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Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequently encountered endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. Visceral obesity, cardiovascular complications, insulin resistance, and proinflammatory status are frequently seen in PCOS patients. Many anthropometric measurements are used to evaluate visceral obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations of anthropometric measurements with cardiovascular risk, insulin resistance and proinflammatory status in PCOS patients. Material and Method: This retrospective study included 68 PCOS patients and 83 healthy females. Anthropometric measurements were evaluated of waist circumference, hip circumference, waist/hip ratio, body mass index (BMI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body roundness index (BRI), and a body shape index (ABSI) of all the participants. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) for subclinical atherosclerosis cardiovascular risk evaluation, HOMA for insulin resistance assessment, and hsCRP levels for proinflammatory status assessment were determined as the main outcome measure. Correlations of anthropometric measurements with each other and with the main outcome measures were evaluated. Results: HOMA and CIMT were significantly higher in PCOS patients. Abdominal obesity indicators such as waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, LAP, BAI, BRI, AVI, VAI and ABSI were significantly higher in the PCOS group. There was no significant difference between the groups in respect of hsCRP levels (p=0.317). When the correlations of anthropometric measurements with PCOS status were evaluated, it was seen that all measurements were correlated. The highest correlation with CIMT was obtained in BMI measurement, and the highest correlation with HOMA was obtained in BRI measurement. The anthropometric measurements were not found to be correlated with proinflammatory status in PCOS patients. Conclusion: It was observed that anthropometric measurements may be functional in predicting PCOS-related subclinical atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Visceral adiposity was found to be predictive for insulin resistance and subclinical atherosclerosis in PCOS patients.

Aim: Common causes of thyrotoxicosis are hyperthyroidism and destructive thyroiditis. Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by high serum thyroid hormone levels as a result of over-synthesis of thyroid hormones, the most common causes of which are Graves' disease (GD) and toxic nodular goiter (TNG). Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) causes thyrotoxicosis due to the circulating thyroid hormones of destructive thyroiditis. Differential diagnosis is important because GD, TNG and SAT treatment approaches are different. The aim of this study was to analyze whether it is possible to make a differential diagnosis for these conditions by examining free thyroid hormones, fT3/fT4 ratio, fT3 index/TSH index (fT3I/TSHI) ratio and Free Thyroid Hormone Index (FTHI). Material and Method: This retrospective study included 150 patients who were diagnosed with GD, TNG and SAT. The fT3 index (fT3I) was calculated as the ratio between the fT3 value and the fT3 upper limit of normal value (fT3I=fT3/4 pg/ml). The fT4 index (fT4I) was calculated as the ratio between the fT4 value and the fT4 upper limit of normal value (fT4I=fT4/1.23 mg/dl). The TSH index (TSHI) was calculated as the ratio between TSH value and the TSH lower limit of normal limit (TSHI=TSH/0.38 mIU/L). The FTHI index was calculated using the formula of (fT3 level/fT3 upper limit of normal) / (fT4 level/fT4 upper limit of normal). Results: The fT3, fT3/fT4 ratio and FTHI were found to be higher in hyperthyroid patients compared to subacute thyroiditis patients. fT4 and fT3I/TSHI levels were similar in hyperthyroid patients and SAT patients (p=0.49, p=0.11, respectively ). The cut-off level of FTHI for hyperthyroidism was determined as 0.97 with sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 76.3% (AUC=0.833, p< 0.001). When hyperthyroidic patients were divided into two groups as GD and TNG, no significant difference was found in fT3/fT4 ratio (p:0.99). The fT3 (p

