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Jaber S Alqahtani,1 Mohammed D AlAhmari,1,2 Hajed M Al-Otaibi,3 Saad M AlRabeeah,1 Noor A Al Khathlan,4 Abdulelah M Aldhahir,5 Abdullah S Alqahtani,1 Khalid S Alwadeai,6 Saleh S Algarni,7,8 Rayan A Siraj,9 Abdullah A Alqarni,3 Mohammed A Almeshari,6 Saeed M Alghamdi,10 Mohammed AlTaweel,11 Musallam Alnasser,1 Jithin K Sreedharan,1 Abdullah A Almojaibel,4 Mushabbab Alahmari,12 Yousef S Aldabayan,9 Bodor H Bin Sheeha,13 Fahad H Alahmadi,14 Abdullah S Alsulayyim,5,15 Eidan M Alzahrani16 1Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, 34313, Saudi Arabia; 2Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam Health Network – Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, 32245, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 4Respiratory Care Department, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia; 5Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia; 6Rehabilitation Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia; 8King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; 10Respiratory Care Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 24382, Saudi Arabia; 11Respiratory Care Department, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia; 12Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, 67714, Saudi Arabia; 13Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11564, Saudi Arabia; 14Respiratory Therapy Department, College of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi Arabia; 15National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, UK; 16Department of Physiotherapy, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, 34313, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Jaber S Alqahtani, Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Email Alqahtani-Jaber@hotmail.comBackground: Despite recent advancements in the respiratory care (RC) profession, no single institution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) offers a master’s degree program in RC.Methods: A nationwide and validated survey was used to explore the current needs and interests in establishing RC master’s degree programs in the KSA. The process included representatives from the healthcare industry, universities, and professional societies.Results: A total of 1250 stakeholders across the KSA completed the survey. The sample includes 722 (58%) males, 504 (40%) respiratory therapists, 547 (44%) students, 138 (11%) leaders, and 61 (5%) were academic respondents. Most respondents were from Central 491 (39%) and Eastern 307 (25%) regions, with 1003 (80%) of the total sample worked or studied in governmental sectors. A total of 574 (82%) of the leaders and RTs had Bachelor degree and 430 (61%) of them had 1– 5 years working experience. According to 80% of the employers and employees, only 0– 5% of the RTs in their organization had a master’s degree. The calculated mean % of the agreement (agree/strongly agree) on the needs was 83% in all needs’ assessment items, which shows a great support for establishing a master’s in RC to meet the personal, professional and society needs. The mean % of the agreement for the level of interests among all participants was 86%, indicating a great level of interests in establishing a master degree in RC. The agreement % on the needs assessment and level of interests in establishing a master degree in RC in KSA were ≥ 80% in each stakeholder group.Conclusion: There are obvious needs and interests in establishing master’s degree programs in RC in the KSA. A master’s degree in RC should be established to address the growing needs for advanced RC services throughout the nation and enhance RC research.Keywords: respiratory care, master degree, education, Saudi Arabia, NCAAA, accreditation

We aimed to prospectively evaluate and compare the effectiveness of Alvogyl and Cutanplast as intra-alveolar dressings for managing pain associated with extraction and incidence of dry socket. All patients who underwent maxillary and mandibular teeth extraction and fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria from Feb 2021 to Oct 2021 were included in our study. Patients who were diagnosed with postoperative pain after tooth extraction were randomly allocated to three groups: Group A (Alvogyl), Group B (Cutanplast), and Group C (placebo). Pain relief and healing of the socket were compared between these groups. The collected data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and Z test of proportionality. Alvogyl was superior to the other medication for providing initial pain relief, and the incidence of dry socket was significantly lower than in the Cutanplast and placebo groups (p0.05). However, wound healing was statistically non-significant among groups A, B, and C (p0.05). Alvogyl is still the material of choice in terms of pain relief, wound healing, and low incidence of dry socket. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was detected between the groups in the biographic information, location, and condition of the extracted tooth, presence of a radiologic pathology, or type of extraction procedure. Moreover, whether it is the first extraction or not, Alvogyl and Cutanpast are comparable in postoperative pain management as intra-alveolar dressing materials.

Although personal resilience and supervisory support are known to reduce the impact of burnout and quitting intention, there is limited data available to explore these relationships among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of burnout and explore its association with resilience, supervisory support, and intention to quit among Saudi Arabian HCPs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was distributed to a convenience sample of HCPs between April and November 2022. Participants responded to socio-demographic questions, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS (MP)), the Connor-Davidson resilience scale 10 (CD-RISC 10), and the Perceived of Supervisor Support Scale (PSS). Descriptive, inferential, correlation, and logistic regression tests were performed for data analyses. Results: Of the 1174 HCPs included in the analysis, 77% were presented with high burnout levels: 58% with emotional exhaustion (EE), 72% with depersonalization (DP), and 66% with low personal accomplishment (PA). Females were associated with increased odds of burnout (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.04–2.06) compared to males. Burnout and its subscales were associated with higher intention to leave practice, with 33% of HCPs considering quitting their jobs. Furthermore, HCPs reported a low resilience score overall, and negative correlations were found between EE (r = −0.21; p < 0.001) and DP (r = −0.12; p < 0.01), and positive correlation with low PA (r = 0.38; p < 0.001). In addition, most HCPs perceived supervisory support as low, and it is associated with increased burnout and quitting intention. Conclusion: Burnout is common among HCPs across all clinical settings and is associated with higher intention to quit and low resilience and supervisory support. Workplace management should provide a supportive workplace to reduce burnout symptoms and promote resiliency.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by an inflammatory response in the airways to inhaled substances like cigarette smoke. It is known that CSE stimulates the production of a number of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in HASMCs. E-cigarettes are used to aid smoking cessation but they may also have pro-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of ECVE on cytokine and chemokine production in HASMCs is unknown. This study aims to compare the effect of CSE and ECVE on the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in HASMCs. Methods: CSE (from 2 cigarettes) and ECVE with and without nicotine (N-/N+) (from 6ml e-liquid, 0.24mg/ml nicotine) were prepared by bubbling cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapour into 20ml of cell culture medium. Confluent and growth-arrested HASMCs were treated with CSE and ECVE for 24 h. Cytokines and chemokines in the medium were measured by ELISA. Cell viability was analysed by MTT assay. Results: 5% CSE and 10% ECVE (N-/N+) reduced HASMC cell viability. CSE (1, 2 and 3.5%) concentration-dependently induced the production of IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CCL2, but not CXCL-10 and RANTES. ECVE (1, 2.5 and 5%) only significantly induced the production of IL-13, but not the others. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cigarette smoke has a wider pro-inflammatory effect in the airway than E-cigarette vapor. The effect of ECVE (N-/N+) on the cytotoxicity and IL-13 production suggests that E-cigarette vapor, not the nicotine in E-cigarette liquid, is harmful to the airway and can also cause airway inflammation.