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Copyright of Arenal.Revista de Historia de las Mujeres is the property of Arenal. Revista de Historia de las Mujeres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Arab Center for Research & Studies in Library & Information Sciences is the property of Journal of the Arab Center for Research & Studies in Library & Information Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

This is the first book by Julius Schlosser to appear in English. Written in 1907, it offers an excellent translation of a text that is unusually difficult in many ways. It documents the history of collecting in the era before the first art museums, before the definitions of art we are familiar with, and is based on his work as curator of the Ambras collection then in Vienna and now largely reinstalled in the castle near Innsbruck. It gives insight into one aspect of Schlosser’s early work, but not yet into the better known methodological and theoretical issues that occupied him later.

Copyright of Grafía is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the centuries, the oldest universities have amassed an extraordinary patrimony of material and immaterial cultural assets, which have been created or acquired for the purposes of research or teaching. Now on display in museums, they testify to the evolution of knowledge and its diversification in various disciplines. In order to safeguard, conserve and study this precious heritage, we need to implement a cultural project that activates that "process of awareness" on which cataloging is based. This is a "reasoned awareness" that enables an object to be framed within a system of scientific knowledge and historical-critical relationships, which are essential to its conservation and, consequently, to its public exploitation. Through this process, we can uncover the history of an object, its characteristics and its uniqueness. This is the case, for example, of an optical microscope on display in the Museo di Strumentaria medica (Medical Equipment Museum), which is part of the Museum System of the University of Siena., (©2022 Pacini Editore SRL, Pisa, Italy.)

Introduction: The Marburg Museum Anatomicum displays a number of unique specimens related to obstetric problems. An ethically intensely disputed example is the bisected body of a pregnant woman and her fetus. Current information stemming from previous publications relates it to a fictional young woman who, who, having got pregnant by a student, committed suicide. This narrative was derived from a novel by the author Walter Bloem (1868-1951), orally transmitted without further proof of reliability. The present study attempts to uncover the true background beyond this narrative and to clarify the acquisition of the body by the anatomical collection and its personal background., Sources and Methods: Archival material as well as contemporary publications of professors of obstetrics and of anatomy along with data derived from civil and ecclesiastic registry offices were evaluated and compared with observations on the specimen., Findings: Comparison of data derived from the fictional description and observations on the specimen showed significant differences, excluding the narrative as a reliable source. Closer examination of the scientific output of former chairs of obstetrics showed that Professor Wilhelm Zangemeister (1871-1930), head of the clinics of gynecology and obstetrics between 1910 and 1925, published several studies on the clinical significance of narrow pelvis during delivery. In his textbook of obstetrics, published in 1927, he showed an illustration of a frozen section of a pregnant woman with kyphosis who had died from myocarditis. The drawing clearly represents the specimen, having been mounted in a large glass vessel in 1922 and included in the collection of the Anatomical Institute., Conclusions: The current narrative on the bisected body of a pregnant woman and her fetus preserved in the Marburg Museum Anatomicum has nothing to do with the specimen in the collection. In fact, the latter was prepared in 1922 by order of the former professor of obstetrics, Wilhelm Zangemeister, who later published the case in his textbook of obstetrics. The ethical consequences of the changing ontological status and origin of the specimen and its public display are discussed., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

The Ouro Preto School of Pharmacy was founded in 1839 and was the first pharmacy school in Latin America independent from a medical school. At the end of the nineteenth century, it had a collection of French anatomical models made by Deyrolle, Dr. Auzoux, and Vasseur-Tramod, many produced from wax or papier-mâché. This project involved recovering, identifying, cleaning, restoring, and exhibiting seventeen models found in various facilities from Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. The models in good condition were exhibited in the Museum of Pharmacy (where this work was carried out) as part of the teaching collection for the Ouro Preto pharmacy course.

The nineteenth-century museum and auction house are seemingly distinct spaces with opposing functions: while the former represents a contemplative space that accumulates objects of art and science, the latter provides a forum for lively sales events that disperse wares to the highest bidders. This contribution blurs the border between museums and marketplaces by studying the Berlin Zoological Museum's duplicate specimen auctions between 1818 and the 1840s. It attends to the operations and tools involved in commodifying specimens as duplicates, particularly the auction catalogue. The paper furthermore contextualizes the museum's sales in a broader history of duplicate auctions across Berlin's collection landscape.

