriate natural resource management. This study investigates the use of terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) technology in forestry, and also the methodological data processing stages for tree volume extraction is explained. Z+F Imager 5010C TLS system was used for measure single tree information such as tree height, diameter of breast height, branch volume and canopy closure. In this context more detailed and accurate data can be obtained than conventional inventory sampling in forestry by using TLS systems. However the accuracy of obtained data is up to the experiences of TLS operator in the field. Number of scan stations and its positions are other important factors to reduce noise effect and accurate 3D modelling. The results indicated that the use of point cloud data to extract tree information for forestry applications are promising methodology for precision forestry.

Well-maintained pavements reduce occurring severe accidents on horizontal curves. For this reason, the monitoring and evaluation of pavement conditions are important. This study evaluates pavement conditions considering volumetric degradation or displacement on 11 horizontal curves in forest roads, depending on meteorological conditions, traffic effects, and curve parameters. Within this context, pavement displacement (degradation) was investigated and measured with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for a year on a monthly basis. In this study, two multiple regression models were developed to estimate the degradation values of a forest road. According to model 1, which was developed to estimate the loss volume values, the adjusted R-2 was 0.658. For model 2, which was developed to estimate the gain volume values, the adjusted R-2 was 0.490. Validations of models were evaluated with different statistical tests. In conclusion, volumetric degradation can be calculated with TLS-based data. Forest road designers should determine horizontal curve characteristics, taking into consideration the pavement degradation and traffic safety.

Forest road design and construction are time-consuming and complicated because various risk factors can be encountered during the process. The aim of this study is to comprehensively assess the risk factors in forest road design and construction using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in Turkey, thus contributing to the proper performance of these activities. Within the scope of the study, six main risk factors and 22 sub-risk factors were identified based on literature review. In order to determine the weights of the relevant risk factors, the opinions of three different groups [(group 1: academicians), (group 2: forest engineers (private sector employees + public sector employees)), (group 3: group 1 + group 2)] about the risk factors were obtained. Relevant risk factor weights were determined using the fuzzy AHP method. According to group 3, the most important main risk factors are technical risks and environmental risks. In addition, the most important sub-risk factors for each relevant main risk factor were incorrect road alignment, inadequate work safety in the field, insufficient capital, legal problems on the road alignment, landslide risk during road construction, and illegal logging. Differences were observed between groups 1 and 2 in the weight rankings of relevant risk factor. The results demonstrate that the fuzzy AHP method can be used effectively to assess the risks of forest road design and construction.

Bu çalışmada, topoğrafik harita tabanlı geleneksel yöntem ve bilgisayar destekli yöntemle yürütülen yol projelendirme çalışmalarının, geometrik unsurları tanımlanan bir orman yolunda kazı-dolgu miktarlarını hesaplamadaki etkinlikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışma alanı olarak İstanbul ili Sultanbeyli sınırları içerisindeki 789 m uzunluğunda geleneksel yöntemle planlanan normal B tipi orman yolu incelenmiştir. Bilgisayar destekli yöntem uygulamasında, farklı projelendirme kriterleri dikkate alınarak ortaya çıkacak kazı-dolgu oranlarının belirlenmesi aşamasında Autocad Civil 3D yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Kazı ve dolgu oranlarının farklılaşması güzergâhtaki yatay kurpların büyüklüklerine ve enkesit sıklığına bağlı olarak değişebilmektedir. Bu nedenle öncelikle geleneksel yöntemle oluşturulan yol güzergâhındaki some noktaları sabit kalacak şekilde, AutoCAD Civil 3D ortamında yatay kurp parametreleri (proje tasarım hızı ve orman yollarında kullanılan minimum ve maksimum yatay kurp yarıçapları) tanımlanarak otomatik olarak kurp genişlikleri belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise hem geleneksel hem de bilgisayar destekli yöntem kullanılarak üç farklı şekilde kazı dolgu hesaplaması yapılmıştır: 1) 65 adet enkesit noktası için, 2) 5 m’de bir alınan enkesit noktaları için ve 3) 10 m’de bir alınan enkesit noktaları için. Yatay kurp parametrelerinin ve enkesitlerin geleneksel yöntemle belirlenmesi sonucu elde edilen net hacim ile enkesit aralığının 10 m olması durumunda elde edilen net hacim farkı 140 m3 iken, 5 m aralık için 150 m3 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yatay kurp parametrelerinin bilgisayar destekli karar verilmesi durumunda ise, geleneksel yöntemle çizilmesi sonucunda elde edilen net hacim ile, 10 m aralıklı enkesitlerde net hacim farkı 80 m3 ve 5 m aralıklı enkesitlerde 40 m3 olacak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları, kazı-dolgu hacimlerinin hesaplanması için yatay yol geometrik parametrelerinin belirlenmesinde bilgisayar tabanlı karar destek sistemlerinin kullanılması durumunda, gerçeğe daha yakın sonuçların elde edildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Forest roads are one of the most essential structures for the continuity of timber harvesting operations. To ensure continuity, forest roads must be open and stable during all seasons. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between the amount of forest road reconstruction (FRR) and the factors associated with it. These include average precipitation (AP) amount, timber harvesting (industrial wood) (TH) amount and forest road repair and maintenance (FRREM) amount. Also, study aims to test appropriate statistic models for forest road planning and management. In this study, an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, which is a time series analysis method, is used. Results from the ARDL model demonstrate that an increase in the amount of TH and AP in the long-run relationship negatively affected FRR amounts. In the short-run relationship, the TH and AP variables negatively affected the FRR variable, whereas the FRREM variable positively affected the FRR variable. Granger causality test results show that in the short run there was a one-way causality from FRREM to FRR. Also, for the Granger causality test in the long run, there was causality from other variables to FRREM. This demonstrates that timber harvesting amounts and changes in precipitation amounts due to climate change should be considered when determining road reconstruction activities. In addition, this work will enable forest road managers to make effective and accurate FRR budget planning decisions.