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) is one of the rare causes of thyrotoxicosis. The diagnosis is usually made during investigating inappropriate TSH elevation or pituitary incidentaloma. Our patient, a 26-year-old female patient, known to have polycystic ovary syndrome, was admitted to our clinic with complaints of tremor, sweating, and headache for six months. Laboratory analysis showed serum free T3 and T4 levels were elevated, while TSH levels were within normal limits. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) level was within normal limits. Macroadenoma was observed in the pituitary gland at magnetic resonance imaging. TSH secretion did not increase much in response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone. The patient was diagnosed with TSHoma, and pituitary surgery was performed after euthyroidism was achieved with preoperative octreotide and methimazole treatment. Positive staining with prolactin and negative staining with TSH were observed along with fibrotic changes in the histopathological examination of the surgical material. We aimed to present a patient diagnosed with TSHoma due to inappropriate TSH secretion, although her SHBG level was normal and TSH staining was negative in the current case report., Tiroid stimulan hormon (TSH) salgılayan hipofiz adenomu (TSHoma) tirotoksikozun nadir görülen sebeplerinden biridir. Tanı genellikle uygunsuz TSH yüksekliğinin araştırılması ya da hipofizer insidentalomanın tetkiki sırasında konulmaktadır. Olgumuz bilinen poliskistik over sendromu olan 26 yaşında kadın hasta olup altı aydır olan titreme, terleme ve baş ağrısı yakınmalarıyla kliniğimize başvurdu. Laboratuvar analizlerinde serum serbest T3 ve T4 düzeyi yüksek iken TSH düzeyi normal sınırlarda saptandı. Seks hormonu bağlayıcı globülin (SHBG) düzeyi normal sınırlardaydı Manyetik rezonans görüntüleme sonucunda hipofiz bezinde makradenom izlendi. TRH uyarı testine TSH yanıtı saptanmadı. TSHoma tanısı alan hastada preoperatif oktreotid ve metimazol tedavisi ile ötiroidizm sağlandıktan sonra hipofiz cerrahisi uygulandı. Cerrahi materyalin histopatolojik incelemesinde fibrotik değişikliklerle birlikte prolaktin ile pozitif, TSH ile negatif boyanma izlendi. Bu olgu sunumunda SHBG düzeyi normal ve TSH boyaması negatif olmasına rağmen uygunsuz TSH salınımı nedeniyle TSHoma tanısı alan bir hastayı sunmayı amaçladık.

Previous studies have pointed to the role of parathormone (PTH) in the development of simple renal cysts. However, there is insufficient evidence related to simple renal cysts in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with renal cysts in PHPT patients.In this retrospective study, we included 235 patients treated surgically for PHPT and 147 control subjects. The clinical and physical examination findings, laboratory test results, and neck and urinary system ultrasonography examination findings were evaluated. Postoperative parathyroid adenoma volume and weight were also recorded.Simple renal cysts were found in 53 PHPT patients (22.6%) and in 15 control subjects (10.2%) (p = 0.002). Kidney stones were found in 33 PHPT patients (14%) and in only seven control subjects (4.8%) (p = 0.004). The presence of PHPT and high PTH levels independently supported the development of a simple renal cyst. Advanced age was determined as a risk factor for the development of simple renal cysts, and the presence of kidney stones was an independent predictor of simple renal cysts in PHPT patients. There was no relationship between the presence of simple renal cysts and the volume and weight of parathyroid adenoma.A diagnosis of PHPT, high PTH levels, advanced age, and kidney stones are independent risk factors for simple renal cysts in PHPT patients. These patients should be evaluated regularly for complications of renal cysts and nephrolithiasis.

Objective:The aim of this study is to investigate the surgical and functional outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) in patients with renal angiomyolipoma (RAML).Materials and Methods:From April 2014 to February 2018, the data of a total of 346 patients who underwent LPN were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-one patients with final pathology report indicating RAML were included in the study. Demographic data, operative indications, intraoperative and postoperative outcomes as well as complications were evaluated.Results:Eighteen female (85.7%) and 3 male (14.3%) patients were included in this study. The mean age was 55.14±11.95 years. Of the RAMLs, 52.4% were in the right kidney and 47.6% in the left kidney. The mean tumor size was 31.38±16.72 mm and the mean RENAL Nephrometry score was 5.90±1.51 (4-10). RAML could not be differentiated from RCC in 12 patients (57.1%) by preoperative computer tomography and/or magnetic resonance images. In 4 patients, LPN was implemented by off-clamp technique whereas, in 17 patients it was implemented by global ischemia technique. The mean operation duration was 67.86±20.77 (40-110) minutes (min) and the mean estimated blood loss was 117.14±59.7 (30-220) milliliters. In 17 patients who underwent LPN by global ischemia technique, the mean warm ischemia time was 10.88±5.19 (6-22) min. According to the Modified Clavien-Dindo classification, grade 1 complications were detected in 3 patients, postoperatively. The most considerable renal functional changes were detected between preoperative and postoperative- 1st day levels. However, at the end of the first year, the difference was found to decrease.Conclusion:LPN is a safe and effective treatment option for the treatment of RAMLs that are not able to be distinguished from renal cell carcinoma radiologically. Besides the definitive treatment, the exact pathological diagnosis can be ensured by LPN.