In the late nineteenth century, the anthropology curators of the Smithsonian Institution consulted their cataloguing systems and storerooms, assessing specimens in order to determine which could be designated as duplicate specimens and exchanged with museums domestically and abroad. The status of 'duplicate' for specimens was contingent on conceptions of similiarity impacted by disciplinary classification praxis, with particular emphasis on object nomenclature and formal attributes. Using rattles from Haida Gwaii collected between 1881 and 1885 by James Swan for the Smithsonian Institution, this article explores how anthropology curators designated rattles as exchangeable duplicate specimens. It considers cataloguing and spatial arrangements, as well as changing populations and formal characteristics of rattles, in order to explore how similarity was operationalized in the museum to produce duplicate anthropological specimens.

During the last several years, the building and development of digital museums has grown in importance as a study issue of increasing importance. On the other hand, systematic and extensive literature study on digital museums is rare in the academic community throughout the world. This paper employs data mining technology to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the total amount of academic literature, research hotspots, frontiers, and trends in the field of digital museums in China since the beginning of the twenty-first century, including both historical and contemporary data. In this research, the CNIK database and the CiteSpace program are utilized. The findings revealed that the quantity of published literature expanded significantly between 2000 and 2021, with some variations along the way, but that the general growth rate remained consistent. Colleges and universities are the driving force behind academic research in the field of digital museums; research institutes and big museums play a key part in the academic research that is being conducted by digital museums. Cooperation between research institutes, on the other hand, is severely lacking. Furthermore, the advancement of digital technology is an unavoidable byproduct of the efforts to transform the digital museum into a smart museum, as previously said. When it comes to digital museum development in the postepidemic period, the optimization and updating of a user-centered information service platform is the most important step toward long-term success. In order to maintain the richness of Chinese traditional culture while also meeting the expanding cultural requirements of the general public, China's digital museum research has as its ultimate objective the construction of sustainable digital museums that are appropriate for the country's national conditions. The findings also demonstrate that the construction of a Chinese Digital Museum is a study issue with distinct Chinese features that has the potential to contribute to the preservation of Chinese cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible. This research gives insights into the following aspects: researchers and practitioners from across the world will work together to promote a better knowledge of the building and growth of the digital museum in China, among other things., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Yajing Hou et al.)

A common object found within medical museums is the developmental series: an arrangement of embryos depicting the transformation of an unremarkable blob into an anatomically organized and recognizable organism. The developmental series depicts a normative process, one where bodies emerge in reliable sequential stages to reveal anatomically perfect beings. Yet a century before the developmental series would become a visual model of embryological development, the very process of development itself was discerned through the comparative study of preserved human fetuses-specifically, those deemed "monstrous" or characterized as "malformations." This article examines how anatomically diverse fetal bodies were reformulated from singular curiosities into alternative developmental pathways whose characteristics testified to the laws of nature and to the primordial, physical relationship between humans and other species. In early nineteenth century Amsterdam, the father-son team of physicians Gerard and Willem Vrolik built up an internationally renowned anatomical museum famous especially for Willem's collection of fetal malformations. Physical preparations of fetal malformations play a central role in Willem's monumental handbook on developmental embryology: comparing human embryos against one another and the embryos of other species, Willem plots out a sequence of embryological development in which a body's form marks its place within the ever-unfolding natural order. In conversation with the literature on model organisms, this article explores how the "monstrous" gets standardized and, in doing so, contributes to the scientific production of a normative physiological process., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

As of the nineteenth century, the number of world fairs and hygiene exhibitions grew significantly. This phenomenon was linked to the experience of modernity and the emergence of bacteriology, when different cities were sanitized with the aim of combating urban diseases and epidemics. For the purpose of sanitary education and hygiene propaganda, many objects and pictures were displayed in hygiene exhibitions and museums, such as the International Hygiene Exhibition of 1911 and the German Hygiene Museum, both in Dresden. The goal of this article is to analyze a chapter of the international history of health through images that portray the connections between the German Hygiene Museum and Latin American countries between 1911 and 1933.

