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Knowledge of how the different types of sedentary behaviors (SB) are associated with functional limitations can guide professionals who work with older adults on better recommendations about the amount of daily time that should be encouraged in each type of SB. The objective was to estimate the associations between two SB typologies (SB television [TV] and SB computer/internet) and the presence of handgrip strength, lower limb strength, gait speed, and balance limitations in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults. This is a cross-sectional study with 1,298 community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years). SB was assessed by self-reporting daily time spent watching TV or using computer/internet (categorized into <2, 3–4, and ≥5 hr/day). Outcomes were handgrip strength, lower limb strength, gait speed, and balance limitations considering referenced cutoff points. Older adults in SB TV ≥5 hr/day had 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.07, 2.86]) and 1.88 (95% CI [1.02, 3.46]) times more chances of handgrip strength and gait speed limitations, respectively. On the other hand, those who spent 3–4 and ≥5 hr/day in SB computer/internet had 0.45 (95% CI [0.20, 0.99]) and 0.37 (95% CI [0.15, 0.93]) had less chances of lower limb strength and balance limitations, respectively. In conclusion, functional limitations would be associated differently depending on the type of SB in the older adults sampled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedentary lifestyles reduce muscle mass, strength, power, and alter viscoelastic properties. Plyometric jump training (PJT) shows promise in countering these effects, but the optimal training volume for individuals with low athletic performance remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the minimal PJT volume required to improve muscle and tendon viscoelastic properties, strength, and power in sedentary individuals. A double-blind randomised controlled trial included 44 participants divided into three groups: Control Group (CG) (n = 16), Reduced Volume Training Group (RVTG) (n = 16), and Training Group (TG) (n = 12). The four-week PJT programme involved three weekly sessions with gradual volume increments; RVTG performed 50% less volume than TG. Baseline and follow-up assessments included the isokinetic standing up (SU) and sitting down (SD) phases at 15 cm/s and 5 cm/s, and myotonometer measurements. In the SU phase at 15 cm/s, significant differences were found (p = 0.01) with higher values in TG (10.0 ± 3.3 N/kg) compared to CG and RVTG. At 5 cm/s, differences in SD were observed (p = 0.002). For Achilles tendon properties in RVTG: stiffness (p = 0.04), decrement (p = 0.01), and relaxation (p = 0.02). A PJT volume of 2,414 jumps improved muscle strength, while 1,207 jumps altered tendon properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throwing events such as discus, shot put, and javelin involve repetitive and explosive overhead activities in a short period, which increases the risk of upper extremity injuries. Furthermore, the available data on seated throwers are inadequately documented. Thus, this study aims to (1) describe the muscle strength profiles of shoulder external and internal rotators and the elbow flexors and extensors in seated throwers, and (2) identify the differences in muscle strength between seated throwers competing at international levels and those at national levels. Twenty-one seated throwers participated in this study, including twelve at the international level and nine at the national level. We conducted isokinetic shoulder strength tests for shoulder internal rotation (IR), shoulder external rotation (ER), elbow flexion (EF), and elbow extension (EE) on the dominant side of the para-athletes using a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer at speeds of 60°/s and 300°/s. An independent t -test was utilized to assess the differences between international and national-level para-athletes. Except for total work (TW) at 60°/s and average power (AP) at 300°/s, the IR variables of the international group were significantly higher than those of the national group (p < 0.001). Additionally, some EF variables of the international group, including peak torque (PT) and TW at 60°/s, and PT, AP, and TW at 300°/s, were higher than those of the national group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The findings of this study are important for developing training programs, enhancing performance, and preventing injuries among seated throwers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manual dynamometry (HHD) allows for the assessment of musculature because its use has been supported as an indicator of health in different population groups. The objective of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Activ5 dynamometer for assessing grip strength in a population of adults. A total of 106 individuals with an age of 20.38 ± 1.64, body mass of 71.52 ± 11.32 kg, and height of 1.70 ± 0.11 m were evaluated during two sessions. A cross-sectional agreement study was conducted on Sports Science students from a university community, and 106 individuals were evaluated during two sessions. Statistical analysis of reliability and validity was performed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Pearson correlations, and Lin's coefficient. According to Lin's coefficient, both instruments measure grip strength for both conditions, either for the right hand or the left hand. The correlation coefficient to determine the linear relationship between both instruments determined that between the Jamar right-hand dynamometer and the right-hand Activ5, a coefficient R2 = 0.580, p = 0.00, was obtained. In contrast, the correlation between the Jamar left-hand dynamometer and the left-hand Activ5 had a coefficient R2 = 0.543, p = 0.001. Both intraclass correlation coefficients and Cronbach's alpha presented high values, indicating that both instruments have good reproducibility in their measurements. The Activ5 dynamometer cannot be used interchangeably with the Jamar dynamometer; however, the close values reported make it a reliable tool in grip strength assessment. The different characteristics of the Activ5 instrument, such as its ergonomics, weight, portability, wireless connection, dimensions, and applications, make it a promising daily- use tool for assessing, monitoring, and the prescription of physical activity and exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the diverse acute effects elicited by physiotherapists in soccer players may be pertinent for enhancing performance and aiding in the mitigation of injury risk. Methods: Fifty regional-level soccer players aged 13 to 15 took part in a randomized double-blind trial. They were allocated randomly to either receive diagonal manual mobilization (DM) treatment or undergo a Nordic hamstring curl (NHC) intervention, designated as the control group. Evaluations were carried out before and after the interventions to gauge standing knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) strength using the ForceFrame Strength Testing System. The recorded variables encompassed average, maximal force, and maximal impulse for both KE and KF. Results: Following the intervention, evaluations showed no significant differences between groups in KF maximal force (F1,48 = 1.238; p = 0.271; η p 2 = 0.025), KF average force (F1,48 = 0.957; p = 0.333; η p 2 = 0.020), KF maximal impulse (F1,48 = 0.246; p = 0.622; η p 2 = 0.005), KE maximal force (F1,48 = 1.514; p = 0.225; η p 2 = 0.031), KE average force (F1,48 = 0.118; p = 0.733; η p 2 = 0.002), and KE maximal impulse (F1,48 = 2.540; p = 0.118; η p 2 = 0.050). Analysis within the DM group showed significant differences in KF maximal force (24.2 N; p = 0.004), KF average force (23.4 N; p = 0.001), KE maximal force (25.8 N; p = 0.005), KE average force (20.0 N; p = 0.044), and KE maximal impulse (265.9 Ns; p = 0.027), although no significant differences were found in KF maximal impulse (150.1 Ns; p = 0.058). Conclusions: This study indicates that both DM and NHC elicit similar effects on acute responses in KE and KF strength following intervention, although DM shows more favorable adaptations within the group. Perhaps DM could serve as a suitable warm-up strategy in specific circumstances, immediately influencing readiness for strength activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Due to the crucial nature of knee joint stability in basketball players and the possible role of the rate of torque development hamstrings to quadriceps ratio for determining knee joint stability in the early phase of explosive movements, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore the relationship between the rate of torque development hamstrings to quadriceps ratio and biomechanical parameters of hip and knee joints in the sagittal and frontal planes during the drop vertical jump test.Methods: Twenty healthy male recreational basketball players (aged 15-18) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. After measuring anthropometric data, the rate of torque development hamstrings to quadriceps ratio was assessed using an isokinetic Biodex system. Biomechanical variables were measured using a motion analysis system during the drop vertical jump test.Results: The rate of torque development hamstrings to quadriceps ratio (0-50 milliseconds) was negatively correlated with knee abduction angle (p = 0.028), knee adduction angle (p = 0.003), knee abduction moment (p = 0.023), and knee joint range of motion in the frontal plane (p = 0.01) during 17-50 ms after initial contact. Other biomechanical parameters did not significantly correlate with the rate of torque development hamstrings to quadriceps ratio.Conclusion: This study's results revealed that the torque development rate hamstrings to quadriceps ratio was negatively associated with knee kinematic and kinetic parameters. Based on the outcomes of this study and previous investigations, it can be acknowledged that the rate of torque development hamstrings to quadriceps ratio might be a useful tool to add to athlete injury screening.