Introduction Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (ovine pulmonary adenomatosis, OPA, Jaagsiekte) is a chronic contagious bronchoalveolar carcinoma caused by the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Since effective treatment and a vaccination procedure are not currently possible, control and eradication of the disease is difficult. It leads to serious economic losses around the world, therefore studies are currently underway in order to design control and eradication programmes. In this study, levels and changes in selected tumour markers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 125, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and alphafetoprotein (AFP)-3) and their diagnostic significance were investigated. Material and Methods A total of 30 sheep were used. Clinical examinations were performed and blood samples were obtained before slaughter from all animals with presumed OPA. Blood samples with positive OPA results by macroscopic and histopathological examination were included in the study as the experimental group and numbered 20. Sheep totalling 10 had negative OPA results and provided control samples. Results CEA levels were similar in both groups, and the differences were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). CA 125, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and AFP-3 levels were higher in the OPA group than the control group and with statistical significance (P < 0.05). In all OPA animals, CA 125 levels were higher than 1 U/mL. Conclusion serum CAs and AFP levels increase significantly in adenomatous sheep. These tumour markers are thought to facilitate the diagnosis of OPA.

Unilateral synchronous multifocal renal tumors are rare. Due to the limited data in the literature and challenges in the technique, there is still doubt on the application of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) for the management of such tumors. Herein, we report a 36-year male patient presenting with right-sided flank pain and microscopic hematuria. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed five solid masses, the largest of which was 27 x 18 mm. The patient underwent LPN and the largest mass was resected with the control of segmental artery of the lower pole of the right kidney. The remaining four masses were resected by zero-ischemia technique. Final pathology revealed renal cell carcinoma in all masses. Postoperative period was uneventful. No recurrence was detected during a 5-year follow-up.

Objective: Thyroid hormone abnormalities are commonly seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and have considerable effects on comorbidities. The association with PCOS and thyroid autoimmunity which lead to thyroid pathologies are not revealed clearly. We targeted to commentate anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG) antibody levels and thyroid autoimmunity in PCOS. Material and Methods: One hundred eighty four patients who got the diagnosis of PCOS regard to the revised 2003 Rotterdam criteria were embodied in this study. One hundred six age-matched female volunteers were included in the control group. Characteristics, biochemical parameters, thyroid hormone and autoantibody levels of groups were investigated. Results: Although; we did not find out a statistically significant difference in TSH and sT4 levels between two groups (p>0.05), anti-TPO and anti-TG antibody levels were determined higher in PCOS group significantly (p

Anesthetics are often used in animal experiments to achieve immobilization and relieve pain. However, many anesthetics can alter the dynamics of cardiovascular systems. We aimed to compare the effects of two frequently used anesthetics agents on heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in mice.This observational study was performed between May and June 2014 in 21 male BALB/c mice aged 16-20 weeks. The animals were divided into three groups: pentobarbital (P), (n = 7); pentobarbital+fentanyl (P+F), (n = 7); and ketamine+xylazine (K+X), (n = 7). Surface electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes were placed in lead II configuration. The tachogram of RR intervals was obtained after R waves were detected using the Pan-Tompkins real-time QRS recognition algorithm. Frequency-domain, time-domain, and nonlinear HRV analyses were performed.The bradycardia effect was higher in the K+X group (p0.01). Time-domain indices were higher in group K+X compared to group P (p0.01) and group P+F (p0.001). Very low frequency (VLF) power was significantly lower in group K+X compared to group P and group P+F (p0.01). Low frequency (LF) power, low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio, and total power (TP) were higher in group K+X compared to group P (p0.01) and group P+F (p0.001). The detrended fluctuation analysis short-term parameter (DFAα1 ) was significantly higher in group K+X compared to group P+F (p0.05) and the long-term parameter (DFAα2 ) was lower in group K+X compared to group P (p0.05). Standard deviations SD1 and SD2 were higher in group K+X compared to group P (p0.001) and group P+F (p0.001), SD2/SD1 ratio was lower in group K+X compared to group P (p0.05) and group P+F (p0.05). Entropy measures did not differ between groups.HRV analyses, including nonlinear methods, indicated that a K+X combination reduces imbalance and disorder in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in comparison to both P and the P+F combination.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lymph node metastasis and lymph node density after radical cystectomy in patients with invasive urinary bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: Data of 89 patients who underwent radical cystectomy were examined. Our study included only cases with stage 2 urothelial bladder cancer. They were classified according to the lymph node status based on the surgical specimen. Patients with negative results were classified as group 1 and those with positive results as group 2. Patients in group 2 were further evaluated in two subgroups according to their lymph node density. Accordingly, group 2A consisted of patients with lymph node density of