After graduating in medicine from the Edinburgh Extramural School of Medicine, William Keiller trained in obstetrics and became anatomy lecturer at the Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women, where he successfully devised and developed an anatomical curriculum. In 1891, Keiller was appointed as the Professor of anatomy at the state medical department of the University of Texas, at the age of 30. He built up a nationally recognised anatomy department, museum and teaching curriculum informed by his experience in Edinburgh. Keiller left the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston a rich legacy, including anatomical specimens and drawings.

Morton Eldred Hall (1887-1975), a little known pioneer pathologist in Western Canada who had trained at Belleview Hospital in New York City, arrived at the newly forming medical school at the University of Alberta in Edmonton in 1914. Shortly after this, First World War broke out and Hall enlisted. He was eventually posted at the Royal College of Surgeons in London where he assisted Sir Arthur Keith, the conservator of the Hunterian Museum and the Army Medical Collection, pathological specimens derived from fallen Dominion soldiers which were to be preserved as teaching specimens to help train military surgeons. Keith and Morton published important papers documenting the types of wounds generated by modern warfare. These papers are all that remain of the British War Collection as the museum was bombed by the Germans during Second World War. Specimens derived from Canadian casualties had been repatriated to Canada. Hall briefly served as the conservator for the Canadian Medical War Museum, the name given to Canadian specimens. After safely getting these precious war relics home in 1919, Hall returned to Edmonton where he was head of pathology at the Royal Alexandra Hospital, associate professor of pathology, and developed unique insights into university politics.

Wax models of normal and diseased organs were formerly essential medical teaching tools. The ceroplastic heart models from two 19th century pathology museums at the Universities of Florence (n = 8) and Coimbra (n = 10) were analysed. The Florentine collection comprised congenital malformations as well as infectious and inflammatory disorders. The Coimbra waxworks included congenital defects, cardiac hypertrophy and dilation, valvular pathology and cardiac adiposity. This study focuses on heart diseases and teaching resources in European university hospitals during the 19th century. It also highlights the importance of wax models in medical education both then and today, in an era of informatics and digital photography.

U.S. Army doctor Daniel Smith Lamb was a significant figure in the history of American pathology during its formative years. For 55 years (1865-1920), Lamb performed hundreds of autopsies in and around Washington, D.C. and personally collected over 1,500 gross pathology specimens for the Army Medical Museum. His work began at the close of the Civil War and continued on through World War I, contributing substantially to gross pathological and histological studies that documented wartime pathology, thus further contributing to the training of Army doctors. Specimens he collected also include material from autopsies he conducted on President James Garfield, his assassin Charles Guiteau, and other historical figures. Under the auspices of the Army Medical Museum, he conducted autopsies across the city of Washington for the museum's collection, many of which survive to this day at the National Museum of Health and Medicine. He served under 12 U.S. Army Surgeons General and 11 Museum Curators and was noted to be a steadying influence during a time of constant leadership changes at that institution. Lamb was known throughout Washington, D.C. as an advocate of medical education for African-Americans and women. While working at the Museum, he simultaneously served for 46 years as professor of anatomy at Howard University (1877-1923). He wrote seminal histories of the institutions with which he was associated and in so doing also contributed significantly to the study of the history of medicine., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

In the early 1960s, a climate of public condemnation of electroconvulsive therapy was emerging in the USA and Europe. In spite of this, the electroshock apparatus prototype, introduced in Rome in 1938, was becoming hotly contended. This article explores the disputes around the display of the electroshock apparatus prototype in the summer of 1964 and sheds new light on the triangle of personalities that shaped its future: Karl and William Menninger, two key figures of American psychiatry in Topeka; their competitor, Adalberto Pazzini, the founder of the Sapienza Museum of the History of Medicine in Rome; and, between them, Lucio Bini, one of the original inventors of ECT, who died unexpectedly that summer.

