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Il contributo propone riflessioni critiche sulla relazione fra trasparenza e performance delle amministrazioni pubbliche. L’Autore inquadra teoricamente il rapporto tra trasparenza e performance nell’ambito della relazione sociale fra principale-agente evidenziando la necessità che la performance diventi l’oggetto di una relazione trasparente di accountability fra l’amministrazione pubblica e il cittadino, utente dei servizi pubblici. Individuato il framework teorico di riferimento, la trattazione si sofferma sulla performance, anzitutto allo scopo di puntualizzarne l’ampio e diversificato significato. Le misure di performance, lungi dall’essere oggettive e certe, sono, sovente, indeterminate onde la loro valutazione deve essere quanto più possibile scrupolosa e professionale. Di seguito, l’Autore individua la qualità del servizio come componente della performance che meglio si adatta a fungere da contenuto della relazione di accountability fra agente (pubblica amministrazione) e principale (cittadino-utente). La Carta dei servizi pubblici è indicata come istituto atto a rendere concreta l’ipotesi teorica definita. Il contributo si conclude con alcune indicazioni operative che evidenziano l’importanza del ruolo che l’Organismo Indipendente di Valutazione nel favorire la valutazione partecipativa e rendere pienamente attuato il principio di trasparenza. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙-𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡, ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑛, 𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠. 𝑂𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑓𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 (𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑛/𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟). 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑛’𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑖 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑧𝑖 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 (𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑.

We present the case of a 53-year-old man who experienced a postoperative chyle leak after minimally invasive esophagectomy with mass ligation of the thoracic duct; conservative management failed. Interventional radiology was unsuccessful initially in accessing the cisterna chyli with conventional methods, yet ethiodized oil was noted at the tip of his right chest tube. The chest tube and its tract were used as an avenue to access the thoracic duct and successfully facilitate its embolization., Chyle leak and chylothorax is a well-described complication in thoracic surgery. (1,2) Lymphangiography has been used to identify the location of the injury, followed by thoracic duct embolization (TDE), typically [...]

Abstract Background Generalized lymphatic anomaly previously known as diffuse systemic lymphangiomatosis is a rare multisystem congenital disease arising from the lymphatic system, and it is characterized by abnormal proliferation of the lymphatic channels in osseous and extraosseous tissues. It typically affects children or young adults. Although it is benign, it can be misdiagnosed as malignancy because of its diffuse and debilitating nature depending on the site of involvement. Due to its rarity, diagnosis is often delayed, leading to potential significant morbidity or mortality if vital organs are involved. Furthermore, its potential for multiorgan involvement with no curative treatment makes its management challenging. Case presentation We describe a case of a 35-year-old Caucasian female, who presented with epigastric pain and was subsequently extensively investigated at multiple tertiary centers by numerous specialists for query malignancy and metabolic bone disorder following incidental computed tomography imaging findings of multiple osteolytic lesions in the axial skeleton, and low-attenuating lesions in the axilla, spleen, and mediastinum. The diagnosis was confirmed with an axillary excisional biopsy. She was clinically stable with no end organ damage. She was monitored conservatively. Conclusions The case illustrates the importance of increased awareness among clinicians for this rare congenital disease to enable earlier diagnosis and to avoid unnecessary invasive investigations. Furthermore, this case highlights the potential need for multiple biopsies of affected sites to confirm diagnosis. We also discuss the emergence of interferon therapy, chemotherapy, immunosuppression, and immunotherapy as medical management for this condition.