This study was performed to evaluate the oxidative stress in calves with enzootic pneumonia. Ninety calves that were 2–6months old were used in this study. Ten of these calves were healthy and used as the control group, while 80 were diagnosed with enzooticpneumonia according to the clinical examinations. The biochemical results showed that total oxidant status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO),malondialdehyde (MDA), and sialic acid (SA) levels were higher in calves with enzootic pneumonia than in the control group. Whilethere was a statistically significant increase in TOS, MDA, and SA concentrations, there was not any statistically significant change atNO levels. Furthermore, a statistically significant decrease was observed in total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) concentrations. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated after TOS and TASconcentrations were obtained and it was detected to be high, but not statistically significant. In conclusion, according to these results,severe oxidative stress was detected in calves with enzootic pneumonia. These results reveal that oxidative stress may have a role andcontribution in the occurrence of the disease and the obtained results might contribute to further studies. Besides, it is concluded thatantioxidant supplements would be beneficial for supporting the routine treatment of the disease.&nbsp

Leiomyomlar mesanenin nonepitelyal benign lezyonlari olup oldukca nadir olarak izlenmektedirler. Semptomatoloji olgular arasinda lezyonun buyuklugune, lokalizasyonuna ve karakterine gore oldukca farkliklar gostermektedir. Gunumuzde mesane leiomyomu icin optimal tedavi seceneginin konusundaki tartismalar devam etmektedir. Transuretral rezeksiyon, segmental cerrahi eksizyon veya parsiyel sistektomi ana tedavi yontemleri olarak gosterilmektedir. Bu calismada hematuri ile basvuran ve uygulanan transuretral rezeksiyon sonrasi doku tanisi leiomyom olarak sonuclanan 41 yasindaki erkek olgunun sunulmasi amaclanmistir.

We aimed to investigate the relationship between the preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the postoperative tumor stage and grade in patients with organ-confined urothelial bladder cancer. We examined 308 patients who underwent transurethral resection in our clinic. Our study only included patients whose pathology results were organ-confined urothelial bladder cancer. The patients were classified according to tumor stage (Ta, T1, and T2) and tumor grade (Grade 1 and 2, indicating a low-grade; Grade 3, referring to a high-grade). Then each group was compared within itself based on the NLR evaluated before the surgery. A total of 279 cases (90.6%) were male. The mean age, tumor size, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts of the patients were 69.33±10.92 years, 2.99±2.35 cm, 5.36±1.99 K/uL, and 2.23±0.78 K/uL, respectively. Inflammation parameters regarding the cancer stage were as follows: NLR was 2.08, 2.36, and 3.07, for Ta, T1, and T2 tumors respectively. The relationship between T1 and T2 tumors and Ta and T2 tumors was significant (p [Med-Science 2021; 10(2.000): 310-6]

Aim: Active surveillance is a highly emphasized approach to low-risk prostate cancer. Upgrading and upstaging should be evaluated carefully in this strategic management. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with these two clinical conditions. Materials and Methods: Demographic data, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, prostate volumes, NLR, disease stages, and Gleason scores of 59 low-risk prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and met active surveillance criteria were evaluated in our clinic. The patients were examined in four groups according to their postoperative pathology specimens. Accordingly, the patients with upgrading Group 1, while those without formed Group 2. Similarly, Group 3 consisted of the cases with upstaging and the patients with no upstaging were determined as Group 4. Results: Median age, PSA levels, prostate volumes, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts of the patients were 69.0 (63.0-72.0) years, 7.24 (5.50-8.90) ng/dL, 65.0 (60.0-65.0) cc, 6.40 (4.87-8.73) K/uL, and 2.50 (1.60-3.10) K/uL, respectively. Prostate volume and age distribution were similar between the groups. PSA levels were higher in Group 1 and Group 3 than those in Group 2 and Group 4 (p=0.012 and p=0.049, respectively). NLR was 3.54 (1.89-5.45) and 1.94 (1.68-3.76) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Although these values were low in Group 2, a statistically significant relationship could not be established (p=0.266). NLR in groups 3 and 4 was 2.46 (1.52-5.45) and 2.24 (1.68-4.35), respectively. The NLR level in Group 3 was high; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.953). Conclusion: The study let us to conclude that NLR alone is not sufficient to predict the clinical course of patients with low-risk prostate cancer.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, contagious viral disease in cattle that is associated with enormous economic losses in Turkey and worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in serum malondialdehyde (MDA), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and deoxyguanosine (dG) and to perform histopathological examinations in calves with FMD. Thirty calves were studied, 20 of which were infected with FMD and 10 were free of the disease. Following a routine clinical examination, blood samples were obtained, and serum MDA, CoQ10, 8-OHdG and dG levels were determined. Necropsy and histopathological examinations were performed on dead calves with FMD. MDA and 8-OHdG/106dG levels were significantly higher in calves with FMD than in the control group. However, the increase in CoQ10 levels in calves with FMD, compared with the control group, was not statistically significant. Macroscopic examination of the heart tissue of calves with acute myocarditis revealed the presence of pale, yellowish gray-white necrotic muscle fibers in the ventricular wall of the heart. The muscle fibers in the myocardium were swollen and exhibited pyknotic nuclei and intense lymphocytic cell infiltration. In longitudinal sections, the muscle fibers were non-striated, swollen, and homogenously pink and contained pink nuclei. Between muscle fibers, intense mononuclear cell infiltration was observed. The findings of the present study indicate that oxidative stress is significantly increased in calves with FMD, and that oxidative DNA damage may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of FMD. This is the first study to report CoQ10 and 8-OHdG levels in calves with FMD, and its findings may serve as the basis for future studies on this subject.