William Rutherford Sanders spent a childhood and early student days divided between Edinburgh and Montpelier, France before graduating in Medicine in Edinburgh. An early interest in the spleen was encouraged by a two-year period in Europe where he became familiar with the work of Helmholtz, Bernard and Henle. Returning to Edinburgh, his growing experience led to the position of assistant in the Infirmary pathology department. He conducted classes in the University of Edinburgh and on behalf of the Royal Colleges became familiar with the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons where he was chosen as Conservator in 1853. Criticised by 20th century historians for concentrating on verbal teaching rather than on the conservation of the museum, Sanders became a consultant physician to the Royal Infirmary in 1861 and in 1869 Professor of General Pathology. Throughout these years, Sanders gave as much time as possible to the study of the structure and function of the spleen and to neurological disorders such as hemiplegia. His later life was interrupted by a series of illnesses commencing with an abdominal abscess. A prolonged convalescence allowed the resumption of work but deranged vision and hemiplegia preceded his death on 18 February 1881.

As a medical student and during his preacademic time prior to 1958, Horst Stoeckel was interested in the history of medicine and especially history related to anesthesia. After his retirement from Chair of Anesthesiology at the University of Bonn in 1994, Stoeckel received a gift from Professor Richard Kitz of Harvard University (Boston, MA) that encouraged him to develop his collection of 150 artifacts and 350 books and periodicals into a scientific museum and library. The late librarian, Patrick P. Sim, MLS, of the Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology in the United States also encouraged and supported Stoeckel with literature concerning anesthesia history. The Horst Stoeckel Museum of Anaesthesiology (Horst-Stoeckel-Museum fur die Geschichte der Anasthesiologie) was dedicated by the University of Bonn and opened to the public on October 9, 2000, and currently has more than 1000 items displayed in 45 themed display cases. A newly themed concept of Incremental Development of Eminent Anesthesia Landmarks to Operational Routine was developed for the display and explanation of the history of anesthesia related to pioneers, equipment, books, and manuscripts. A display concept combining Person, Publication, and Apparatus is used throughout the museum. A well-stocked library currently holds more than 13,000 books and periodicals. The museum's 10-year anniversary was celebrated with a symposium entitled "German Pioneers in Anaesthesia of the first 100 years," held at the University of Bonn on October 8, 2010. The museum's Web site in German, English, and French is www.anaesthesia-museum.uni-bonn.de., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine, formerly known as the Chinese Medical Association Medical History Museum, is the first professional medical history museum in China. Wang Jimin is the main planner and founder of the Medical History Museum of the Chinese Medical Association and served as the first curator. In 1951, the Chinese Medical Association moved to Beijing, and the Medical History Museum stayed in Shanghai. In 1959, it was merged into Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Wang Jimin has been the curator until his death. For 28 years, he has devoted his life to the maintenance and development of the museum. In 1998, the Museum of Medical History was restored to the Chinese Medical Association, and was named the Chinese Medical Association/The Museum of Medical History of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. In 2003, the Chinese Medical Association/Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Museum of Medical History merged with the Chinese Herbarium and the Party History School Editing Office. It was named "Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Museum" and was opened in Zhangjiang Campus in 2004. At present, the Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine has a collection of more than 14, 000 pieces. Many of them are rare treasures. Each year, it services about 100, 000 visitors from domestic and abroad, and has held nearly 100 popular science activities. The Museum has held temporary exhibitions in 11 countries overseas in recent years.

Henry Wade graduated in the Edinburgh Medical School in 1898 before spending two years with the British army during the Anglo-Boer war. Returning to this country, he joined Francis Caird, surgeon to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Appointed Conservator of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Wade met young William Ford Robertson. In a study of experimental cancer they concluded that some neoplasms were caused by bacteria. Wade became increasingly recognised as an authority in urology. His growing practice was interrupted by the First World War. Already a member of the Royal Army Medical Corps, he served for five years in the Middle East, in Gallipoli and then with the army in an approach to Jerusalem. Resuming civilian life, Wade combined an extensive urological practice with membership of the Council of the RCSEd. He became President in 1935. Married in 1924, his wife died four years later after an operation by a colleague, David Wilkie. Director of Surgery to the Scottish Emergency Medical Service when the Second World War broke out, Wade was made a Knight Bachelor in 1946. He died in 1955.