Objective: This study assessed handgrip strength as a predictor of disability in activities of daily living in older emergency department patients 60 and 90 days after discharge. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in the emergency department of a tertiary university hospital in Brazil. The sampleconsisted of 320 patients aged ≥ 65 years who were assessed within 48 hours of admission. The Katz Index was used to assess activities of daily living performance, and handgrip strength was measured with a hydraulic dynamometer. Participants were followed up 60 and 90 days after hospital discharge. The variables were entered into a bivariate regression analysis model. Results: A total of 177 (55.3%) patients had reduced handgrip strength according to EWGSOP2 criteria. After 60 days, disability occurred in17.8% and 5.6% of those with reduced and normal HGS, respectively (OR 3.94; 95%CI 1.52 – 10.19, p = 0.005). After 90 days, disability occurred in 15.1% and 4.1% of those with reduced and normal HGS, respectively (OR 4.44; 95% CI 1.50 – 13.14, p = 0.007). Conclusions: Dynamometric measurement of HGS should be performed in all older emergency department patients to detect those at greater risk of medium-term disability.

Background: this study aimed to identify the influence of postural stability on upper-limb bilateral deficit (BLD), and to compare the assessment of strength generated during elbow flexion functionally vs. analytically in the dominant and nondominant arms. Methods: Twenty men participated in two sessions to evaluate the maximum isometric strength of elbow flexion. This evaluation was performed unilaterally with the dominant arm, unilaterally with the non-dominant arm, and bilaterally, both in the sitting position (SiP) and the standing position (StP). Results: The BLD when peak force was considered was lower for StP (−6.44 ± 5.58%) compared to SiP (−10.73 ± 6.17%) (p = 0.007). Regarding peak force, statistically significant differences were observed for comparisons between dominance (p < 0.001) and Position*Dominance (p = 0.02), but mean force differences were only observed for the dominance factor (p < 0.001). Greater mean and peak forces were always produced bilaterally compared to unilaterally (p < 0.001). Conclusions: a decrease in postural stability by performing elbow flexion exercises in a standing position accentuates BLD of peak force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Grip strength is a vital hand function skill required to perform everyday tasks. Diseases and conditions deteriorate grip strength. Repetitive exercises can improve grip strength, but people are non-compliant with home exercise programs. Gamification of exercises can increase home exercise compliance. A device is needed to measure and rehabilitate grip strength and to deliver exercises remotely. A preliminary search on that topic did not provide any review literature on grip-strength devices. Accordingly, this scoping literature review (SLR) explores various electronic devices and sensors used to measure grip strength. Materials and Methods: Five electronic databases, namely PubMed, IEEE, Scopus, ACM digital library, and Web of Science, were searched. Modified preferred reporting items for systematic literature review and meta-analysis guidelines were used, with population/disease, intervention, comparison, and outcome framework employed to identify keywords and frame the research questions. Results: The results of the search yielded 3546 articles, and after elimination, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Hence, this review has categorized various devices and sensors that measured grip strength, along with their wireless communication and gamification capabilities. Conclusion: The categorization presented in this review can help researchers use this information for future directions by emphasizing research gaps and designing telerehabilitation devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the significance of muscle oscillation frequency, previous research has not established a correlation with muscle performance due to the challenges of applying resistance without altering natural motion during functional tests. What is the correlation between muscle oscillation frequency and lower limb muscle strength, power, and work during an instrumented sit-to-stand and stand-to- sit (iSTS-TS) task among sedentary subjects? In a cross-sectional study, the oscillation frequency of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM), biceps femoralis (BF), and vastus medialis (VM) muscles in both the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) legs was assessed with a handheld myotonometer in 34 sedentary individuals before performing the iSTS-TS task. In the isokinetic mode, no significant correlations were found. In the isotonic mode, the BF muscle oscillation frequency in the D and ND legs exhibited significant positive correlations with peak force, peak power, and work during sitting down, as well as peak power and work during standing up. Positive correlations were observed in both legs between the GM oscillation frequency and sitting down peak force and work. Additionally, significant positive correlation was found with standing up work in the D leg. Muscle oscillation frequency of the VM exhibited a positive correlation with sitting down peak force in the ND leg. Due to a greater number of correlations found, it is advisable to use the isotonic mode when assessing muscle oscillation frequency in relation to muscle performance during functional iSTS-TS tasks in sedentary subjects. • Oscillation frequency correlates with limb performance in iSTS-TS task. • Isotonic mode reveals significant muscle performance correlations. • Assessment of iSTS-TS muscles in sedentary subjects via isotonic mode is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using new weakness cutpoints individually may help estimate time to mortality, but their collective use could improve value. We sought to determine the associations of (a) each absolute and body size normalized cut point and (b) collective weakness on time to mortality in Americans. The analytic sample included 14,178 subjects aged ≥50 years from the 2006-2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Date of death was confirmed from the National Death Index. Handgrip dynamometry measured handgrip strength (HGS). Men were categorized as weak if their HGS was <35.5 kg (absolute), <0.45 kg-kg-1 (body mass normalized), or <1.05 kg-kg-1-m-2 (body mass index [BMI] normalized). Women were classified as weak if their HGS was <20.0 kg, <0.337 kg-kg-1, or <0.79 kg-kg-1-m-2. Collective weakness categorized persons as below 1, 2, or all 3 cutpoints. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for analyses. Subject values below each absolute and normalized cutpoint for the 3 weakness parameters had a higher hazard ratio for early all cause mortality: 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36-1.55) for absolute weakness, 1.39 (CI: 1.30-1.49) for BMI normalized weakness, and 1.33 (Cl: 1.24-1.43) for body mass normalized weakness. Those below 1, 2, or all 3 weakness cut points had a 1.37 (CI: 1.26-1.50), 1.47 (CI: 1.35-1.61), and 1.69 (CI: 1.55-1.84) higher hazard for mortality, respectively. Weakness determined by a composite measure of absolute and body size adjusted strength capacity provides robust prediction of time to mortality, thus potentially informing sports medicine and health practitioner discussions about the importance of muscle strength during aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The return to activities and sports after the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a critical decision. OBJECTIVE: To verify the most used elements during the isokinetic evaluation for discharge after ACL reconstruction. METHODS: Systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42021224433). Research in the literature: PubMed, Medline, SciELO, Lilacs, CENTRAL, PEDro, Web of Science and Embase, in February 2022. Studies that performed isokinetic evaluation during the discharge period in male patients aged 18 to 59 years after ACL reconstruction. Descriptive synthesis on the most used parameters during isokinetic evaluation as a discharge criteria after ACL reconstruction. RESULT: Twenty-three studies involving 1,792 participants were included. Medium and high quality evidence identified that most isokinetic evaluations targeted only muscle strength after rehabilitation of the ACL (peak moment). CONCLUSION: The most used elements during the isokinetic evaluation were: angular velocity of 60∘/s, 1 set of 5 repetitions, concentric mode and peak moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of stretching exercises on muscle strength have been widely researched in the literature, however, there are no studies investigating the effects of Pilates stretching. To compare the effects of static stretching and Pilates stretching on the concentric muscle strength of the knee extensors and flexors. 102 trained young adults were randomized into three groups: static stretching (n = 33); Pilates stretching (n = 34); control (n = 35). Isokinetic evaluation of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was performed at 60°/s and 180°/s, pre and post acute intervention with stretching. Interventions in the static stretching and Pilates stretching groups occurred in 3 sets x 30 s for each body region considered (a-knee extensor muscles; b-knee flexor muscles). The control group did not perform any intervention. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the groups after the intervention. There was only a significant intragroup improvement for the control group on the isokinetic muscle strength of the knee flexors at 180°/s, with a moderate effect size, considering the entire sample (p = 0.040; d = 0.42) and when considering only male gender (p = 0.010; d = 0.60). Static stretching or Pilates stretching performed as a warm-up did not impair or enhance the concentric muscle strength performance of the knee extensors and flexors. In this way, both forms of stretching can be considered as preparatory exercises before muscle strength training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Grip strength is a vital hand function skill required to perform everyday tasks. Diseases and conditions deteriorate grip strength. Repetitive exercises can improve grip strength, but people are non-compliant with home exercise programs. Gamification of exercises can increase home exercise compliance. A device is needed to measure and rehabilitate grip strength and to deliver exercises remotely. A preliminary search on that topic did not provide any review literature on grip-strength devices. Accordingly, this scoping literature review (SLR) explores various electronic devices and sensors used to measure grip strength. Materials and Methods: Five electronic databases, namely PubMed, IEEE, Scopus, ACM digital library, and Web of Science, were searched. Modified preferred reporting items for systematic literature review and meta-analysis guidelines were used, with population/disease, intervention, comparison, and outcome framework employed to identify keywords and frame the research questions. Results: The results of the search yielded 3546 articles, and after elimination, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Hence, this review has categorized various devices and sensors that measured grip strength, along with their wireless communication and gamification capabilities. Conclusion: The categorization presented in this review can help researchers use this information for future directions by emphasizing research gaps and designing telerehabilitation devices.