Earthquakes sometimes determine and continue to feed the phenomenon of abandonment with the irreversible destructive effects on territories and communities. An effect which a large area of Calabria suffered, devastated by an earthquake in 1783. This essay, through the reading of archival documentation produced by the “Cassa Sacra”, an institution appointed by the Bourbon government for reconstruction, investigates a theme which is often left in darkness. The reading of these documents tried to capture the feelings and doubts that animated the communities in the aftermath of the earthquake, between the lines of official documentation. In some cases, these communities were resigned to abandoning their destroyed villages, in others, however, they were induced to move to new built-up areas. The exoduses were not always spontaneous, and were sometimes strenuously opposed, while others chose to stay. There were also cases in which the convinced intention to “emigrate” elsewhere was, instead, prevented, in order to protect certain interests that were not entirely coherent with official guidelines, which, in promoting relocation, always prefigured a better life elsewhere for the affected populations. Tra abbandono e ricostruzione: note dai carteggi degli ufficiali impegnati in Calabria dopo il terremoto del 1783 Il terremoto, con gli effetti distruttivi a volte irreversibili provocati su territori e comunità, ha determinato e ancora alimenta il fenomeno dell'abbandono. Un esito di cui subì le conseguenze una vasta area della Calabria devastata dal sisma nel 1783. In quest'occasione, attraverso la lettura della documentazione d'archivio prodotta dalla Cassa Sacra, ente preposto dal governo borbonico alla ricostruzione, si inizia ad indagare un tema rimasto spesso nell'ombra. Si cerca di cogliere tra le righe della documentazione ufficiale, i sentimenti e i dubbi che animavano le comunità all'indomani del sisma, in alcuni casi rassegnate ad abbandonare i propri paesi distrutti, in altri, invece, indotte a spostarsi in nuovi abitati da costruire, con esodi non sempre spontanei, avverso i quali, in alcuni casi, ci si oppose strenuamente scegliendo di rimanere. Non mancarono anche i casi in cui la convinta intenzione a "emigrare" altrove, venne invece impedita a tutela di interessi non del tutto coerenti con quei principi ufficiali che nell'orientare la ricostruzione, dovevano prefigurare una vita migliore per le popolazioni colpite.

With this book, the Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria raises the profile of some of the research undertaken in various Departments in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Agenda 2030. SDGs represent a strategy that requires shared global involvement for its implementation. They are to be implemented through the adoption of national and local initiatives. The SDGs can and should become effective tools for sustainable development though a localization process and an effective involvement of local stakeholders. University, an institution committed to training, research and outreaching activities, is called to play its part in such a difficult and complex challenge; constant integration with the territory and local communities – in the conscious need to be the promoter of a progressive, indispensable cultural change – will support sustainable development not as an impossible “utopia” but an unescapable necessity. La Mediterranea verso l’Agenda 2030 L'Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria con questo volume dà visibilità ad alcune delle ricerche intraprese dalla comunità scientifica dei suoi Dipartimenti, in relazione agli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile (SDGs) dell'Agenda 2030. Gli SDGs rappresentano una Strategia la cui attuazione richiede un condiviso coinvolgimento globale. Essi devono essere attuati attraverso l’adozione di strategie nazionali di sviluppo sostenibile, declinate in azioni regionali e locali. Gli SDGs possono e devono diventare strumenti efficaci per lo sviluppo sostenibile, attraverso un processo di localizzazione e un efficace coinvolgimento degli stakeholder locali. In una sfida così difficile e complessa, l'Università, istituzione impegnata nella formazione, nella ricerca e nella terza missione, è chiamata a fare la sua parte; la sua costante integrazione con il territorio e con le comunità locali, nella consapevole necessità di essere promotrice di un progressivo, indispensabile cambiamento culturale, indurrà a far si che lo sviluppo sostenibile non sia più visto come una impossibile "utopia", ma sia avvertito come una inderogabile necessità.

The result of a revision process on the part of the publisher of Voyage Picturesque, regarding the original drawings and texts produced by participants of the expedition, is a collection of views of landscapes, cities and architecture of Calabria, which were prepared during the expedition organized in 1778 by the Abbot of Saint-Non and led by Dominique Vivant-Denon. A comparison of the Voyage with the original travel diary of Vivant Denon, published in another edition, and with a series of sketches and preparatory drawings by Louis-Jean Desprez and Claude-Louis Chatelet, offers the opportunity to verify how those unexplored and largely unknown places were perceived and then interpreted, to analyse what was the real perception of ancient times in the Calabrian territory, still largely unexplored and very difficult to travel through, and, eventually, to also verify how those same places are still recognizable in their original structures, through the filter of the "brave" travelers who crossed Calabria at the end of the eighteenth century.

The image of the south of Italy has almost always been ignored or interpreted “differently” in the most famous iconographic and narrative repertories. The objective difficulties of accessibility to places and, in many cases, a plausible representation didn’t always correspond to the consolidated expectation in the collective imagination of a period. Therefore, it was necessary to translate these notes through an ideal and evocative form, through a successive elaboration, in theory, in different spaces and times, often altering the true identity. The notebooks of the travellers are a different question: that expansion of memory revealed thoughts and sensations through notes, and quick sketches but, above all froze the true identity of the places, made up of objects, persons, locations, colours, lights and unknown atmosphere, in a momentary impression. From a simple personal notebook to a more elegant carnet de voyage of the Grand Tour, an iconographic repertoire thus emerges which shows a different image of southern Italian architectural and urban landscapes. It is a reality filtered by the human and cultural sensitivity of the observer, who becomes the instrument for an original interpretation for urban and territorial areas, to catch unknown or neglected aspects, or to verify transformations and extant landscapes.