The main purpose of this study is the scientific practice of Edgard Roquette-Pinto at the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro during the 1910's and 1920's in the XXth Century. The article examines the relationship between laboratory science and nation building. Driven by Physicians-Anthropologists like Edgard Roquette-Pinto among others, the investigations performed at the Anthropology Laboratory there reveal the dynamic of the borders between Laboratory and Field Sciences, and the new biological parameters adopted at that time. The investigative agenda involved plants, animals and human bodies, and it was related to the current Anthropology concept aligned with the debate of Nation construction. The physiological studies amplified the scientific exchange with different institutions, emphasizing cultural exchange between Brazil and Paraguay, and the role played by Edgard Roquette-Pinto there as he inaugurated the Physiological course at Faculty of Medicine at University of Asunción.

Medical museums and collections care for important artifacts relating to the history of the neurosciences across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe. This essay highlights the collections and galleries of greatest interest and worth a visit. It also provides a list of online directories of medical museums and bibliography of related publications.

The accrual of anatomical preparations since the nineteenth century in Santiago, Chile, became the so called "anatomical cabinet" under the supervision of professor Julio F Lafargue. Afterwards, this cabinet evolved to form an anatomical museum in the mid twentieth century. It contained preparations using corpses whose identification was not known. Now, the corpses are donated through a body donation program that started thirty years ago. The collection contains, among other interesting items, a situs inversus preparation, Juan Martel's mummy, Tramond house wax preparations and a jibarized head. Nowadays, the museum is open to the community, its collection is recognized as a national historical monument, and has links with other university museums in the country and abroad.

Lately on these pages, a discussion is going on over the opportunity of the use of the definition 'outsider'. Especially in the USA, it is judged as demeaning, discriminating and inappropriate, whilst in Europe, it is used in a much more unconcerned way. Mr Gioni curator of numerous international exhibitions including Manifesta 5 (2004), the 4th Berlin Biennale (2006), the 8th Gwangju Biennale (2010) and the 55th Venice Biennale (2013) shares his perspective on contemporary culture and self-taught art.

Context.—: In the early 1900s, it was common practice to retain, prepare, and display instructive pathologic specimens to teach pathology to medical trainees and practitioners; these collections were called medical museums. Maude Abbott, MD, established her reputation by developing expertise in all aspects of medical museum work. She was a founder of the International Association of Medical Museums (later renamed the International Academy of Pathology) and became an internationally renowned expert on congenital heart disease. Her involvement in the Canadian Medical War Museum (CMWM) is less well known., Objective.—: To explore Abbott's role in the development of the CMWM during and after World War I and to trace its history., Design.—: Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed., Results.—: Instructive pathologic specimens derived from Canadian soldiers dying during World War I were shipped to the Royal College of Surgeons in London, which served as a clearinghouse for museum specimens from Dominion forces. The Canadian specimens were repatriated to Canada, prepared by Abbott, and displayed at several medical meetings. Abbott, because she was a woman, could not enlist and so she reported to a series of enlisted physicians with no expertise in museology. Plans for a permanent CMWM building in Ottawa eventually failed and Abbott maintained the collection at McGill (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) until her death in 1940. We trace the CMWM after her death., Conclusions.—: Sadly, after Abbott had meticulously prepared these precious teaching specimens so that their previous owners' ultimate sacrifice would continue to help their military brethren, the relics were bureaucratically lost.

In 1866, Alphonse Devergie, physician supported by Armand Husson, manager of the Assistance publique created a permanent exhibition of teaching images of skin diseases at the Hôpital Saint-Louis (Paris). Twenty-five years later the initiative was made concrete by the inauguration of a building housing a museum, a medical library and rooms for outpatients. Enriched by the works of dermatologists, moulageurs - mainly Jules Baretta -, painters and photographs the museum became worldwide renown exhibiting the largest wax moulages collection of the world. Today the didactic value of the moulages is no longer used. The collection illustrates several aspects of hospital dermatology during a century. Listed as an Historical Monument in 1992, the museum has been recently renewed thanks to the support of private and public actors attracted by its patrimonial value. © 2018 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés., (© 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.)