Background: Previous research has established good test–retest reliability for isokinetic dynamometry in fibromyalgia. However, the reliability of this test under dual-task conditions has not been investigated in fibromyalgia. Methods: A total of 10 women with fibromyalgia participated in this study. Participants completed the concentric/concentric test. The dual-task condition involved subtracting two by two while performing the test. Results: Reliability analysis under the single condition showed "poor" to "excellent" values for maximum peak torque in knee extension and "moderate" to "excellent" values for average. "Poor" to "excellent" reliability values were found in knee flexion for the maximum and average. Dual-task condition in knee extension ranged from "moderate" to "excellent" for maximum and average values, and in knee flexion, it ranged from "poor" to "excellent" for maximum value and from "moderate" to "excellent" for average value. Conclusions: Isokinetic dynamometry demonstrated sufficient reliability for measuring strength in knee extension maximum and average during single-task and dual-task conditions, along with knee flexion dual-task average in fibromyalgia. For knee flexion single-task maximum and average and knee flexion dual-task maximum, we did not obtain sufficiently reliable measurements. Only the concentric/concentric test has been studied, and future studies with a larger sample size are needed in order to generalize the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Isokinetic strength assessment of the rotator cuff muscle is frequently applied in a variety of shoulder postures, but none of these consider muscular architecture, which is one of the most important aspects of improving strength development. This study aimed to examine the test and retest reliability and validity of the muscle architecture-based position (MABP), which is 25° abduction and 20° external rotation, in healthy subjects to be able to select a better isokinetic assessment position for shoulder rotator cuff muscles. Materials and methods: A total of 54 healthy males with a mean age of 21.0 ± 1.2 years and mean body mass index of 22.8 ± 1.7 kg/m2 completed an isokinetic measurement session. All of the tests were performed on an IsoMed 2000 isokinetic dynamometer concentrically and eccentrically for both upper limbs at 60°/s angular velocity. All of the participants completed 3 measurement sessions: the first represented the isokinetic testing and was performed in the scapular neutral position (SNP) (45° shoulder flexion and abduction), the second represented the MABP (25° abduction and 20° ER) for shoulder rotator cuff muscles, and the third represented the test and retest of the MABP. Results: The correlations between the 2 techniques for assessing concurrent validity ranged from 0.908 to 0.994. The values obtained from the MABP were higher than those obtained in the SNP. There was no systematic bias for any measurements between the MABP and the retest of the MABP (p > 0.05). The intraclass correlation coefficients representing the test and retest reliability results for each variable measured with the MABP was higher than 0.98 and this value was considered as excellent reliability. Conclusion: In conclusion, the MABP can be used to assess the isokinetic strength of the rotator cuff muscles safely and confidently, with increased quantities of force being released and measurement at optimal muscle tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sarcopenia is characterized by loss of strength and muscle mass. Some factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, malnutrition, hormonal changes and prolonged hospitalization may favor the development of this syndrome. Objective: To investigate secondary sarcopenia in adult patients admitted to the ward. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study, whose sample consisted of adults between 18 and 60 years of age, with up to 72 hours of admission to the Medical Clinic of a tertiary hospital, from December 2022 to January de 2023. Sociodemographic and clinical information were collected. The SARC-F questionnaire was applied to screen the risk of sarcopenia, following the investigation through the assessment of strength and muscle mass. Results: The sample consisted of 40 patients, 75% female, with a mean age of 44.65 years. When evaluating the SARC-F, 42.5% showed risk of sarcopenia at the time of admission, 40% had muscle weakness, being more evident in women and 20% depletion of muscle mass, 25% were diagnosed with probable sarcopenia and 15% with sarcopenia. Discussion: Early investigation of sarcopenia in the adult population hospitalized from the moment of admission is necessary, using low-cost and easy-to-apply methods, in order to enable prior intervention. Conclusion: There was a significant number of young adults at risk of sarcopenia and muscle weakness at the time of admission. Therefore, it is suggested that this evaluation becomes routine, in order to detect this syndrome quickly and thus revert or minimize its possible deleterious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handgrip strength is a common, simple, and inexpensive method to measure muscle strength. On the other hand, the functional performance measurement involves a usual task which implies repeating elements between the individuals' interaction and the environment. This is fundamental for projecting their results to daily life situation. To explore the relationship between grip strength and measures of functional performance of the upper limbs (ULs) in people over 18 years of age, and to determine the influence of sociodemographic and anthropometric variables on the relationship. A cross-sectional study was conducted under the analytical empirical approach, using linear associations between handgrip strength and functional performance measurement tests (correspondence analysis). Three hundred sixty-two male and female individuals between 18 and 91 years of age from 4 Colombian cities participated. The grip strength of both ULs measured with a digital dynamometry was associated with the Box and Block Test (BBT, manual dexterity), Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT, daily living tasks), and Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JJT, ability to grasp, pick up, and place). Multiple linear regression analyzes were performed to assess possible explanatory factors of a sociodemographic and anthropometric order. A significant association was found between the grip strength of dominant and non-dominant ULs with all functional performance tests (ρ > 0.27 and p <.001), except for the writing and simulated feeding subtests of the JJT (ρ ≤ 0.16). An interactive effect of age was found in the relationship between grip strength and the 3 functional performance tests. These results support the association between grip strength with the NHPT, JJT, and BBT measures and the interactive effect of age on the performance of all tests. • Handgrip strength is a simple method used in rehabilitation to assess physical ability. • Handgrip strength is a prognostic predictor in different health conditions. • Functional performance measures project their results to situations of daily life. • Functional performance measures involve a habitual task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To indicate the benefits and limitations of the isokinetic test results for the performance of the main shoulder joint movements in swimmers, considering the different competitive levels, swimming techniques, race distances, and sex. Search on the PubMed, CENTRAL, Medline, LILACS, and SCOPUS databases for the oldest records up to October 2022. Risk of bias, methodological quality, and level of evidence were evaluated based on the NHLBI checklist. 29 articles met the criteria and were included in this study. The quality analysis classified three as "good" and 26 as "regular", with a KAPPA index of 0.87. The main benefits found involved assessments of the clinical condition of the shoulder joint complex, relationships with performance, and reliability studies. The limitations found point to the participant's positioning in the instrument, use of angular velocity above 180°/s, and sample size. The use of the isokinetic dynamometer allows verifying the levels of strength, endurance, balance, and asymmetries among swimmers of different techniques, distances, competitive levels, and sex. Thus, it helps in the analysis and monitoring of the clinical conditions of swimmers' shoulder joints, contributing to the decision-making process of physiotherapists and coaches. • The use of the isokinetic dynamometer allows for verifying asymmetries in force. • Swimmers are susceptible to imbalances in the shoulder joint. • Muscle imbalances are related to the incidence of pain and injury. • Velocity above 180°/s are not recommended in shoulder joint evaluations. • The participant's positioning often does not resemble the swimming position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To examine the associations of (1) absolute and normalized weakness cut-points, (2) collective weakness categories, and (3) changes in weakness status on future activities of daily living (ADL) limitations in older Americans. Methods: The analytic sample included 11,656 participants aged ≥65 years from the 2006-2018 waves of the RAND Health and Retirement Study. ADL were self-reported. A handgrip dynamometer was used to measure handgrip strength (HGS). Males were classified as weak if their HGS was