Teknolojinin ilerlemesine paralel olarak, dere ıslah ve kontrol projelerinin hazırlanmasında yararlanılan bilgisayar yazılımları da gelişmiştir. Çalışmada, 2 boyutlu ve 3 boyutlu veri kullanımına imkân sağlamayan, 3 boyutlu veri entegrasyonuna ve türetilmesine uygun, dinamik CAD tabanlı çalışan bir program olan AutoCAD Civil 3D yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Çalışma alanı olarak İstanbul ili Silivri ilçesindeki 2,8 km uzunluğundaki Kavak deresi seçilmiş ve İSKİ tarafından hazırlanan dere yatağı ıslah projesi temel alınmıştır. Kavak deresi ıslah projesinde belirtilen mevcut enkesit tipleri artırılarak, farklı seksiyonlardaki eş zamanlı en kesit çizimleri denenmiştir. Enkesit şablonlarının oluşturulmasında AutoCAD Civil 3D’nin enkesit koşullu tip enkesit modelinden faydalanılmıştır. Koşullu tip enkesitlerle, kazı dolgu hacimlerini hesaplanmıştır. AutoCAD Civil 3D’nin dere yatağı ıslah projelerinde etkin bir şekilde kullanıldığı görülmüştür.

4th International Workshop on Geoinformation Science / 4th ISPRS International Workshop on Multi-Dimensional and Multi-Scale Spatial Data Modeling (GeoAdvances) -- OCT 14-15, 2017 -- Karabuk Univ, Safranbolu Campus, Safranbolu, TURKEY WOS:000568780700012 This short paper aims to present pros and cons of current usage of ready-to-use drone images in the field of forestry also considering flight planning and photogrammetric processes. The capabilities of DJI Phantom 4, which is the low cost drone producing by Dji company, was evaluated through sample flights in Cinarpinar Forest Enterprise Chief in Kahramanmaras in Turkey. In addition, the photogrammetric workflow of obtained images and automated flight were presented with respect to capabilities of available software. The flight plans were created by using Pix4DCapture software with android based cell phone. The results indicated that high-resolution imagery obtained by drone can provide significant data for assessment of forest resources, forest roads, and stream channels. Int Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing

Forest road planning is a time-consuming and complicated process both because it requires environmentfriendly road building, and due to the requirement to observe economic costs. This costs will be increase depending on maneuverability requirements of vehicle dimension. The main aim of this study is to analyze maneuverability of recreational vehicles on forest roads that primarily serve utilization of vehicles intended for production as well as geometrical characteristics of roads on computer environment. Both dynamic horizontal driving analysis and dynamic vertical driving analysis can be made with Autopath driving analysis module of Plateia 2013 software. Computer-aided horizontal driving analysis, which is used in examination of opportunities for utilization of available roads by different vehicle types, appears as an effective method for the decision maker in consideration of geometrical standards of vehicles during decision-making process. Graphical report is another output of driving analysis which visually presents vehicle maneuverability. In this context, Maneuverability of automobile, midibus and bus were analyzed on forest road with 4 m platform width. As a results of this study, it was concluded that computer-aided driving analysis is a beneficial tool in decision making process for re-planning of forest roads. As a consequence, it is considered that driver safety, as well as project costs, would increase by utilization of driving analysis during forest road planning and design.