Arabuluculuk süreci, 6325 sayılı Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabulucu- luk Kanununda (HUAK) düzenlenmiştir. Arabuluculuk, sistematik teknikler uygulayarak, görüşmek ve müzakerelerde bulunmak amacıyla tarafları bir araya getiren, onların birbirlerini anlamalarını ve bu suretle çözümlerini kendilerinin üretmesini sağlamak için aralarında iletişim sürecinin kurulmasını gerçekleş- tiren, uzmanlık eğitimi almış olan tarafsız ve bağımsız bir üçüncü kişinin ka- tılımıyla ve ihtiyarî olarak yürütülen uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemidir (HUAK m. 2, 1/b). Bu tanım çerçevesinde arabulucu, arabuluculuk faaliyetini yürüten ve Adalet Bakanlığınca düzenlenen arabulucular siciline kaydedilmiş bulunan gerçek kişidir (HUAK m. 2, 1/a). Bu kanuna göre arabulucu, yapmış olduğu faaliyet karşılığı ücret ve masrafları isteme hakkına sahiptir. Arabulucu, ücret ve masraflar için avans da talep edebilir. Aksi kararlaştırılmadıkça arabulucunun ücreti, faaliyetin sona erdiği tarihte yürürlükte bulunan Arabulucu Asgarî Üc- ret Tarifesine göre belirlenir ve arabulucu ücreti ile masraf taraflarca eşit olarak karşılanır. Yıllık Arabuluculuk Asgarî Ücret Tarifesini hazırlamak, Hukuk İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü bünyesinde oluşturulan Arabuluculuk Daire Başkanlığının görevleri arasındadır (HUAK m. 30, 1/ı). Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabulu- culuk Kanununda, arabulucunun ücret isteme hakkı açıkça belirtilmiş (HUAK m. 7, 1) ve arabulucunun ücretinin, hazırlanacak Asgarî Ücret Tarifesine göre belirleneceği, ancak bunun aksinin de kararlaştırılabileceği açıkça ifâde edilmiş- tir (HUAK m. 7, 2). Bu hükmün amacı, ücretin belirsiz olması ve bu konuda sorunlar çıkmasının engellenmesidir. Taraflar, ücret ve avanstan hangi ölçüde sorumlu olacaklarını kendileri de kararlaştırabilirler. Ancak, böyle bir kararlaş- tırma söz konusu değilse, ücret ve masraflara taraflar eşit şekilde katlanacaktır. Taraflar aksini kararlaştırmamışlarsa, ücret ve masrafa eşit katlanmaları arabu- luculuğun amacına uygundur. Zîrâ bu uyuşmazlık çözüm yolunda, bir tarafın kazanıp diğer tarafın kaybetmesi değil, her iki tarafın kazançlı çıkması ve ortak menfaatlerini korumaları amaçlanmaktadır.

Background/aim: Pneumocardiography (PNCG) is the recording method of cardiac-induced tracheal air flow and pressure pulsations in the respiratory airways. PNCG signals reflect both the lung and heart actions and could be accurately recorded in spontaneously breathing anesthetized rats. Nonlinear analysis methods, including the Lyapunov exponent, can be used to explain the biological dynamics of systems such as the cardiorespiratory system. Materials and methods: In this study, we recorded tracheal air flow signals, including PNCG signals, from 3 representative anesthetized rats and analyzed the nonlinear behavior of these complex signals using Lyapunov exponents. Results: Lyapunov exponents may also be used to determine the normal and pathological structure of biological systems. If the signals have at least one positive Lyapunov exponent, the signals reflect chaotic activity, as seen in PNCG signals in rats; the largest Lyapunov exponents of the signals of the healthy rats were greater than zero in this study. Conclusion: A method was proposed to determine the diagnostic and prognostic values of the cardiorespiratory system of rats using the arrangement of the PNCG and Lyapunov exponents, which may be monitored as vitality indicators.