This overview assessed the available body of published peer-reviewed systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to the effects of active exergames compared with active/passive control on physical performance outcomes in older people. The methodological quality and certainty of evidence were assessed using PRISMA, AMSTAR 2, and GRADE. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42023391694). The main outcomes indicate that 4,477 records, five systematic reviews, and 10 meta-analyses were included. The AMSTAR-2 reported six meta-analyses with high methodological quality, four moderate quality, two systematic reviews with low quality, and three very-low quality. Meta-analysis was performed on balance using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) tests, on cardiorespiratory fitness using the 6-min walk test, and on upper and lower limbs muscle strength using the handgrip strength, knee extension, and 30-s chair stand tests. Significant differences in favor of the active exergames groups concerning active/passive groups were reported in BBS (SMD = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.12–1.58; I2 = 96%; p = 0.02), TUG (SMD = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.71–2.16; I2 = 97%; p

Abstract Purpose The purpose was to compare the effects of manual lymphatic drainage and soft tissue mobilization on pain threshold, shoulder mobility and quality of life in patients with axillary web syndrome. Methods This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 36 breast cancer patients with developed axillary web; participants were randomly divided into two groups. One group was treated with manual lymphatic drainage; the other group was treated with soft tissue mobilizations in addition to therapeutic exercises, i.e., stretching, strengthening and range of motion (ROM) exercises. The duration of treatment was four weeks (5 sessions/week), with therapeutic exercises as a common treatment protocol. Outcome measures were Breast-Cancer specific quality of life questionnaires, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), Dynamometer and Goniometer. All outcome measure readings were recorded at baseline and the end (4th week) of the treatment. Results The compliance of the variable distribution with normal distribution was verified using the Shaphiro-Wilk test. Parametric tests were applied, and both groups showed significant effects (p 0.05). Two parameters (DASH, PSFS) and one component of the quality of life questionnaire (global health) showed a significant difference (p

Background: Understanding the diverse acute effects elicited by physiotherapists in soccer players may be pertinent for enhancing performance and aiding in the mitigation of injury risk. Methods: Fifty regional-level soccer players aged 13 to 15 took part in a randomized double-blind trial. They were allocated randomly to either receive diagonal manual mobilization (DM) treatment or undergo a Nordic hamstring curl (NHC) intervention, designated as the control group. Evaluations were carried out before and after the interventions to gauge standing knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) strength using the ForceFrame Strength Testing System. The recorded variables encompassed average, maximal force, and maximal impulse for both KE and KF. Results: Following the intervention, evaluations showed no significant differences between groups in KF maximal force (F1,48 = 1.238; p = 0.271; ηp2 = 0.025), KF average force (F1,48 = 0.957; p = 0.333; ηp2 = 0.020), KF maximal impulse (F1,48 = 0.246; p = 0.622; ηp2 = 0.005), KE maximal force (F1,48 = 1.514; p = 0.225; ηp2 = 0.031), KE average force (F1,48 = 0.118; p = 0.733; ηp2 = 0.002), and KE maximal impulse (F1,48 = 2.540; p = 0.118; ηp2 = 0.050). Analysis within the DM group showed significant differences in KF maximal force (24.2 N; p = 0.004), KF average force (23.4 N; p = 0.001), KE maximal force (25.8 N; p = 0.005), KE average force (20.0 N; p = 0.044), and KE maximal impulse (265.9 Ns; p = 0.027), although no significant differences were found in KF maximal impulse (150.1 Ns; p = 0.058). Conclusions: This study indicates that both DM and NHC elicit similar effects on acute responses in KE and KF strength following intervention, although DM shows more favorable adaptations within the group. Perhaps DM could serve as a suitable warm-up strategy in specific circumstances, immediately influencing readiness for strength activities.

Manual dynamometry (HHD) allows for the assessment of musculature because its use has been supported as an indicator of health in different population groups. The objective of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Activ5 dynamometer for assessing grip strength in a population of adults. A total of 106 individuals with an age of 20.38 ± 1.64, body mass of 71.52 ± 11.32 kg, and height of 1.70 ± 0.11 m were evaluated during two sessions. A cross-sectional agreement study was conducted on Sports Science students from a university community, and 106 individuals were evaluated during two sessions. Statistical analysis of reliability and validity was performed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Pearson correlations, and Lin’s coefficient. According to Lin’s coefficient, both instruments measure grip strength for both conditions, either for the right hand or the left hand. The correlation coefficient to determine the linear relationship between both instruments determined that between the Jamar right-hand dynamometer and the right-hand Activ5, a coefficient R2 = 0.580, p = 0.00, was obtained. In contrast, the correlation between the Jamar left-hand dynamometer and the left-hand Activ5 had a coefficient R2 = 0.543, p = 0.001. Both intraclass correlation coefficients and Cronbach’s alpha presented high values, indicating that both instruments have good reproducibility in their measurements. The Activ5 dynamometer cannot be used interchangeably with the Jamar dynamometer; however, the close values reported make it a reliable tool in grip strength assessment. The different characteristics of the Activ5 instrument, such as its ergonomics, weight, portability, wireless connection, dimensions, and applications, make it a promising daily- use tool for assessing, monitoring, and the prescription of physical activity and exercise.

Background: this study aimed to identify the influence of postural stability on upper-limb bilateral deficit (BLD), and to compare the assessment of strength generated during elbow flexion functionally vs. analytically in the dominant and nondominant arms. Methods: Twenty men participated in two sessions to evaluate the maximum isometric strength of elbow flexion. This evaluation was performed unilaterally with the dominant arm, unilaterally with the non-dominant arm, and bilaterally, both in the sitting position (SiP) and the standing position (StP). Results: The BLD when peak force was considered was lower for StP (−6.44 ± 5.58%) compared to SiP (−10.73 ± 6.17%) (p = 0.007). Regarding peak force, statistically significant differences were observed for comparisons between dominance (p < 0.001) and Position*Dominance (p = 0.02), but mean force differences were only observed for the dominance factor (p < 0.001). Greater mean and peak forces were always produced bilaterally compared to unilaterally (p < 0.001). Conclusions: a decrease in postural stability by performing elbow flexion exercises in a standing position accentuates BLD of peak force.