İnsansız Hava Araçları (İHA), aerodinamik uçuş prensiplerine göre aralıksız olarak otomatik ya da yarı otomatik uçabilme özelliğine sahip içerisinde uçuş ekibi (pilot) olmadan hareket eden araçlardır. Çalışma kapsamında İ.Ü.Eğitim Araştırma ve Uygulama Ormanı araştırma alanı olarak belirlenmiş olup, sayısal yükseklik modeli (SYM) verilerinin üretilmesi ve yüksek hassasiyette görüntü alımında uçabilen taşıyıcı platform olarak Trimble UX5 marka yeni nesil autonom İHA ve tümleşik yer kontrol sistemleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen görüntü verileri, Trimble Business Center (TBC) v3.1 fotogrametri yazılımı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, İHA ile uçuş yüksekliğine bağlı olarak 2,4 cm ile 24 cm arasında görüntü çözünürlüğe sahip hassas veriler elde edilebildiği tespit edilmiştir. Ülkemizdeki ormanlık alanlara ait Lidar verileri gibi daha hassas verilerin henüz elde edilememesi nedeniyle insansız hava araçları ormancılık çalışmaları için yüksek hassasiyette çalışmalarda katkı sağlayacak önemli bir araç olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. İnsansız hava araçlarının ormancılık çalışmalarında kullanılmasında karşılaşılabilecek mevcut dezavantajlar ise, İHA uçuşları konusunda eğitimli personel eksikliği ile inişte uçak bütünlüğünün korunması olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, İHA ve sistemlerinin bütün aşamaları ile değerlendirilmiş ve test edilmiştir. Ormancılık çalışmalarında, ihtiyaç duyulan coğrafi bilgi sistemi verilerinin elde edilmesinde İHA olanakları kullanımının yarar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. SYM (Sayısal Yüzey Modeli) verilerinin hassasiyeti bakımından detaylı olarak değerlendirilen görüntü alımlarının LIDAR ve IFSAR verilerinin sahip olduğu hassasiyete nispeten sahip olmadığı, ancak maliyet bakımından karşılaştırıldığında oldukça verimli alternatif fotogrametrik bir araç olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are sustained in flight by aerodynamic lift and guided without an onboard crew, they may be expandeble or recoverable and can fly autonomously or semiautonomously. Within the scope of study, new generation series autonomous UAV brand which is Trimble UX5 is used for generating high accuracy digital model model and obtaining high accuracy image in Istanbul University research and application forest. These obtained images are evaluated with photogrammetry software Trimble Business Center (TBC) v3.1. In this study it was determined that we can obtan high accuracy data image resolution from 2.4 cm to 24 cm depending on the flight altitude with UAV. It was concluded that UAV systems can contribute in forestry work yo obtain sensitive data because of there is no other high accuracy data such as LIDAR. And lack of trained personnel in UAV flights is disadvantages. In this study, UAV and it’s systems were evaluated and tested in all steps. It was expected that geographic information data which requiered forestry applications, can be easly be obtain with UAV. When digital surface model (DSM) data was assessed comprehensively, it was concluded that the data which obtained from UAV systems are more cheaper, productive and from LIDAR and IFSAR data. At the same time UAV data are relatively sensitive such LIDAR and IFSAR.

Turkey passed an internet censorship law in 2007 with the declared objective of protecting families and minors (Akdeniz, 2010). It established a unit within the regulator BTK (Information and Communication Technologies Authority) responsible for imposing bans and blocks on websites based on nine catalogue crimes defined by other national laws (Akgül 2008, 2009a, 2009b). As of May 2015, 80,000 websites were banned based on civil code related complaints and intellectual property rights violations, reports the independent website Engelliweb. Blocking decisions rendered by penal courts are enforced even when they are based on grounds other that the nine catalogue crimes - such as terrorism, organised crime and crime against the state. Passed in parliament while ignoring the pleas of NGOs and of the internet sector, the Internet Law No. 5651 has since been used to temporarily ban popular platforms such as Blogger, Last.fm, Vimeo, Wordpress and YouTube. At the same time, some blocking decisions by the courts (e.g., Google and Facebook) were not enforced by the authorities. Since its introduction, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled that Law No. 5651 (Council of Europe, 2011) is against the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR, 2013). This article provides an overview of internet censorship and its social background in Turkey.