Purpose: Hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic disease with autosomal recessive trait. Recent studies demonstrated the importance of C282Y gene mutation in the aetiology of HH. Free iron accumulating in pancreas deteriorates insulin secretion and synthesis which can lead to insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with HH. There has been no study determining the prevalence of haemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutations and HH in diabetic patients in Turkey. We planned this study in order to investigate the C282Y and H63D mutation that cause HH in T2DM. Material and Method: In this study, we included185 patients with T2DM. Patients older than thirty-five years, not taking vitamin supplementation, iron preparates and/or oral contraceptives and those without any signs of active bleeding were included while patients with any infectious, systemic or immune disease were excluded from the study. Serum transferrin saturation (TS), ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity levels were measured after 12 hours of fasting. Results: Ten (5.4%) cases with TS of more than 45% were detected at the first evaluation. The test was repeated in those cases and 6 patients with TS of more than 45% were left according to the second measurement. H63D and C282Y gene polymorphisms were not present in these patients. Discussion: We did not find any correlation between the existence of T2DM and HFE polymorphisms. We assume that screening for HH in T2DM in our population is not needed. Turk Jem 2013; 17: 89-91

Objective: To assess metabolic syndrome (MS) prevalence in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to evaluate the relationship between sleep parameters and MS incidence.Materials and Methods: Included in this study were 101 patients with complaints of snoring, witnessed apnea, excessive daytime sleepiness, and no prior OSAS diagnosis. An apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) score ≥5 was required for the diagnosis of OSAS. The patient group included 80 cases, and the control group (AHI

Ekonominin etkin olarak işleyebilmesi ticarî işletme ve şirketlerin verimli bir şekilde çalışmalarına bağlıdır. Bu sebeple icra sisteminin etkinliği, iç ticaret için büyük önem taşır. Türk İcra ve İflâs Hukuku esas itibariyle, 1932 yılında kanunlaşan, 2004 sayılı İcra ve İflâs Kanunu tarafından düzenlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, bugüne kadar Kanunda bir çok değişiklik yapılmıştır. İcra ve iflâs teşkilatının yeniden yapılandırılması ve icra usûlünün etkinliği tekrar gündeme gelmiştir. Türk mevzuatı basit ve hızlı bir icra usûlü öngörmediği için, son on yılda İcra ve İflâs Kanununda birçok değişiklik yapılmıştır. Esasında Türk icra teşkilatı ağır bir iş yükü altında çalışmaktadır. İlâmlı ve ilâmsız icra yoluyla yapılan takiplerde alacakların tahsilinde hızlı usûllerin olmadığı yönünde çok sayıda şikâyet bulunmaktadır. İcra ve İflâs Kanununda yapılan son değişikliklerin ardından, bu sorunların aşılması amacıyla Adalet Bakanlığınca yeni bir kanun taslağı hazırlanmıştır. İcra ve İflâs Kanununda bazı değişiklikler yapılmasına dair kanun taslağının amacı, icra teşkilatının verimini ve işlevselliğini artırabilmektir. Bu çerçevede taslağın hedefi, yeni icra müdürlüklerinin kurulması, icra takibi sırasında son teknoloji olanaklarına erişilmesi ve yeterli sayıda uzman icra müdürü ile icra memurluğu kadrosu ihdas etmek suretiyle icra teşkilatının hizmet kalitesini ve verimliliğini artırmaktır. İcra memurları, bir kamu görevlisi olarak icra usûlünde önemli işleve sahiptir. İcra memurları, kanunun emrettiği görevleri yerine getirmekle görevlidirler. Aynı zamanda icra memurları, haciz ve cebrî satış gibi icra takibinin bütün aşamalarında, alacaklı ile borçlu arasındaki hassas menfaat dengesini korumak zorunadırlar. Bu bağlamda icra memurlarının hizmet içi eğitimi büyük önem taşır. İcra memurları, bir çok karmaşık hukukî sorunu çözmek zorunda kaldıklarından gerekli ehliyete sahip ve uzman olmalıdırlar. Bu sebeple, İcra ve İflâs Kanununun ilgili hükümleri, icra takibinin etkinliğini ve takip ekonomisini sağlayacak şekilde tekrar değiştirilecektir. Kanun taslağı, hem alacakların hem borçluların menfaatlerini tatmin etmek üzere çeşitli yeni çözümler de içermektedir. Bu yeni çözümler makalede, eleştirel bir gözle değerlendirilmiştir, The efficiency of the economy depends on the effective running of the business enterprises and companies. Therefore the effectiveness of the enforcement system is of crucial importance to the domestic trade. Turkish Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law is regulated mainly by the Code of Enforcement and Bankruptcy, No 2004, which has been legislated at 1932. Many amendments, however, have been made to the Code up to now. Reorganization of enforcement and bankruptcy organization and the effectiveness of enforcement procedure back on the agenda again. Since Turkey legislation does not provide a simple and fast enforcement procedure, many amendments were made in the Code of Enforcement and Bankruptcy in last decade. As a matter of fact, Turkey’s enforcement organization is working under a heavy workload. There are many complaints about the lack of speedy procedures for collecting secured or unsecured money debts without a court judgment. After recent amendments to the Code of Enforcement and Bankruptcy, a new bill was prepared by the Ministry f Justice to deal with these problems. The purpose of the bill providing for some amendments to the Code of Enforcement and Bankruptcy to enable increasing the performance and functioning of the enforcement organization. Within this framework, draft bill aims to improve the service quality and effectiveness of enforcement organization by establishing new enforcement offices, accessing to latest technology during the enforcement procedure, and supplying with the sufficient numbers of qualified bailiffs and enforcement office staff. As a civil servant the bailiffs play an important role in functioning of enforcement procedure. The bailiffs are obliged to fulfill the mandate given o them by the law. At the same time they must protect the sensitive balance of interests between the debtors and creditors during the all steps like attachment and forced sale taken in the enforcement. In this respect, in service training of bailiffs takes on great importance. Bailiffs must have necessary skills and be professional as they have to deal with many complex legal problems. Therefore, the relevant provisions of the Code of Enforcement and Bankruptcy will be amended again in a way to provide the effectiveness of execution procedure and enforcement economy. Also the daft bill contains various new legal solutions to enable both the interests of creditors and those of debtors to be satisfied. These new solutions have been evaluated in a criticizing manner in the article