Abstract Background Handgrip strength is a useful measurement of muscle strength and has been proposed as a single predictor of postoperative outcomes in older adults. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation and concordance of Camry digital hand grip dynamometer (EH101) with gold standard Jamar® hydraulic handgrip dynamometer in older adults previous to elective surgery. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients ≥ 65 years old admitted to a Chilean private hospital for elective surgery between March 2018 and February 2019. Handgrip strength was assessed 2 times with each hand prior to surgery, using both the Jamar® dynamometer and the Camry digital dynamometer. The highest value of each dynamometer was used for analysis. Results We included a total of 220 patients (mean age 73.1 years old ± 6.3). Maximal handgrip strength averaged 26.9 kg ± 9.6 with the Camry dynamometer and 26.9 kg ± 9.7 with the Jamar® dynamometer in the right hand and 25.5 kg ± 9.5 with the Camry dynamometer and 25.7 kg ± 9.2 with the Jamar® dynamometer with the left hand. The difference between both measures did not differ significantly from 0, with Pearson correlation index of 0.95 and Lin’s concordance index of 0.95 (p

This study examined the factors associated with low muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance in 331 people living with HIV. Participants completed handgrip as a strength measure, appendicular skeletal muscle mass using bioimpedance analysis, and chair rise was a physical performance measure. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between low values on these measures with sociodemographic, HIV-related factors, and comorbidities. Higher body mass index (BMI) (OR = 0.91; CI = 0.86-0.97) and higher CD4/CD8 ratio (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.18-0.82) were associated with decreased likelihood of low handgrip strength. Being non-employed (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.07-4.06), having hypertension (OR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.13-4.54) and rheumatism (OR = 5.46; 95% CI = 1.68-17.74) increased the chance of low handgrip strength. Higher BMI (OR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.34-0.56), CD4/CD8 ratio (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.09-0.93), and bioimpedance phase angle (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.12-0.40) were associated with decreased likelihood of low muscle mass. Lastly, having less than eight years of education (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.02-3.41) and being non-employed (OR = 8.18; 95% CI = 3.09-21.61) increased the chance of low chair stand performance. In addition, higher CD4 + lymphocytes count (OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.99-0.99) was associated with a decreased likelihood of low chair stand performance. In conclusion, specific and non-specific HIV-related factors are associated with low handgrip strength, low muscle mass, and/or low chair stand performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sarcopenia diagnosis is partly based on handgrip strength (HGS) assessment. The gold-standard dynamometer for this measurement is the Jamar. The electronic Gripwise is a smaller and lighter one, and its measurements are correlated with the Jamar's in laboratory tests. Our study aimed to confirm this correlation in aged patients. Methods This monocenter cross-sectional study was performed in patients of 65 years and older admitted at the University Hospital. Participants were assessed either in a seated or bedridden position, randomly allocated to begin the measurements with the Jamar or the Gripwise. Results Among 649 aged inpatients assessed for eligibility, 348 were included (mean age: 79 ± 9; 52% females). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92–0.94, p  < .001) for the maximum value measured with both devices and 0.94 (95% CI 0.93–0.95, p  < .001) for the mean values. However, there was a significant difference in detecting low values (<16 kg in women, <27 kg in men), found in 48% of patients with Jamar, and 71% with Gripwise (p  < .001). Thus, we determined alternate cutoffs for diagnosing HGS low values with the Gripwise (<12 kg in women, <22 kg in men), further validated in a supplementary validation population (n  = 70). The diagnostic performances of these alternative cutoffs were high (93% sensitivity and 87% specificity in women; 94% sensitivity and 96% specificity in men). Conclusions The correlation of the Gripwise with the Jamar was confirmed in aged inpatients. However, lower values recorded with the Gripwise require alternate cutoffs for a relevant low HGS diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose was to compare the effects of manual lymphatic drainage and soft tissue mobilization on pain threshold, shoulder mobility and quality of life in patients with axillary web syndrome. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 36 breast cancer patients with developed axillary web; participants were randomly divided into two groups. One group was treated with manual lymphatic drainage; the other group was treated with soft tissue mobilizations in addition to therapeutic exercises, i.e., stretching, strengthening and range of motion (ROM) exercises. The duration of treatment was four weeks (5 sessions/week), with therapeutic exercises as a common treatment protocol. Outcome measures were Breast-Cancer specific quality of life questionnaires, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), Dynamometer and Goniometer. All outcome measure readings were recorded at baseline and the end (4th week) of the treatment. Results: The compliance of the variable distribution with normal distribution was verified using the Shaphiro-Wilk test. Parametric tests were applied, and both groups showed significant effects (p < 0.05) in pairwise comparison (paired t-test). The comparison group analysis (independent t-test) showed that there was no significant difference in pain, upper limb strength, range of motions and fatigue component of quality of life questionnaire parameters (p > 0.05). Two parameters (DASH, PSFS) and one component of the quality of life questionnaire (global health) showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Manual lymphatic drainage showed more improvement in functional movements. It was concluded that both groups, manual lymphatic drainage and soft tissue mobilization groups were clinically equally effective. Trial Registration Number: This trial is registered at ClinicalTrial.gov PRS under trial number NCT05463185 on date 18/07/2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently developed absolute and body size normalized handgrip strength (HGS) cut-points could be used individually and collectively to predict mobility problems and falls. Aims: We examined the associations of (1) each absolute and normalized weakness cut-point, (2) collective weakness categories, and (3) changes in weakness status on future falls in older Americans. Methods: The analytic sample included 11,675 participants from the 2006–2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Falls were self-reported. Men were classified as weak if their HGS was < 35.5-kg (absolute), < 0.45 kg/kg (body mass normalized), or < 1.05 kg/kg/m2 (body mass index normalized). While, women were considered weak if their HGS was < 20.0-kg, < 0.337 kg/kg, or < 0.79 kg/kg/m2. Collective weakness categorized those below 1, 2, or all 3 cut-points. The collective weakness categories were also used to observe changes in weakness status over time. Results: Older Americans below each absolute and normalized cut-point had greater odds for future falls: 1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–1.32) for absolute weakness, 1.20 (CI 1.11–1.29) for body mass index normalized weakness, and 1.26 (CI 1.17–1.34) for body mass normalized weakness. Persons below 1, 2, or all 3 weakness cut-points had 1.17 (CI 1.07–1.27), 1.29 (CI 1.18–1.40), and 1.36 (CI 1.24–1.48) greater odds for future falls, respectively. Those in some changing weakness categories had greater odds for future falls: 1.26 (CI 1.08–1.48) for persistent and 1.31 (CI 1.11–1.55) for progressive. Discussion: Collectively using these weakness cut-points may improve their predictive value. Conclusion: We recommend HGS be evaluated in mobility and fall risk assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the connection between the clinical severity of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and the biomechanics of the calf muscle pump (CMP). Through a cross-sectional observational study, we analyzed women on the age range between 30 and 80 years with chronic venous insufficiency, stratified according to the clinical classification. Ninety-nine women were assessed and classified into groups with different levels of severity: C1 (n = 22); C2 (n = 22); C3 (n = 22); C4 (n = 22); C5 (n = 8); C6 (n = 3). The main purpose was to invest i gate the strength of the calf muscle pump through total work (TW) and peak torque (PT), and the