Tarek A Ahmed,1,2 Mohammed A Mussari,1 Seham El-Sayed Abdel-Hady,1 Khalid M El-Say1,2 1Department Of Pharmaceutics, Faculty Of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2Department Of Pharmaceutics And Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty Of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, EgyptCorrespondence: Tarek A AhmedDepartment Of Pharmaceutics, Faculty Of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaEmail tabdelnapy@kau.edu.saBackground: Injectable in situ gel (ISG) systems suffer from high initial drug release that may result in toxic effects.Objective: This work aimed to develop an injectable sustained release rosuvastatin (RSV) ISG formulation with minimum initial drug burst and improved hyperlipidemic efficacy.Methods: Six formulation factors that affect RSV release after 0.5, 2 and 24 hrs have been screened and the significant ones were optimized utilizing an experimental design tool. The optimum ISG formulation components were physicochemically characterized. Kinetic treatment, dissolution efficiency and mean dissolution time were investigated for the developed ISG formulations. Pharmacodynamic effects of the optimized ISG formulation were studied and compared to ISG formulation loaded with free RSV and to a marketed oral drug product.Results: The concentration polylactide-co-ϵ-caprolactone (25: 75), the surfactant hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) and the ratio of surfactant to polyethylene glycol 400 were significantly affecting the release of RSV during the first 24 h. Physicochemical characterization demonstrated complete dispersion of RSV in the polymeric matrix with slight changes in the drug crystalline structure. The optimized formulation demonstrated acceptable syringeability, good flow rate and was able to extend the in vitro drug release for 34 days. The ISG formulations complied with Weibull model. Pharmacodynamic study revealed a sustained reduction in the lipid profile that lasted for 21 days with a marked decrease in the lipid level during the first 24 hrs from the ISG system loaded with free RSV.Conclusion: The optimized RSV ISG formulation could be considered a promising strategy due to a reduction in dosing frequency and enhancement in hypolipidemic efficacy.Keywords: hypolipidemic activity, in situ gel, initial burst, optimization, rosuvastatin

Background: Empyema is a common thoracic surgery presentation, defined as pus in the pleural space. Despite the commonality of empyema, consensus on initial management remains ambiguous. Two standard of care treatment options include inserting a chest tube (thoracostomy) and the administration of intrapleural fibrinolytics, or an initial surgical approach, surgical decortication. Due to the complexity of this pleural space infection, often repeat interventions are required after initial management in order to achieve source control and resolution of clinical symptoms. This study aims to identify the most effective initial management option for empyema. Study design: We present a study protocol for a randomized control trial (RCT) comparing adult individuals with empyema to one of two standard of care initial management options. Participants will be randomized into either interventional radiology guided chest tube insertion with intrapleural fibrinolytics (Dornase 5 mg and Alteplase 10 mg intrapleural twice daily for three days) or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) decortication. Methods: All adults with empyema meeting inclusion criteria will be invited to participate. They will be randomized into one of two intervention groups; interventional radiology guided chest tube insertion with fibrinolytics or initial VATS decortication. Each intervention will take place within 48 hours of randomization. The primary outcome will be the rate of re-intervention within 30 days. Re-intervention is defined as repeat chest tube insertion, VATS decortication, or decortication via thoracotomy. Secondary outcomes include a change in the size of empyema, length of stay, morbidity, as well as 30-day and 90-day mortality, as well as quality of life measurements. Anticipated impact: This study is aimed at identifying the most effective initial management option for individuals with empyema.

The result of a revision process on the part of the publisher of Voyage Picturesque, regarding the original drawings and texts produced by participants of the expedition, is a collection of views of cities, landscapes and architecture of Calabria, which were prepared during the expedition organized in 1778 by the Abbot of Saint-Non and led by Dominique Vivant- Denon. A comparison of the Voyage with the original travel diary of Vivant-Denon, published in another edition, and with a series of sketches and preparatory drawings by Louis-Jean Desprez and Claude-Louis Châtelet, offers the opportunity to verify how those unexplored and largely unknown places were perceived and then interpreted, through the filter of the "brave" travelers who crossed Calabria at the end of the 18th century and, eventually, to also verify how those same places are still recognizable in their original structures.