In 1878, amid a rapidly proliferating social interest in public health and cleanliness, a group of sanitary scientists and reformers founded the Parkes Museum of Hygiene in central London. Dirt and contagion knew no social boundaries, and the Parkes's founders conceived of the museum as a dynamic space for all classes to better themselves and their environments. They promoted sanitary science through a variety of initiatives: exhibits of scientific, medical and architectural paraphernalia; product endorsements; and lectures and certificated courses in practical sanitation, food inspection and tropical hygiene. While the Parkes's programmes reified the era's hierarchies of class and gender, it also pursued a public-health mission that cut across these divisions. Set apart from the great cultural and scientific popular museums that dominated Victorian London, it exhibited a collection with little intrinsic value, and offered an education in hygiene designed to be imported into visitors' homes and into urban spaces in the metropole and beyond. This essay explores the unique contributions of the Parkes Museum to late nineteenth-century sanitary science and to museum development, even as the growth of public-health policy rendered the museum obsolete.

This paper discusses the life and scientific work of José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823-1907), a nineteenth-century Portuguese naturalist who carved a new place for zoological research in Portugal and built up a prestigious scientific career by securing appropriate physical and institutional spaces to the discipline. Although he was appointed professor of zoology at the Lisbon Polytechnic School, an institution mainly devoted to the preparatory training of military officers and engineers, he succeeded in creating the conditions that allowed him to develop consistent research in zoology at this institution. Taking advantage of the reconstruction and further improvement of the building of the Lisbon Polytechnic, following a violent fire in 1843, Bocage transferred a natural history museum formerly located at the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon to his institution, where he conquered a more prestigious place for zoology. Although successive governments were unwilling to meet Bocage's ambitions for the Zoological Section of the newly created National Museum of Lisbon, the collaborators he found in different parts of the Portuguese continental territory and colonial empire supplied him the specimens he needed to make a career as a naturalist. Bocage ultimately became a renowned specialist in Southwestern African fauna thanks to José de Anchieta, his finest collaborator. Travels to foreign museums, and the establishment of links with the international community of zoologists, proved fundamental to build up Bocage's national and international scientific reputation, as it will be exemplified by the discussion of his discovery of Hyalonema, a specimen with a controversial identity collected off the Portuguese coast.

The article considers history of activity of international associations of museums of Europe and North America from the moment of organization of the first International Association of Medical Museums existed from 1907 to 1955 and to the European association of Museums of History of Medical Sciences (since 1983) and the Association of Medical Museums (since 1985) both existing at the present time. The analysis is presented concerning their role in unification of scientific community, development of research methods, determination and reconsideration of professional concepts and also alterations of functions of medical collections and museums with the course of time and new trends in medical education, clinical and fundamental medicine and museum business. The existence and development of museum associations is compared with concept of three "museum revolutions": professionalization of museum sector (at the turn of XIX-XX centuries), orientation on education of broad masses of population (second half of XX century), establishment of principles of social inclusion and multi-culturality (beginning of XXI century). The method of study is analysis of such sources untranslated to Russian previously as archives of "Vestnik" and reports and also scientific publications of members of associations involved into their activities. The results of study determined possible directions of work related to coordination of activities of medical museums, development of scientific research and scientific education methods and exposition work. The conclusions are made about an important role of international associations in systematization of knowledge, organization of scientific activities and medical community, development of guidelines for regional museums and also organization of unified information space for workers of medical museums.

Lúis Cebola's 1925 work Almas delirantes [Delusional Souls] presented various psychopathologies through metaphorical and lyrical portraits rather than from a medical/ scientific point of view, showing that he perceived his patients as more than objects of scientific study in a process of identification, empathy, and compassion. Cebola defined psychopathological states according to contrast with normality, but stressed that these diseases could arise in any individual, and the book simultaneously acted as a warning to readers. The text also publicized the Museum of Madness [Museu da Loucura], which he created at the Casa de Saúde do Telhal, and the art produced by his patients, positioning himself as a messenger between the closed universe of the psychiatric hospital and Portuguese society.