range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint. For a secondary analysis, the fatigue index was assessed. All results were run through the Humac® / NORMT isokinetic dynamometer to obtain the data. Our findings pointed out that as the clinical severity of CVI increases, there is a reduction on the PT, the TW, the maximum active ROM and the ROM at 120° / sec. As severity increased, there was a reduction of 24Nm in the TW at 30° / sec.and a reduction of 3Nm in the PT at 30° / sec. When increased, clinical severity of CVI may trigger downgrading in the strength of the CMP and the ROM in the ankle. These findings are of relevance to the clinician, since through these findings, individuals with venous insufficiency may be treated more precisely for each classification. • To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article to investigate the relationship between the clinical severity of chronic venous insufficiency and both the strength and range of motion of the calf muscle. • The assessment method used was the isokinetic dynamometer. • Increasing the clinical severity of chronic venous insufficiency reduces the strength and range of motion in the calf muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Physical fatigue is one of the major risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders and has many life and financial costs. The impact of physical/biomechanical, psychosocial, environmental, and individual risk factors on muscle fatigue is undeniable. The aim of this study is to model the phenomenon of muscle fatigue (as output) in the hand in work environments based on these risk factors (as input) using soft computing methods. Material and Methods: In the first step, associated risk factors of fatigue for 156 subjects (in three job categories) were assessed using Copenhagen environmental, psychosocial, demographic, and Man-TRA tools. Then, the Roman-Liu equation and mean square amplitude of acceleration waves were used to measure fatigue with a dynamometer and a three-axis accelerometer, respectively. Finally, according to the nature of risk factors and the phenomenon of fatigue, six categories (24 methods) of supervised machine learning (SML) based on classification were selected. MatLab software (MatLab R2017b, The Mathworks Inc., MA, U.S.A.) was used to fit the models using SML. Results: The best-fitted models in the first and second half of the work shift were obtained using support vector machine methods. Physical risk factors had a significant impact on physical fatigue. After filtering low-priority risk factors, in the first half of the work shift, the most optimal model had an accuracy of 71.8%, precision of 72.5%, sensitivity of 76.9%, specificity of 70.8%, and discrimination power equal to 73%. In the second half of the work shift, the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity of the optimized model were 60.3%, 57.5%, 50%, and 46.9%, respectively, and the discrimination power was obtained at about 62%. Conclusion: The fitted models for hand fatigue had acceptable performance in both sections of the shift but can still be optimized. Therefore, it is necessary for future studies to improve the quality of input and output data and include other dimensions affecting fatigue such as cognitive workload and type of work shift in future models.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between ankle torque and performance-based tests, self-reported pain, and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Patients and methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted with 39 individuals (24 females, 15 males; mean age: 57.3±6.2 years; range, 40 to 65 years) with knee OA between January 2014 and July 2015. Ankle torque was determined using an isokinetic dynamometer. The 40-m fast-paced walk test and a stair climb test were used to assess functional performance. Self-reported pain and physical function were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to test correlations between the dependent variables (40-m fast-paced walk test, stair climb test, WOMAC pain and physical function domains, sex, age, body mass index, and radiologic evidence of OA) and the independent variables (mean plantar flexor torque and dorsiflexor peak torque). A multiple linear regression analysis was applied to quantify the association between the dependent and independent variables. Results: Dorsiflexor and plantar flexor peak torques in the concentric and eccentric modes were negatively correlated with the 40-m fast-paced walk and stair climb tests (r=-0.33 to -0.51, p=0.05). A negative correlation was found between concentric plantar flexor torque and the WOMAC physical function score (r=-0.35, p=0.03). No correlation was found between ankle torques and the WOMAC pain score (p>0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the eccentric plantar flexor and dorsiflexor torques were significantly associated with the stair climb test (β=-0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.001 to 0.000, p=0.03, and β=-0.002, 95% CI: -0.004 to 0.000, p=0.05, respectively). No significant associations were found between concentric plantar flexor and dorsiflexor torques and the stair climb test (p>0.05). No significant associations were found between the ankle torques and the 40-m fast-paced walk test and WOMAC physical function (p>0.05). Conclusion: Ankle torque plays an important role in functional performance. Thus, ankle torque deficit, especially eccentric plantar flexor and dorsiflexor torques, may exert a negative influence on stair climbing performance in patients with knee osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a disorder associated with an increased risk for the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Lower isometric handgrip strength (HGS) is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the association between HGS and arterial stiffness parameters, which are considered the predictors of morbidity and mortality in individuals with MetS, is not well defined. Objective: To determine the association between HGS and HGS asymmetry on components of vascular function in adults with MetS. Methods: We measured handgrip strength normalized to bodyweight (HGS/kg), HGS asymmetry, body composition, blood glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV), reflection coefficient (RC), augmentation index @75 bpm (AIx@75) and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) in 55 adults with a diagnosis of MetS between 25 and 54 years old. Results: Mean age was 43.1 ± 7.0 years, 56.3% were females. HGS/kg was negatively correlated with AIx@75 (r = −0.440), p < 0.05, but these associations were not significant after adjusting for age and sex. However, when interaction effects between sex, HGS/kg and age were examined, we observed an inverse relationship between HGS/kg and AIx@75 in the older adults in the sample, whereas in the younger adults, a weak direct association was found. We also found a significant association between HGS asymmetry and PVR (beta = 30, 95% CI = 7.02; 54.2; p <0.012). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in people with MetS, maintaining muscle strength may have an increasingly important role in older age in the attenuation of age-related increases in AIx@75—a marker of vascular stiffness—and that a higher HGS asymmetry could be associated with a greater vascular resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Handgrip strength is a useful measurement of muscle strength and has been proposed as a single predictor of postoperative outcomes in older adults. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation and concordance of Camry digital hand grip dynamometer (EH101) with gold standard Jamar® hydraulic handgrip dynamometer in older adults previous to elective surgery. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients ≥ 65 years old admitted to a Chilean private hospital for elective surgery between March 2018 and February 2019. Handgrip strength was assessed 2 times with each hand prior to surgery, using both the Jamar® dynamometer and the Camry digital dynamometer. The highest value of each dynamometer was used for analysis. Results: We included a total of 220 patients (mean age 73.1 years old ± 6.3). Maximal handgrip strength averaged 26.9 kg ± 9.6 with the Camry dynamometer and 26.9 kg ± 9.7 with the Jamar® dynamometer in the right hand and 25.5 kg ± 9.5 with the Camry dynamometer and 25.7 kg ± 9.2 with the Jamar® dynamometer with the left hand. The difference between both measures did not differ significantly from 0, with Pearson correlation index of 0.95 and Lin's concordance index of 0.95 (p < 0001). The Bland–Altman graphics show that 90% of the measures were inside the confidence limits, without systematic bias. Conclusion: Camry digital dynamometer is an inexpensive and valid device to measure handgrip strength in older adults previous to elective surgery, compared to the gold standard Jamar® hydraulic handgrip dynamometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trunk rotator strength plays an important role in sports performance and health. A reliable method to assess these muscles with functional electromechanical dynamometer has not been described. Therefore, the objectives of this paper were (I) to explore the reliability of different strength variables collected in isokinetic and isometric conditions during two trunk rotator exercises, and (II) to determine the relationship of isometric and dynamic strength variables collected in the same exercise. Methods: A repeated measures design was performed to evaluate the reliability of the horizontal cable woodchop (HCW) and low cable woodchop (LCW) exercises. Reliability was assessed using t-tests of paired samples for the effect size, the standard error of measurement, the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The Pearson's (r) correlation coefficient was used to explore the association between isometric and isokinetic tests. Results: HCW exercise is more reliable than LCW exercise in assessing trunk rotator muscles. The strength manifestation that should be used is the average strength, and the most reliable evaluation was the HCW at 0.40 m·s−1 concentric (ICC = 0.89; CV = 10.21%) and eccentric (ICC = 0.85; CV = 9.33%) contraction and the dynamic condition that most correlated with the isometric was LWC at 0.50 m·s−1 (r = 0.83; p < 0.01). Conclusion: HCW is a reliable exercise to measure trunk rotator muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The literature is unclear about bite force (BF) and handgrip force (HF) in a specific group of different ages and dentate conditions, or even a predictive model for each specific group, using BF and HF as factors. Objective: To establish the correlation between HF and BF in female participants with distinct ages and dentate conditions; also create a predictive model of BF as a function of HF. Methods: Participants were divided into three groups (GI: young natural dentate women, n = 65; GII: adult natural dentate women, n = 67; and GIII: edentulous women users of bimaxillary complete dentures, n = 67) and subjected to an HF measurement test using a digital dynamometer. Subsequently, BF was measured using a digital gnathodynamometer in the molar region. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and multivariate analysis of variance (α = 0.05) were performed, and simple linear regression was used to obtain a model to predict BF from HF for each group separately (α = 0.05). Results: All groups presented moderate and strong correlations among the variables (GI: r = 0.838; GII: r = 0.714; GIII: r = 0.646). A significant difference in BF was observed (GI > GII > GIII; p <.05). GIII presented a significantly lower HF than the other groups (p <.05). Besides, three equations predicting BF, using HF, were obtained for use in young/adult dentate and edentulous women. Conclusion: All groups found a positive and significant correlation between BF, HF and groups. HF can be a simple and efficient method for predicting BF using the predictive models developed for women with good health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine if muscle growth mediates increases in a strength task which was not directly trained. One hundred fifty‐one participants were randomized into control, one‐repetition maximum training (1RM‐TRAIN), or traditional training (TRAD‐TRAIN). Training groups performed isotonic elbow flexion 3x/week for 6 weeks. Anterior muscle thickness at 50%, 60% and 70% upper arm length, and maximal isokinetic torque at 60°/sec were assessed pre‐ and post‐training. Change‐score mediation models (adjusted for sex, pre‐muscle thickness, and pre‐strength) were constructed for each muscle thickness site. The effects of each training group were evaluated relative to the control. Data is presented as coefficient (95% CI). There were no significant relative direct effects on nonspecific strength for either training group outside of the 60% model (1.7 [0.13, 3.27] Nm). The relative effect of 1RM‐TRAIN on muscle thickness was greater in 60% (0.09 [0.01, 0.17] cm) and 70% (0.09 [0.00, 0.17] cm) models; while TRAD‐TRAIN was greater in all three: (50% = 0.24 [0.15, 0.32]; 60% = 0.24 [0.16, 0.33]; 70% = 0.22 [0.14, 0.31] cm). The effect of muscle thickness on nonspecific strength was only significant for the 60% (−3.06 [−5.7, −0.35] Nm) model. The relative indirect effect on nonspecific strength was not significant for the 1RM‐TRAIN or TRAD‐TRAIN. Similar to previous findings on specific strength, we did not find evidence for a mediating effect of muscle growth on training induced increases in nonspecific strength. The importance of muscle growth for changes in nonspecifically trained strength may need to be reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grip strength (GS) is widely used in various fields such as sports, rehabilitation, and geriatrics to assess muscle strength, and to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty in older adults. There is a potential for measurement differences among different dynamometers available, and studies comparing GS measurements by variable tools have conflicting results. The two most frequently used dynamometers are the Jamar hydraulic (Jamar) and spring-type hand grip dynamometers, and Jamar has not been compared to Jamar PLUS+ Digital (Jamar+) dynamometer in older adults. So, we aimed to assess GS measurements with the Jamar as the reference standard against Jamar+, and spring-type Takei T.KK. 5401 (Takei) digital dynamometers. One hundred and ten outpatients aged >60 years were included. Inter-instrumental reliability was determined. The differences between dynamometers were evaluated by Bland–Altman plots and measurement error. The measurements with Jamar+, and Takei dynamometers were reliable and valid regarding the Jamar dynamometer. Takei and Jamar+ dynamometers overestimated GS over the Jamar dynamometer. Though the differences in the measured values might be disregarded in clinical practice, individuals defined to have low GS varied by the use of different dynamometers. Grip strength better be measured by the same dynamometer in serial measurements of older individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Isokinetic dynamometry is a golden standard test to estimate lower extremity sport related injuries in the athlete assessment. Dynamometry is also commonly used to design preventive protocols. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of hip joint positioning in seated and lying positions on knee joint dynamometry indices, including extensor and flexor peak torques in football and track and field athletes. Methods: Forty four male athletes (including 22 football players and 22 track and field athletes) have participated in this descriptive-analytic study. The sampling method was simple nonrandom sampling. This study was conducted in the Biomechanics laboratory of the Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences since October 2019 to October 2020. Knee joint dynamometry indices were consisted of concentric and eccentric flexor and extensor peak torques at 60 degrees per second velocity. Optimum length, angle of crossover, and the muscle balance ratios (concentric extensor peak torque/concentric flexor peak torque and eccentric extensor peak torque/concentric flexor peak torque) were also evaluated. All assessments were performed in both seated and lying positions. The indices were compared between football players and track and field athletes. Results: The interaction effect of group and hip joint was not significant (P0.05). Also, dynamometry indices were not different between football and track and field groups (P

Objective: The objective of this study is twofold: i) to estimate the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength, specific to sex and age, for Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age using quantile regression models and ii) to compare the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents with those in children and adolescents in different countries. Method: This was a cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 2647 youngsters. Handgrip strength was evaluated with a TKK 5101 digital dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The relative handgrip strength was estimated according to weight in kilograms. The normative values were estimated to handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength through quantile regression models for the percentiles P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P95 developed independently for each sex. All analyses were adjusted for the expansion factor. Results: The values for handgrip strength were considerably higher in males than in females in all age ranges. Additionally, as age increased for both sexes, the values for handgrip strength increased. The percentiles by sex and age for relative handgrip strength show for males a proportional increase according to age; for females, this did not occur. Conclusions: When making comparisons with international studies, variability is observed in the methodologies used to evaluate handgrip strength and estimation methods, which could influence the discrepancies between the different reports.