Some preparatory sketches depicting the Marquisate of Crotone – drawn by members of the expedition of the Abbot of Saint-Non – represent an important territorial context verifying the process of elaboration of the images, used to illustrate the Voyage, from the preparatory sketches to the final engravings. Starting from those significant and irreplaceable testimonies, making use of the support of further documentation, not only iconographic, produced over time, it was then possible to detect the transformation that the image of the examined places - Strongoli, Isola Capo Rizzuto, Torre Melissa, Capo Colonna, Crotone - has recorded over the past two and a half centuries.

The purpose of this research is to provide a valuable study about the development of literature on corruption prevention during the last decade suggesting the way for the future agenda. We collected documents with the aims to develop a structured literature review (SLR). We collected 113 documents adopting a not grey analysis. Our results shows two main research areas: (i) the corruption prevention understanding its features and using accounting and ethical activities in the business and government procurement and (ii) anticorruption measures, disclosure and behaviours as renewed tools to increase corporate governance sustainability and corporate social responsibility. This is the first time for proposing the SLR on corporate corruption preventions and renewed models directed to build an updated background and emerging issues. This paper is original because proposes for the first time the literature collection of corporate corruption prevention's models providing valuable insights, critique and definition for the future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Corruption is a major social problem, and scholars have devoted considerable attention to this phenomenon. However, less attention has been paid to how corruption spreads among organizations and what factors can make its spread more likely. This study aims to fill the gap by modelling corruption as an interorganizational contagion. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used social contagion theory to model corruption as an interorganizational contagion, influenced by the susceptibility of organizations and the strength of contagion sources. The study analysed 736 medium and large Italian municipalities over a five-year period, with 3,146 observations (excluding missing data). The authors conducted a longitudinal analysis using panel logistic regression techniques and performed robustness and endogeneity checks through a dynamic panel data model. Findings: The authors found that municipalities with a higher percentage of corrupt neighbouring municipalities were more likely to experience corruption. The probability of experiencing corruption was also significantly higher for municipalities with weaker organizational resistance to corruption contagion. Originality/value: Previous studies have not clearly explained the organizational mechanisms behind the spread of corruption at the interorganizational level. The study suggests that corruption contagion at the municipal level occurs via reduced uncertainty in decision-makers and is influenced by the prevalence of corruption locally. The spread can be driven by conscious or unconscious mechanisms. This study challenges the idea that corruption contagion is immediate and inevitable. Organizational resistance to corruption can affect the risk of contagion, highlighting the importance of anti-corruption controls and ethical systems in preventing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains how social media (SM) was used by regional administrations in Italy to mitigate the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic and deliver central government orders. SM posting increases public engagement, as well creating public value. The results of this empirical study suggest that local and regional governments should make SM a major part of their communication strategies. This article investigates public administrations' (PAs') social media (SM) risk communication and their related de-paradoxification strategies. PAs were classified according to their SM engagement and communication style. A content analysis was performed on 5,106 Covid-19-related Facebook posts. PAs struggled to decide which risks to communicate. During the crisis, they coped with a paradoxical situation by adopting different strategies, leading to different risk communication and public engagement styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community policing (CP) is a proactive approach to policing that relies on the involvement of community members. In this paper, we address relevant managerial issues pertaining to CP by resorting to the performance measurement construct, exploring the logics at play in CP and how they affect the design of CP performance measures. A longitudinal case study was conducted in a local police department in Italy. Findings reveal three logics, the co-existence of which creates a unification and temporal stratification of CP performance measures, thereby delivering theoretical and practical contributions to CP and public-management realms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carlo Fontana’s projects of the Chigi Palace in San Quirino d’Orcia and Villa Cantinale in Ancaino are generally the only works in the area of Siena to be remembered in the vast professional activity of the architect who worked for Cardinal Flavio Chigi. Recent archive studies have brought to light other particular references to the activity of Carlo Fontana, thus confirming, what, in recent past, had only been hypothesized; unpublished drawings have been added to the new information of the archive documents, now attributing the project to Fontana. The drawings are conserved in the British Library in London and are inside one of the 24 volumes bought by James Adam, for King George III, in 1762, from the collection of Cardinal Albani. Drawings of Siena, dating from the late 1670s and early 1680s, illustrate a project by Carlo Fontana for the new building of the Tolomei College in Siena. The project, which was never realised, is in any way significant. It enriches the catalogue of the Ticinese architect and shows the approach of Fontana in the context of Senese architectural, that was traditionally very tied to medieval tradition. Different architectural forms and styles were also introduced into Siena, following a path driven by the Roman academic circles, leaving tangible testimonies in many interventions in the Tuscan city from the first half of the eighteenth century. key words: carlo Fontana, Siena, Tolomei College, Design