Amaç: Tavşan gözlerinde trabekülektomi cerrahisi aşamalarında gelişen göz içi basınç (GİB) dalgalanmalarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Yöntem: Tavşan gözlerinde ön kamaraya korneadan iki kanül yerleştirildi. Bir girişten basınç transdüseri ile osiloskop yardımıyla anlık basınç değerleri elde edildi. GİB gerektiğinde diğer girişten ön kamaraya %0.9 sodyum klorür infüzyonuyla dengelendi. Deneysel glokom cerrahisinin retrobulber anestezi, blefarosta takılması, üst rektusa dizgin sütür yerleştirilmesi, konjonktiva ve sklera diseksiyonu ve trabekülektomi aşamalarındaki GİB'da gelişen dalgalanmalar gözlendi. Sonuçlar: Cerrahiye geçilmeden GİB 20 mmHg'da sabitlendi. Retrobulber imi anestezik enjeksiyonu esnasında GİB 60-80 mmHg düzeyine yükseldi. Blefarosta takılması esnasında ani basınç artışları ve ardından GİB'da 3-5mmHg'lık uzun süre devam eden artış tespit edildi. Üst rektus kasının dizgin sütür için yakalanması aşamasında 120 - 140 mm Hg'ya kadar çıkan basınç dalgalanması oluştu. Konjonktiva ve skleral doku manipülasyonları sırasında GİB artışı minimal düzeyde idi. On kamaraya girilmesi ile GİB sıfırlandı. Tartışma: Trabekülektomi cerrahisindeki göz içi basınç dalgalanmaları oluşturabilen aşamalarda dikkatli ve dokuya saygılı davranılması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı. Purpose: Evaluation of intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations during surgical steps of trabeculectomy on rabbit eyes was aimed. Methods: Two cannula were inserted through the cornea into the anterior chamber in rabbit eyes. Pressure transducer was connected to one sideport and instantaneous pressure values were determined by the help of an ossiloscope. IOP was balanced by 0.9% sodium chloride infusion from the other sideport if needed. Retrobulber anesthesia, blefarosta placement, superior rectus bridle suture placement, conjonctival and scleral dissection steps and trabeculectomy of the experimental surgery was considered. Results: At the beginning of the surgery IOP was fixed at 20mmHg. Retrobulber 1ml of anesthetic injection raised the intraocular pressure up to 60-80mmHg. It was found that during blefarosta placement sudden IOP increments were followed by a sustained long term increase of 3-5mmHg. Holding the superior rectus muscle to place abridle suture caused an IOP fluctuation up to 120-140mmHg. Conjonctival and scleral dissection manupilations effected the IOP minimally. IOP dropped to zero by entry into the anterior chamber. Discussion: It was concluded that utmost care and respect to tissues is necessary in IOP fluctuating steps in trabeculectomy surgery.