Introduction: Assessing functional improvement after intensive care unit discharge is particularly challenging. The aim of this study was to measure the association between (1) changes in knee extension muscle strength or quadriceps femoris and rectus femoris muscle thickness and (2) changes in functionality/function-related measurements in post–intensive care unit patients. Methods: This prospective cohort study included adult patients without previous disability, consecutively selected after intensive care unit discharge. Some parameters, such as Short-Form 36, 6-min walking test, 1-min sit-to-stand, and Short Physical Performance Battery, were measured at baseline and 3 and 6 mos after discharge. Correlations were assessed and regression models were built to assess the association between evolution in knee extension strength or muscle thickness and evolution in functional tests. Results: Thirty patients completed the follow-up. Moderate correlation was found between knee extension strength change and Short-Form 36 physical functioning (correlation coefficient [ ρ ] = 0.53), 6-min walking test (ρ = 0.38), 1-min sit-to-stand (ρ = 0.52), and Short Physical Performance Battery (ρ = 0.38). Baseline values and changes in knee extension strength moderately predicted evolution in Short-Form 36 physical functioning (r 2 = 0.32, P = 0.006). Changes in muscle thickness were overall not associated with changes in functional variables. Conclusion: Changes in knee extension muscle strength may inform on functional progression over time after intensive care unit discharge, although confirmatory studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decrease in quadriceps strength after anterior quadratus lumborum block (AQLB) has not been quantified. This prospective cohort study investigated the incidence of quadriceps weakness after AQLB. We enrolled patients undergoing robot-assisted partial nephrectomy, and AQLB was performed at the L2 level with 30 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine. We evaluated each quadriceps' maximal voluntary isometric contraction using a handheld dynamometer preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 and 4 days. The incidence of muscle weakness was defined as a 25% reduction in muscle strength compared with the preoperative baseline, and "muscle weakness possibly caused by nerve block" was defined as a 25% reduction compared with the non-block side. We also assessed the numerical rating scale and quality of recovery-15 scores. Thirty participants were analyzed. The incidence of muscle weakness compared with preoperative baseline and the non-block side was 13.3% and 30.0%, respectively. Patients with a numerical rating scale ≥ 4 or quality of recovery-15 score < 122, which was classified as moderate or poor, had decreased muscle strength with relative risks of 1.75 and 2.33, respectively. All patients ambulated within 24 h after surgery. The incidence of quadriceps weakness possibly caused by nerve block was 13.3%; however, all patients could ambulate after 1 day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scapular protraction strength can be evaluated using a hand-held dynamometer (HHD). However, it is necessary to measure the reliability of HHD in individuals with shoulder pain and to minimize the limitations related to the evaluator and the low methodological quality cited in previous studies. This study assessed, with methodological enhancement, the intra- and interrater reliability of belt-stabilized HHD in the assessment of scapular protraction strength in individuals with shoulder pain. Fifty individuals with unilateral symptoms of subacromial pain syndrome (20 men, aged 40.5 ± 15.3 years) were evaluated in two sessions using the belt-stabilized HHD for maximum isometric strength of scapular protraction with the individual in the sitting and supine positions. Reliability values were obtained using the intraclass correlation coefficient with the standard error of measurement (SEM and %SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC). The intra- and interrater HHD reliability were excellent for all measurements ranging from 0.88 to 0.96 (SEM = 2.0–4.0 kg; %SEM 12 to 17; MDC = 6–11 kg). Belt-stabilized HHD is reliable for the assessment of scapular protraction strength in individuals with subacromial pain syndrome in both the sitting and supine positions. • Reliability of scapular protraction strength measurement with pain is excellent. • Hand-held dynamometer fixed by belts reduced the influence of the examiner. • The sitting position is better for assessing scapular protraction strength. • Minimal detectable change values can be used as references in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate changes in angle-specific knee extensor torque between limbs from 4 to 12 months post-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR) in Division I collegiate athletes at two different isokinetic velocities. Case-series study. Laboratory-based. Isokinetic knee flexion and extension assessments of 17 athletes (11 female) at 4, 8, and 12 months after ACLR with bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft were evaluated. Angle-specific curve analyses were performed using statistical parametric mapping for torque data obtained between 14 and 101° at 60°/s and 240°/s velocities. At 60°/s, knee extensor torque of the operated limb increased between 4 and 8 months (18–101°,p < 0.001), 4 and 12 months (28–101°,p < 0.001), and 8 and 12 months post-surgery (62–70°,p = 0.002, and 79–90°,p < 0.001). Knee extensor torque was lower in the operated limb compared to the non-operated limb at 4 (47–97°,p < 0.001) and 8 months (65–90°,p < 0.001) for 60°/s, at 4 (21–89°,p < 0.001) and 8 months (50–77°,p < 0.001) for 240°/s, with no between-limb differences at 12 months post-ACLR for both velocities. Operated limb knee extensor torque increased throughout the majority of knee range of motion from 4 to 12 months post-ACLR at both isokinetic velocities, while non-operated limb torque only improved through a reduced arc of motion in greater knee flexion angles. • Post-ACLR, knee torque shows different variations in different ROMs. • Limb differences in knee extensor angle-specific torques were present at 4–8 months. • Operated limb knee extensor torque increased between 4 and 12 months post-ACLR(28–101°). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) is often used in the diagnosis of sarcopenia. In this study, we validated the assessment of sarcopenia by the psoas muscle volume using versatile software. The study involved a retrospective analysis of data from 190 patients with liver disease who underwent grip-strength testing and abdominal pelvic computed tomography. To assess sarcopenia, SYNAPSE 3D was used to obtain the skeletal muscle index, the psoas muscle index (PMI), and the simple method. We also used the recently proposed PMI cutoff values, for which the usefulness has been evaluated (O-PMI). The cutoff value of the psoas muscle volume index (PMVI) was determined using one of the diagnostic methods as the gold standard. All diagnostic methods showed that patients with sarcopenia had shorter survival, with O-PMI having the highest hazard ratio (HR) (HR, 6.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6–14.41; p < 0.001). Even when sarcopenia could not be diagnosed by O-PMI, low PMVI was associated with shorter survival (HR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.34–9.32; p = 0.01). PMVI may be useful in the evaluation of sarcopenia, including the identification of poor overall survival in cases that cannot be diagnosed by O-PMI, which is considered more useful than PMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two valid tests have been used in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (coronavirus disease 2019) due to their fast application, feasibility, and accessible procedures, facilitating data collection in large groups: the 1-minute sit-to-stand test (STS) and handgrip strength (HGS) dynamometry. The present study aimed to: i) assess the STS and HGS in men and women with post-COVID-19 syndrome who did not require invasive ventilator support; ii) correlate STS repetitions and HGS with time since the COVID-19 diagnosis. Six hundred and twenty-two men and women with post-COVID-19 syndrome who did not require invasive ventilatory support performed the STS and HGS tests at the beginning of the rehabilitation process at a Reference Hospital Centre. Women over 55 years presented significantly lower results compared to participants under 55 years. For the HGS, the median ranged from 42 to 48 kg and 70 to 81 kg for the female and male groups, respectively. The correlations of time since COVID-19 diagnosis with STS and HGS ranged from -0.16 to 0.02 (p>0.05) for women and men, respectively.The test results could be used for the initial analysis of normality ranges and comparisons with other populations. Although STS repetitions and HGS presented low and non-significant correlations with time since the COVID-19 diagnosis, some COVID-19 sequelae were not measured, so these data should be interpreted with caution.

ABSTRACT Muscle strength is an essential part of the functional assessment of health professionals to select and analyze the effects of clinical interventions. This study aimed to determine the influence of gender and age on isometric strength of hip and knee muscle groups. A total of 127 subjects (50.4% men), aged from 20 to 49 years (stratified into three groups: 20-29 years; 30-39 years; and 40-49 years) participated in this study. A hand-held dynamometer was used to measure isometric normalized torque of the hip abductors, hip external rotators, knee extensors, and knee flexors muscles. Regressions and a two-way analysis of variance were used to identify the influence of age and gender on torque of each muscle group. Age and gender were included in the regression model for all groups. Generally, men aged 20-29 and 30-39 were stronger than age-paired women. For participants aged 40-49, torque was similar for men and women for all muscle groups. There was no difference among age groups for women. Generally, young men were stronger than older men. The association between age and gender in hip and knee strength was proved and liable of subgroup stratification after measurements with a hand-held isometric dynamometer.

Frailty is a major geriatric problem leading to an increased risk of disability and death. Prevention, identification, and treatment of frailty are important challenges in gerontology and public health. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the frailty phenotype (FP) among the oldest-old Polish Caucasians and investigate the relationship between the FP and mortality. Baseline data were collected from 289 long-lived individuals, including 87 centenarians and 202 subjects aged 94–99. Mortality was obtained from population registers over the following 5 years. Sixty percent of subjects were classified as frail, 33% as prefrail, and 7% as robust. Frailty was more common in women than men and among centenarians than nonagenarians. During the 5-year observation period, 92.6% of the frail women and all frail men died, while mortality rates were lower among prefrail, 78.8% and 66.7%, and robust individuals, 60% and 54.5%, respectively. In the survival analysis, frailty was the strongest negative risk factor: HR = 0.328 (95% CI: 0.200–0.539). The inability to perform handgrip strength measurement was an additional predictor of short survival. In conclusion, the FP is prevalent in nonagenarians and centenarians and correlates with lower survivability. Future studies should address differences between unavoidable age-associated frailty and reversible disability in long-lived individuals.