The main issue which is discussed in this paper is an improved step sizing policy for simultaneous projection methods. Experimental results reveal that the conventional step size obtained as the convex combination of distinct projections made simultaneously, deteriorate the performance of the algorithms severely. We consider a longer step size based on the acceleration techniques which have been discussed recently in the literature. Utilization of this step size improves the performance of the simultaneous block projections algorithm significantly so that the simultaneous algorithm performs better than the successive block projections algorithm, which is not quite the case with the conventional short-step methods. Although we have considered the linear feasibility problem convergence results are applicable to the covex feasibility problem as well.

Internet devrimsel bir değişimi ifade etmektedir. Yedi yaşını bitiren Türkiye Interneti'nin alt yapı, insangücü, kültürel yapısal, yasal ve ulusal sahiplenme gibi önemli sorunları olmakla birlikte Türk toplumundaki dinamik unsurlarla, başarılı politikalar ve uygulamalarla bu sorunlar aşılabilir. Bu ortak sorumluluğumuzdur.

In the present paper, the problem of locating a hazardous waste disposal facility in Istanbul province is taken up as an "undesirable" facility location problem. An optimization model is set up, in which the objective is to maximize the minimum distance of the location to be selected, to a set of predetermined, environmentally sensitive entities. Topographical conditions and restricted areas are defined using a series of linear and circular inequality constraints. The solution procedure implemented to the resulting constrained nonlinear optimization problem is briefly discussed and various solutions obtained under different parameter settings are presented.

We show that a broad class of image recovery problems where an object undergoing an arbitrary two-dimensional, time- and space-variant, non-separable, nonlinear global coordinate distortion, is imaged for a certain duration, can be formulated as a system of linear inequalities. Since the system of inequalities arising in this context can be solved efficiently, our approach yields an effective method for solving this class of image recovery problems. A novel step size policy is introduced to accelerate the parallel surrogate constraint algorithm employed. The approach is illustrated by recovering an image severely blurred by the combined effects of translational and rotational motion and elliptic scaling. Resume. Nous demontrons qu'il est possible de reformuler un vaste groupe de problemes de recuperation d'image comme un systeme d'inegalites lineaires de grande dimension. Il s'agit en general, d'une image dans laquelle un objet subit pendant une certaine duree une distortion arbitraire, globale, nonseparable, nonlineaire de coordonnees en deux dimensions. Nous resolvons le systeme d'inegalites au moyen d'un nouvel algorithme de multiprojections simultanees. L'application de la methodologie est illustree sur l'exemple d'une image sujet a une distortion severe sous un mouvement de trajet complique. Mots cles: Recuperation d'image, restauration d'image, systemes d'inegalites lineaires, algorithmes de multiprojections

Date of Conference: 18-21 August 1996 Conference Name: 3rd International Workshop on Applied Parallel Computing, PARA 1996 The linear feasibility problem arises in several areas of applied mathematics and medical science, in several forms of image reconstruction problems. The surrogate constraint algorithm of Yang and Murty for the linear feasibility problem is implemented and analyzed. The sequential approach considers projections one at a time. In the parallel approach, several projections are made simultaneously and their convex combination is taken to be used at the next iteration. The sequential method is compared with the parallel method for varied numbers of processors. Two improvement schemes for the parallel method are proposed and tested.

Conference Name: NATO Advanced Study Institute on New Frontiers in the Theory and Practice of Combinatorial Optimization Date of Conference: 16-29 July 1990 Chapter 5 We present a broad survey of recent polynomial algorithms for the linear assignment problem. They all use essentially alternating trees and/or strongly feasible trees. Most of them employ Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm directly or indirectly. When properly implemented, each has the same complexity: O (n 3) for dense graphs with simple data structures and O (n 2 log n+nm) for sparse graphs using Fibonacci Heaps.

We present a sequential dual-simplex algorithm for the linear problem which has the same complexity as the algorithms of Balinski [3,4] and Goldfarb [8]: O(n2) pivots, O(n2 log n + nm) time. Our algorithm works with the (dual) strongly feasible trees and can handle rectangular systems quite naturally. © 1988.

On definit des sous-groupes flous normaux, des sous-groupes flous normaux de niveau et leurs homomorphismes et on donne certaines de leurs proprietes