Amaç: Tavşan gözlerinde Perkiris ve Schiotz tonometrelerinin ölçüm doğruluğunun değerlendirilmesi ve kendi çalışma şartlarımıza kalibre edilmesi amaçlandı. Yöntem: Tavşan gözlerinde korneal tünel insizyonla iki ön kamara girişi oluşturuldu. Bir girişe infüzyon, diğer girişe basınç transdüseri yerleştirilmek üzere kanülize edildi. İnfüzyon ile göz içi basıncı rastğele 10-65mmHg arasında türlü basınç değerlerde değiştirildi. Ön kamara ile bağlantılı bir basınç transdüseri yardımı ile gerçek göz içi basınç değerleri saptandı. Gerçek göz içi basınç değerlerinden habersiz ayrı bir araştırmacı Schiotz ve Perkins tonometreleriyle göz içi basıncını ölçümleri elde etti. Sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Perkins tonometresi ile bulunan değerler (n=26) ve Schiotz tonometresi ile bulunan değerlerin (n=24) analizde, gerçek basınç değeri ile Perkins Tonometresi ile ölçülen değerler arasındaki matematiksel ilişki "y=1.68x + 12.59" olarak bulunurken (r=0.94); Schiotz tonometresi değerleri arasındaki doğrusal ilişki "y=0.88x + 18.34" olarak bulundu (r=0.82). Sonuç: Deneysel tavşan göz içi basınç çalışmalarında Perkins ve Schiotz tonometrelerini kullanmak için transduser kullanan invaziv yöntemlere gerek kalmadan çalışmamızda saptanan kalibrasyon değerleri uygulanabilir. Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of Perkins and Schiotz tonometer measurements in rab-bit eyes and to calibrate them under our conditions. Methods: Two anterior chamber paracentesis were done in rabbit eyes by corneal tunnel incisions. Infusion was placed to one sideport and pressure transducer to the other sideport by cannulişation. Random intraocular pressure values between 10-65nimHg were obtained by anterior chamber infusion. Real intraocular pressure values were measured with the help of a pressure transducer connected to the anterior chamber. Another investigator blinded to the real IOP values, obtained Schiotz and Perkins tonometric IOP values at the meantime. The results were compared statistically.Results: In the analyses of values obtained by Perkins tonometer (n=26) and Schiotz tono-meter (n=24), the mathematical relationship between real IOP and Perkins values were expres-sed as "y=1.68x + 12.59" (r=0.94), for Schiotz values were as "y=0.88x + 18.34" (r=0.82). Conclusion: In experimental rabbit intraocular pressure studies, the calibration values determined in our study cari be applied to Perkins and Schiotz tonometers without using invasive methods.

The evaluation of artificial oxygen carriers requires experiments with suitable animals. Many investigators do this with the classical laboratory animal, the rat, but it has a quite different oxygen pressure of half saturation (p50 = 36mmHg) from that of humans (26mmHg). It was demonstrated that induced changes of the p50 value in animals provokes substantial changes in important cardiovascular parameters. Therefore, we decided to develop a guinea pig model for evaluation of artificial oxygen carriers, because it has a p50 of about 24mmHg that is very similar to that of man. We found an anesthesia combination using fentanyl/droperidol/urethane to be very suitable for the narcosis, because important cardiovascular and respiratory parameters remain normal. Our model allows assessment of arterial pressure, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide release, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, shock index, blood lactate level, and, in particular, it allows to differentiate the oxygen transport in blood. We evaluated two hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers: bovine and porcine hemoglobin polymerized with glutaraldehyde in isoncotic solution (n = 3). Control experiments (n = 4) were done with an isotonic albumin solution. The protocol comprised a so-called exchange phase (I) with different degrees of hemodilution and a so-called time phase (II), an observation period with a hematocrit of 10% over about 3 hours. In the control group substantial changes in mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance, shock index, oxygen uptake and of blood lactate level were seen. All these effects were prevented by the artificial oxygen carriers tested. The carriers proved to be very effective, as small quantities in blood effectively restored these parameters, presumably via synergetic effects. Moreover, the experiments clearly revealed the limitation of hemodilution, at least in guinea pigs: below a hematocrit of 20% all parameters mentioned above changed significantly. The animal model presented proved to be appropriate for the evaluation of artificial oxygen carriers.